Deck 1: Approaches to Human Cognition

Question 1

What term is used to describe the exaggerated importance of neuroimaging to further our understanding of cognition?

A) Ghosting
B) Neuroenchantment
C) Aliasing fallacy
D) Neuroimaging illusion
E) Neural trap

Answer 1

Neuroenchantment

Question 2

Which cognitive task is designed to tap inhibitory processes and asks participants to name the colour in which colour names are presented?

A) Stroop
B) Anti-saccade
C) Stop-signal
D) Wisconsin colour sort
E) ANT task

Answer 2

Stroop

Question 3

In order to address the problem that brain-damaged patients do not represent a homogeneous group, many cognitive neuropsychologists use:

A) Group studies
B) Diary studies
C) Observation studies
D) Case studies
E) Double-blind studies

Answer 3

Case studies

Question 4

Parallel processing is most likely to occur when:

A) People attempt a new task
B) People lack the necessary skills to complete a task
C) People attempt to process a task sequentially
D) People are highly practised at a task
E) All of these

Question 5

The term that describes how precisely a technique can identify where in the brain a task is being performed is:

A) Temporal resolution
B) Medial resolution
C) Magnetic resolution
D) Spatial resolution
E) None of these

Question 6

A unit in a connectionist network will produce an output when:

A) The weighted sum of all inputs exceeds a threshold
B) It receives any excitatory input
C) It receives any inhibitory input
D) It forms a connection with an inhibitory unit
E) It is flooded by an antagonist

Question 7

Which research field attempts to construct computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes, but without necessarily any regard for whether the processes involved bear a resemblance to those used by humans?

A) Artificial intelligence
B) Computational cognitive science
C) Cognitive neuropsychology
D) Cognitive neuroscience
E) Physiological psychology

Question 8

A group of symptoms or impairments commonly found together is known as a:

A) Lesion
B) Syndrome
C) Cohort
D) Distributed network
E) Categorical misnomer

Question 9

The process whereby a neural network learns to associate an input pattern with an output pattern, by comparing actual responses against correct ones, is called:

A) Forward propagation
B) Retroactive interference
C) Backward propagation
D) Proactive interference
E) Retrospective learning

Question 10

A processor in the cognitive system that functions in an independent/separate fashion is termed a:

A) Node
B) Lexicon
C) Unit
D) Component
E) Module

Question 11

Early versions of the information-processing approach assumed that all processing was:

A) Parallel and bottom-up
B) Serial and bottom-up
C) Serial and top-down
D) Serial and parallel
E) Parallel and top-down

Question 12

Which term is used to describe structures that are located at the sides of the brain?

A) Medial
B) Lateral
C) Dorsal
D) Ventral
E) Occipital

Question 13

The extent to which laboratory findings are applicable to everyday life is called:

A) Individual differences
B) Measurement reliability
C) Ecological validity
D) Hubristic albescence
E) Sentience

Question 14

Which neurologist produced a cytoarchitectonic map of the brain, with many of these numbered regions corresponding to functionally distinct areas?

A) Weber
B) Ebbinghaus
C) Lashley
D) Milner
E) Brodmann

Question 15

Averaging together time-locked portions of recordings of the brain's electrical activity, to produce a single waveform, produces:

A) Single-unit recordings
B) Electroencephalogram
C) Event-related potentials
D) CT scans
E) Lesions

Question 16

Which of the following divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain?

A) Lateral fissure
B) Parieto-occipital sulcus
C) Pre-occipital notch
D) Corpus callosum
E) Central sulcus

Question 17

Technically, the signal measured in fMRI is known by which acronym?

A) MEG
B) ERP
C) OXYN
D) BOLD
E) ACT-R

Question 18

The notion that parts of the processing system can be impaired by brain damage, but parts cannot be added, forms the basis of which cognitive neuropsychology assumption?

A) Domain specificity
B) Subtractivity
C) Additivity
D) Anatomical interdependence
E) Uniformity

Question 19

If one patient performs well on task A, but poorly on task B, and another performs poorly on task A, but well on task B, we say that we have a(n):

A) Trifecta
B) Association
C) Deviant association
D) Syndrome
E) Double dissociation

Question 20

Which computational modelling theory was developed by Anderson (1993)?

A) E-Z Reader
B) ACT-R
C) TRACE model
D) Working memory theory
E) NETtalk

Question 21

Which of the following techniques can only be applied to brain areas lying just beneath the skull but not to areas overlying muscle?

A) Ablation
B) TMS
C) Pharmaceutical intervention
D) Spectroscopy
E) fMRI

Question 22

Which of the following techniques allows us to make the most confident CAUSAL statements?

A) MEG
B) fMRI
C) EEG
D) TMS
E) PET

Question 23

PET scans are used to detect changes in:

A) Regional cerebral blood flow
B) Electrical activity
C) Neurotransmitter release
D) Magnetic activity
E) Brain volume

Question 24

Which of the following techniques measures the magnetic field produced by electrical brain activity?

A) fMRI
B) PET
C) EEG
D) MEG
E) tDCS

Question 25

Which statement best reflects social cognition?

A) It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in influencing group behaviour in social situations
B) It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in influencing individuals' behaviour in social situations
C) It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in society's behaviour
D) It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in animals' behaviour in social situations
E) All of the above

Question 26

What does the term "bottom-up" processing mean?

A) Processing influenced by the individual's expecations and knowledge
B) One process occurs at a time before the onset of the next
C) Processing that is indirectly influenced by environmental stimuli
D) More than one proccess occurs at the same time
E) Processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli

Question 27

When we find similar results using several different brain-imaging techniques, we say that we have:

A) Dissociations
B) Double dissociations
C) Temporal derivatives
D) Inverse solution
E) Converging operations