Deck 29: Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East

Question 1

African economic growth has been limited by

A) poor allocation of vital natural resources.
B) the focus on exporting technology and manufactured goods to the West.
C) massive infrastructure projects.
D) excessive water pollution by Africa's successful industrial development.
E) dependence on a single crop or natural resource.

Answer 1

poor allocation of vital natural resources.

Question 2

In the years since the nations of Africa attained independence

A) economic wealth, but not social equality, has been achieved in all of Africa except the Republic of South Africa.
B) most of the early pluralistic governments have been replaced by military regimes and one-party states.
C) the goal of economic prosperity has been broadly achieved.
D) social equality has become the norm.
E) communism has taken permanent root in a majority of the nations south of the Sahara.

Answer 2

most of the early pluralistic governments have been replaced by military regimes and one-party states.

Question 3

It can be said that, by the late 1960s,

A) Mozambique and Angola were still controlled by Portugal.
B) all of Africa had achieved independence.
C) the French colonies in Africa had still not achieved independence.
D) even Canada had at last agreed to free Gambia.
E) de Gaulle's French Community had produced increased colonial structures in Nigeria.

Answer 3

Mozambique and Angola were still controlled by Portugal.

Question 4

Of the AIDS cases reported around the world, ____ percent are found on the continent of Africa.

A) 30
B) 45
C) 55
D) 65
E) 70

Question 5

The Western presence in Africa left a legacy that

A) was entirely negative.
B) disappeared immediately when the colonial powers withdrew.
C) was overwhelmingly positive in its impact.
D) mixed, with both positive and negative results.
E) was highly destructive.

Question 6

Which of these is NOT a proper match of colonial / post-colonial names of African countries?

A) Gold Coast / Ghana
B) Belgian Congo / Zaire
C) Tanganyika / Tanzania
D) Zanzibar / Tanzania
E) Namibia / Kenya

Question 7

Economic development in Africa has been difficult for all of the following reasons except

A) AIDS.
B) a declining population.
C) a too-rapid population growth.
D) the vast differences between rural and urban Africans.
E) ethnic rivalries.

Question 8

Uhuru is the famous Swahili word for

A) holy war.
B) freedom.
C) guerilla war.
D) nationalism.
E) superiority.

Question 9

Which statement about early African nationalist activities is FALSE?

A) Most of the anti-colonial nationalists were committed to violence.
B) They were led by Western-educated African intellectuals.
C) Political organizations for African rights did not arise until after World War I.
D) The ANC in South Africa was created by F.W. de Klerk.
E) At first, many advocates of African rights focused on improving living conditions rather than independence.

Question 10

Drought conditions and ____ have greatly hindered efforts to create modern economies in Africa.

A) religious tensions
B) rapid population growth
C) declining population
D) lack of interaction with the West
E) a growing class of elites

Question 11

In 1948, South African leaders adopted ____, a policy of legal segregation of the white and black races.

A) Pan-Africanism
B) uhuru
C) kwame
D) desertification
E) apartheid

Question 12

In his Arusha Declaration of 1967, Julius Nyerere attempted to

A) establish a system of socialism and self-reliance.
B) take advantage of the multi-party system in Tanzania.
C) permit personal incomes to grow as much as they could.
D) initiate economic programs in the villages that would become totally entrepreneurial.
E) "jump-start" his nation's economy with a system of free-market capitalism.

Question 13

What was true of the African National Congress?

A) It was originally led by Western-inclined intellectuals who had little popular support.
B) It was initially aimed at achieving full equality for the educated native population through violent means.
C) Its policies met with cooperative reactions from the white majority who held power.
D) In time, its policies became more focused on using peaceful protest to achieve its goals.
E) Its original goal was to achieve a new system of government based on full equality for all Africans.

Question 14

The East African term for the people who have achieved a high level of financial success is

A) hokees.
B) dash.
C) wabenzi.
D) chai.
E) bonsella.

Question 15

In regard to agricultural development in colonial Africa, it can be said that

A) the European "Green Revolution" seeds saved millions of lives in the 1930s.
B) most export profits were returned to local populations.
C) most of the native rural population grew their crops solely for their own sustenance.
D) modern industrial development was relevant to the crop production of most Africans.
E) after 1963 opium was shipped from Africa to Afghanistan.

Question 16

Among the selectively distributed benefits of Western colonial rule in Africa was/were

A) universal public schooling in all British and Portuguese colonies.
B) medical care, sanitation, and transportation.
C) a well-developed industrial nucleus in the Gold Coast.
D) nuclear power plants in Zimbabwe.
E) pearl fisheries in Libya.

Question 17

After World War II, many educated Asians and Africans questioned which European concept of communal identity?

A) The nuclear family
B) Global organization
C) Village and tribal identity
D) Dynastic rule
E) The nation state

Question 18

In terms of the chronology of decolonization, it is accurate to say that

A) the first black African nation to become independent was the Congo, called the Banana Coast.
B) the African National Congress became increasingly radical as its modest initial goals were rejected by white South African governments.
C) Ahmad Ben Bella convinced Britain to proclaim Sudanese independence in 1988.
D) Portugal left Angola in 1949.
E) France willingly granted Algeria its independence in 1948.

Question 19

In Kenya,

A) the population has been reduced, which has slowed economic growth.
B) the shortage of agricultural land forced Kenyans to migrate to Saudi Arabia to find better farmland.
C) the government of President Moi publicly praised the novelist Ngugi Wo Thiong'o and published his work in the Kikuyu language.
D) capitalism is the dominant economic system.
E) the ANC called for the ouster of President Moi.

Question 20

As African freedom movements became increasingly violent by the mid twentieth century, ____ promised to grant its colonies eventual independence.

A) Great Britain
B) Portugal
C) Spain
D) United States
E) Holland

Question 21

In 1993, President de Klerk agreed with Nelson Mandela to implement

A) immediate and total National Party control until the ANC had greater experience in governing such a diverse society.
B) a transitional period in which representatives of the National Party and the ANC would be cabinet members.
C) democratic national elections.
D) a temporary dictatorship which combined representatives of both parties.
E) a voting system which was restricted to those who could both read and write.

Question 22

The two leaders who ended the apartheid regime without major bloodshed in South Africa were

A) Francis Malan and Jomo Kenyatta.
B) F.W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela.
C) P.J. Surhoff and Thabo Mbeki.
D) Sékou Touré and Mangosuthu Buthelezi.
E) Milton Obote and Menachim Begin.

Question 23

Gamal Abdul Nassar

A) was the only prominent Leninist to attain power in the Middle East.
B) appeared to be overshadowed by Colonel Saddam Hussein for two years.
C) sought to establish a union of Arab states.
D) was the first Third World leader to develop atomic weaponry, though on a very limited scale.
E) sold the Suez Canal.

Question 24

Women in post-colonial Africa

A) have made greater gains in cities as opposed to rural areas.
B) are enjoying higher education on par with men.
C) have made strides breaking into traditional male-dominated professions.
D) have achieved considerable success in politics.
E) have seen an end to the practice of polygamy and arranged marriages throughout the nation.

Question 25

Why did the Middle Eastern region remain important to European states after the colonial era?

A) Because of common religious ties
B) Because of the Suez Canal
C) Because of Europeans' shared commitment to neocolonialism
D) Because of the Middle East's commitment to democracy
E) Because of its proximity to Africa

Question 26

The Organization of African Unity sought to

A) raise awareness about the perils of independence without preparation.
B) forge an alliance among all the African states based on prosperity, freedom and territorial integrity.
C) build a coalition of military-based African governments.
D) compete with the European Economic Union.
E) entice extensive Western aid and assistance.

Question 27

Which of these countries did NOT emerge as an independent state after World War II?

A) Jordan
B) Lebanon
C) Syria
D) Palestine
E) Israel

Question 28

The majority of the terrorists who carried out the 11 September 2001 attack on the United States were from

A) Afghanistan.
B) Iran.
C) Iraq.
D) Saudi Arabia.
E) Jordan.

Question 29

The formal establishment of the new state of Israel in May 1948,

A) resulted in Muslim states' denial of Israel's recognition.
B) was made more palatable for Arabs by Israeli support for an Arab Palestinian state.
C) resulted in war between Israel and its Christian neighbors.
D) received United States support from President Franklin Roosevelt.
E) led to a tentative peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors.

Question 30

Which group in Africa has been most strongly influenced by Western culture?

A) Politicians
B) Farmers
C) Middle Class Africans
D) Poorer Africans
E) Affluent, urban Africans

Question 31

Of recent African developments, it can be said that

A) South African hopes collapsed when President Nelson Mandela established a dictatorship.
B) true pluralistic democracy came to Algeria, at last, in 1995.
C) poverty is still endemic in Africa, particularly in the population that lives off the land.
D) the termination of Soviet support for Marxism in Ethiopia produced starvation in Nigeria.
E) U.S. forces occupied Somalia in 1992 to establish an East African military base.

Question 32

The tragic situation in the Central African states of Rwanda and Burundi was the conflict between

A) Christians and Muslims.
B) animists and shambas.
C) communists and capitalists.
D) Tutsi and Hutus.
E) rural and urban inhabitants.

Question 33

The one issue that has served as a unifying factor for all Middle Eastern Arab states since the 1940s has been their

A) hostility toward Pakistan and India.
B) effort to defeat the Germans in World War II.
C) position on the Palestine question.
D) desire to increase oil production.
E) need to retain Western hegemony in the region.

Question 34

In African literature in recent years,

A) Chinua Achebe received the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986.
B) the topical thrust in novels has been largely on the shortcomings of African leaders.
C) female novelists have been denied any chance to publish.
D) African-Americans have come to dominate African literary activity.
E) contemporary authors have concentrated on countering negative portrayals of Africans by Western authors.

Question 35

After independence, which African country embraced capitalism?

A) Kenya
B) Tanzania
C) Zaire
D) South Africa
E) Zanzibar

Question 36

Which of the following about the role of women in post-colonial Africa is FALSE?

A) Women have achieved considerable success in politics, becoming president or prime minister in several countries.
B) Woman are permitted to vote and run for political office in most African nations.
C) Independence has furthered the cause of sexual equality in Africa.
D) Female genital mutilation is not uncommon in some African societies.
E) Woman have made greater strides in urban rather than in rural areas.

Question 37

African culture has adapted to serve the tourist industry and the export market in the areas of

A) pottery and steel fabrication in Axum.
B) wood carving, painting, and sculpture.
C) publication, tripling the Onitsha Market pamphlets for tourists since 1994.
D) novels and poetry written in local languages.
E) high grade steel manufacturing and export.

Question 38

29-4a The Question of Palestine

A) Afghanistan
B) Iran.
C) Iraq.
D) Saudi Arabia.
E) Jordan.

Question 39

The African country with the largest population and an ongoing problem of violent unrest is

A) Nairobi.
B) Tanzania.
C) Zaire.
D) Nigeria.
E) Sudan.

Question 40

As a result of Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in 1956,

A) Egypt was attacked by the British, the French, and the Israelis.
B) the Israelis supported Egypt in revenge for the holocaust.
C) the Eisenhower administration secured control of the canal for the Europeans by sending in a United States occupation force.
D) the Israelis retained perpetual control of the Sinai Peninsula.
E) the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan.

Question 41

_______, which had become an independent kingdom under its Hashemite ruler, was flooded by the arrival of one million urban Palestinians.

A) Jordan
B) Iraq
C) Syria
D) Saudi Arabia
E) Lebanon

Question 42

In ____, even in recent years, women who did not adhere to the Islamic dress code have been fined or publicly beaten.

A) Iran
B) Egypt
C) Turkey
D) Pakistan
E) Palestine

Question 43

The Egyptian novelist who won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1988 was

A) Muhammad Fawzi.
B) Muammar Qadhafi.
C) Naguib Mahfouz.
D) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
E) Khalil Gibran.

Question 44

The hopes for a lasting Middle East peace after Camp David were never realized, in part because of

A) the 1981 assassination of Menachem Begin by Jewish militants.
B) the refusal of many non-Islamic states to recognize Israel's right to exist.
C) Israeli's policy of establishing settlements in the occupied West Bank territories.
D) Ronald Reagan's election as the United States president.
E) the death of King Faisal.

Question 45

All Israeli governments have been composed of coalitions of several political parties because

A) of the diverse population and large area of the country.
B) the Knesset used the American electoral system.
C) the nation was composed of two sharply divided political parties.
D) the nation was composed of many political parties having diverse interests.
E) a complete disinterest in politics by most Israelis.

Question 46

The Arab Spring uprisings in early 2011

A) led to instability rather than widespread democracy in the Middle East.
B) prompted a reduction in terrorism.
C) began first in Lebanon.
D) initially fueled instability but have since led to more democratic governments in the Middle East.
E) have had little effect except in Iran.

Question 47

All of these factors have contributed to turbulence and unrest in the Middle East EXCEPT

A) the interference of outsiders attracted to massive oil deposits.
B) the struggle between nationalism and the desire to be part of a larger Muslim society.
C) the desire by a majority of people to separate religion from political and social society.
D) the role of religion in civil society.
E) the issue of Palestine.

Question 48

In an effort to realize Pan-Islamic goals, which two Middle Eastern countries formed the United Arab Republic in 1958?

A) Iran and Iraq
B) Egypt and Syria
C) Lebanon and Kuwait
D) Saudi Arabia and Yemen
E) Libya and Palestine

Question 49

Which country launched "surprise" attacks on Israel in 1967 and 1973?

A) Palestine
B) Syria
C) Iran
D) Egypt
E) Libya

Question 50

In regard to the relationship between Islam and women's rights, which statement is most accurate?

A) There is no longer a significant difference in ideas about female roles among the peoples of the West and the Arab world.
B) Traditional attitudes have been re-established only in Iran.
C) Saudi Arabia has been the most conservative country in the Middle East in this matter.
D) Early modernists viewed the wearing of the veil and the practice of polygamy as purely Islamic.
E) Islamic rule produced a curtailing of women's rights in early twentieth-century Turkey.

Question 51

Since 1979, Iraq has invaded both

A) Jordan and the Sudan.
B) Iran and Afghanistan.
C) Kuwait and Iran.
D) Kuwait and Afghanistan.
E) Kazakhstan and Burundi.

Question 52

The Ba'ath Party assumed power in ____ in 1957 in which country?

A) Jordan
B) Iraq
C) Syria
D) Saudi Arabia
E) Lebanon

Question 53

Which Middle Eastern country had become a U.S. ally in the 1950s and 1960s?

A) Iran
B) Iraq
C) Egypt
D) Syria
E) Kuwait

Question 54

What most accounts for the wide disparity between rich and poor in the Middle East?

A) Oil
B) Heredity
C) Lack of water resources
D) Varying interpretations of the Qur'an about the accumulation of wealth
E) Corruption

Question 55

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

A) was founded at a meeting of Arab radicals in Dearborn, Michigan, in 1983.
B) renounced Pan-Arabism in favor of a more limited, territorial nationalism ultimately designed to unite Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Israel in a Greater Palestine.
C) was an arm of the African National Congress from the early 1960s until 1981.
D) was established, originally under Egyptian auspices, to represent Palestinian interests.
E) it was eagerly embraced by most Israeli governments as the lesser of two evils.

Question 56

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu

A) advocated a union of Arabs, Turks, and East Africans in the "cross-continent state of sharing."
B) never deviated from Begin's policies.
C) has taken a tough position in negotiating with Palestinians.
D) was able, with the aid of President Richard Nixon, to work out a partial peace with Palestinians.
E) has helped the peace process with Palestine move forward.

Question 57

During the twentieth century, women in the Middle East

A) were aided by the "modernist" movement's efforts to improve women's rights by revisiting Islamic doctrine.
B) experienced great changes in their lives before 1970, in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Oman, which had regimes actively working to modernize their societies.
C) have made perhaps the greatest advances in Saudi Arabia, where women now have unlimited access to university education and may adopt Western dress.
D) have never had any political rights in Iran.
E) have had few if any political rights in Israel.

Question 58

When Ayatollah Khomeini became the ruler of Iran beginning in 1979, he

A) raised per capita income significantly.
B) established modernist Islamic practices.
C) exiled the former shah's supporters.
D) introduced traditional Islamic law.
E) established closer ties with the West.

Question 59

Twentieth century efforts to modernize Islam have been most successful in

A) Iraq.
B) Turkey.
C) Pakistan
D) Algeria.
E) Lebanon.

Question 60

The two Muslim states in the Middle East that were in the forefront of giving greater rights to women before 1980 were

A) Israel and Jordan.
B) Turkey and Iran.
C) Egypt and Syria.
D) Saudi Arabia and Lebanon.
E) the Sudan and Yemen.

Question 61

The genocide in Central Africa that occurred between 1996-2000 was in a civil war between

A) Uganda and Zaire.
B) Rwanda and Uganda.
C) Burundi and Rwanda.
D) Tanzania and the DRC.
E) Rwanda and Tanzania.

Question 62

Golda Meir became an international symbol of the ability of women to be world leaders.

Question 63

The German Afrika Korps threatened to seize ____ and the Suez Canal, but British troops defeated the German forces at El Alamein in 1942.

A) Algeria
B) Syria
C) Egypt
D) Jordan
E) Saudi Arabia

Question 64

In Africa, rapid population growth has hindered the creation of modern economies.

Question 65

Iranian Islam is predominately Sunni, while the traditional ruling group in Iraq is Shi'ite.

Question 66

The events of September 11, 2001 can be interpreted as a dramatic and violent expression of pan-Islamic sentiment.

Question 67

Nelson Mandela was president of South Africa beginning in 1964.

Question 68

In recent years, the modernist view of women's role has prevailed throughout the Middle East.

Question 69

The shortage of labor in the oil-producing states such as Saudi Arabia has led to importation of migratory workers from other nations in the Middle East.

Question 70

More than 65 percent of AIDS cases reported around the world are in Africa.

Question 71

In Sudan, there was long-term conflict between

A) Muslim pastoralists versus Christian farmers.
B) sedentary Hutus versus pastoral Tutsis.
C) urban supporters of Umaru Yar'Adua versus civilian majority supporters of Olusegun Obasanjo.
D) Pan-Islamic president Omar Al-Bashir versus pro-western leadership of Zera Yacob Amha Selassie.
E) South Sudanese speakers of English or Sudanese (modern) Arabic.

Question 72

Sadeq Hedayat was obsessed with the frailty and absurdity of life and wrote with compassion about the problems of ordinary human beings.

Question 73

Oil resources are distributed relatively equally among the Arab states of the Middle East.

Question 74

Uhuru is Arabic for "liberty."

Question 75

Nigeria is the largest African nation in population, and among the wealthiest based on oil reserves.

Question 76

Egyptian protesters in 2011 helped oust longtime leader Hosni Mubarak.

Question 77

Which nation follows Wahhabi tradition where women are segregated and expected to wear the veil in public?

A) Jordan
B) Iraq.
C) Syria
D) Saudi Arabia.
E) Lebanon.

Question 78

Greece is generally considered the most secular of Islamic societies.

Question 79

The United Arab Republic was the result of the unification of Iraq and Iran.