Deck 18: The West on the Eve of a New World Order

Question 1

A discovery made by Galileo was the

A) development of the calculus.
B) fallacy of the existence of sunspots and the phases of Venus.
C) five moons revolving around Pluto.
D) similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.
E) totally flat terrain of the earth's moon.

Answer 1

similarity of the material composition of other planets and the moon to that of the earth.

Question 2

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment use the word ____ to advocate for the application of the scientific method to the understanding of all life.

A) universe
B) reason
C) intellect
D) heart
E) desire

Answer 2

reason

Question 3

Who proposed a heliocentric theory to explain the movement of the heavenly bodies?

A) Voltaire
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Nicolaus Copernicus
D) Ptolemy
E) Johannes Kepler

Answer 3

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 4

Who believed that individuals should be free to pursue their own economic self-interest?

A) Rousseau
B) Adam Smith
C) Voltaire
D) Montesquieu`
E) John Locke

Question 5

As outlined in Newton's ____, the universe is a huge, regulated machine operating according to natural laws.

A) heliocentric theory
B) geocentric theory
C) world-machine concept
D) putting-out system
E) scientific method

Question 6

The philosophes generally included all of the following people EXCEPT

A) the rural lower classes.
B) the urban middle classes.
C) social reformers.
D) professors.
E) journalists.

Question 7

The Ptolemaic view of the universe argued that

A) the planets were imperfect and material.
B) the imperfect, motionless earth was in a state of constant change at the center of the universe.
C) heavenly bodies, composed of a crystalline substance, resided in concentric spheres that moved in circular orbits around the moon.
D) God and all the saved souls resided in the Empyrean Heaven that lay beyond the innermost, or tenth, sphere.
E) God and the saved souls were at the center of the universe.

Question 8

The philosophe who praised the checks and balances of the British constitution was

A) Diderot.
B) Voltaire.
C) Montesquieu.
D) Rousseau.
E) Descartes.

Question 9

The most active opponents of religious intolerance and the most outspoken anti-Christians among the philosophes were

A) Lavisher and Rousseau.
B) Voltaire and Diderot.
C) Diderot and Bourbon.
D) Montesquieu and Adrien.
E) Quesnay and Pelletier.

Question 10

Who said that each of us is born with a tabula rasa?

A) John Locke
B) Rene Descartes
C) Voltaire
D) Isaac Newton
E) Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 11

Historians explain that the Scientific Revolution happened first in Europe - rather than in China -- for all of these reasons EXCEPT

A) a shift in the European world view from a metaphysical to a more materialist perspective.
B) Chinese persistence to embrace Confucian principles.
C) the attraction of the European mercantile classes to the 'new' science as a means to exploit resources.
D) Chinese disinterest in the practical applications of scientific insights.
E) a greater intellectual capacity in Europeans.

Question 12

Which of these statements would John Locke find acceptable?

A) Some of us are born bad.
B) A positive environment will create positive results.
C) Everything that we are is in our genes.
D) Faith, not reason, determines what we know.
E) Original sin places limits on individual aspirations.

Question 13

Who advocated a doctrine that would be later be known as laissez-faire?

A) John McDonald
B) Adam Smith
C) Robert Walpole
D) Robert Burns
E) Lord Gordon Brown

Question 14

Who was the first scientist to define elliptical planetary orbits?

A) Voltaire
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Nicolaus Copernicus
D) Ptolemy
E) Johannes Kepler

Question 15

The intellectuals of the Enlightenment advocated the

A) creation of a new religion of sciences.
B) use of the scientific method to foster progress toward a "better" society.
C) application of religious precepts to all knowledge.
D) inversion of human development.
E) abandonment of reason for the purpose of developing human knowledge.

Question 16

The Catholic Church condemned the theories of ____________ because they threatened the Scriptures.

A) Voltaire and Rousseau
B) Copernicus and Galileo
C) Kepler and Newton
D) Galileo and Ptolemy
E) Newton and Copernicus

Question 17

The three laws of motion that govern the planetary bodies and the objects on earth were explained by

A) Isaac Newton.
B) Galileo Galilei.
C) Ptolemy.
D) Nicolaus Copernicus.
E) Johannes Kepler.

Question 18

Who asserted that the material composition of other planets and the moon was similar to that of the earth?

A) Voltaire
B) Galileo Galilei
C) Nicolaus Copernicus
D) Ptolemy
E) Johannes Kepler

Question 19

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A) was idealistic and honest and never deviated from his promises or commitments.
B) argued that children's education should be strict and regimented.
C) argued that, in accord with the "general will," people could be "forced to be free."
D) believed that women were "naturally" different from men.
E) advocated a doctrine that would be later be known as laissez-faire.

Question 20

Newton's Principia

A) placed the earth at the center of the universe.
B) rejected the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
C) mathematically disproved the universal law of gravitation.
D) supplied the new theory of the universe that combined the work of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo.
E) proved that Luther was correct regarding salvation by faith.

Question 21

In the American Revolution, the rebels

A) received the support of a number of European countries.
B) developed a number of innovative attack techniques used by Napoleonic armies.
C) was marked by the seizure of political and military power by the poorest segment of colonial society.
D) contained a series of major battles in which American firepower literally destroyed some of the best units of the British army.
E) was significantly enhanced by the large slave component in the rebel army.

Question 22

Outside of Europe, the major scenes of battle in the Seven Years War were

A) North America and Africa.
B) Central America and India.
C) India and North America.
D) Latin America and Africa.
E) North America and Latin America.

Question 23

The system that came to be known as the "cottage industry" involved all of these steps EXCEPT

A) the purchase, by an entrepreneur, of the raw materials needed for textile production.
B) country laborers producing yarn and cloth.
C) the selling of finished products by an entrepreneur.
D) the growing of cotton by peasants on their farms, who then sold raw material to entrepreneurs.
E) the development and use of the "putting-out" system.

Question 24

The war that was known as the French and Indian War in the U.S. was known as the ____ in Europe.

A) Thirty Years War
B) War of Independence
C) War of 1812
D) Seven Years War
E) Prussian and English War

Question 25

Which of the following statements is an accurate depiction of the nature of the British Parliament in the latter half of the eighteenth century?

A) It was primarily composed of civil libertarians who advocated individual rights.
B) Its role was primarily that of a rubber stamp for the king.
C) It shared power with the king, gradually gaining the upper hand.
D) Uniquely, women could become Members of Parliament.
E) It failed to meet between 1753 and 1792.

Question 26

The eighteenth century ruler who called himself/herself "the first servant of the state" was

A) Joseph II of Austria.
B) George III of Great Britain.
C) Catherine the Great of Russia.
D) Frederick II of Prussia.
E) Louis XVI of France.

Question 27

Which statement is FALSE with regard to European population and food supplies?

A) As the eighteenth century progressed, European population declined.
B) Food production increased in Europe during the eighteenth century.
C) The introduction of the potato and maize provided a much-needed staple foods.
D) The New World was a source of new vegetables for Europe.
E) Food supplies decreased while food prices rose sharply in France in 1789.

Question 28

What caused the beginning of Napoleon's downfall?

A) His invasion of Russia
B) His establishment of the Continental system
C) The death of his wife
D) The kidnapping of his Prime Minister
E) The Seven Years' War

Question 29

Which of the following descriptions best depicts the Rococo style?

A) the profuse use of strict geometric patterns
B) emphasis on largeness and majesty
C) a fondness for curves and emphasized grace, charm, and gentle action
D) a rejection of the effort to seek love, joy, and pleasure in favor of religious imagery
E) stress on formal order

Question 30

The most important product of European industry in the eighteenth century was

A) spices.
B) steel.
C) coal.
D) textiles.
E) oil.

Question 31

Which statement about eighteenth century global trade is FALSE?

A) Gold and silver were shipped to America by Spain.
B) Indian and Chinese products were purchased by the English, Dutch, and French.
C) American plantation products were purchased by the nations of Europe.
D) English manufactured goods were traded for African slaves, who were sold in Virginia for tobacco, which was then processed in England and sold for cash in Germany.
E) Overseas trade boomed.

Question 32

What is Mary Wollstonecraft best remembered for?

A) Loyal service to Marie Antoinette at the outset of the French Revolution
B) Help in the assassination of Robespierre
C) Authorship of the Vindication of the Rights of Women
D) Scientific ideas regarding the telescope and its uses in astronomy
E) Role in helping to formulate Napoleon's policy on women

Question 33

The formal event which led to the break between the American colonies and England was the

A) creation of the Articles of Confederation.
B) confrontation at Yorktown.
C) confrontation over the Stamp Act.
D) signing of the Declaration of Independence.
E) creation of the United States Constitution.

Question 34

Britain decided to end its war against the Americans after a combined American and French force defeated General Cornwallis at

A) Cowpens.
B) Newburgh.
C) Saratoga.
D) Yorktown.
E) Boston.F

Question 35

Which of the following was not a direct result of the Seven Years' War?

A) France ceded Canada to British control.
B) Spain ceded Florida to British control.
C) France ceded the Louisiana Territory to the Spanish.
D) The Dutch permanently withdrew from the New World.
E) Great Britain became the world's greatest colonial power.

Question 36

In line with mercantilist theory,

A) governments had nothing to do regarding trade and manufacturing policies.
B) Latin American countries traded exclusively with their "mother" countries.
C) Latin American colonies were encouraged to manufacture.
D) American colonies were viewed as sources of raw materials and markets by Europeans.
E) the production of heavy industrial products was instituted in Mexico in 1734.

Question 37

Enlightened Absolutism

A) was based more on practical measures to strengthen the power of the state than to "reform" and free their populations.
B) was best illustrated by the activity of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
C) was truly applied only briefly, in the ten months before the death of Emelyan Pugachev.
D) was limited by the desires of the middle classes to retain their special advantages.
E) best describes the British government in the eighteenth century.

Question 38

In eighteenth century Europe,

A) it was illegal for a noble class male to marry a middle-class female without a government dispensation everywhere except in Prussia and the Netherlands.
B) noble and bourgeois women dressed in the same fashion and were visually indistinguishable.
C) the peasants composed less than forty percent of the populations of Austria and France.
D) nobles constituted approximately two or three percent of the population.
E) factory workers had replaced farmers as the majority of the population.

Question 39

Lyrical Rococo depictions of aristocratic life were expressed in the work of

A) William Hogarth.
B) Antoine Watteau.
C) Joachim Orlov.
D) Balthasar Neumann.
E) Johann Sebastian Bach.

Question 40

The new United States Constitution of 1787

A) employed Montesquieu's conception of the separation of powers.
B) was rejected by most Americans until it was finally passed on a third referendum.
C) was created by delegates who, like the nation's population, were mainly small farmers.
D) was soon abolished and replaced by the Articles of Confederation.
E) abolished slavery.

Question 41

As a direct result of the French Revolution, this nation became the first Latin American state to win its independence from European colonialism.

A) Ecuador.
B) Brazil.
C) Nicaragua.
D) Haiti.
E) Puerto Rico.

Question 42

Which of the following was not characteristic of Napoleon's Grand Empire?

A) Absolute freedom of the press.
B) Loss of privilege by nobility and clergy.
C) Equality of opportunity with offices open to talent.
D) Equality before the law.
E) Religious toleration.

Question 43

The illegal event that constituted the start of the French Revolution was the

A) meeting between Quesnay and Adam Smith.
B) storming of the Bastille.
C) mutiny of the French army.
D) action of the Third Estate in declaring itself to be a National Assembly.
E) revolts of French peasants in the countryside.

Question 44

Which of the following was not an immediate result of the fall of Robespierre?

A) A period of stagnation and corruption ensued.
B) The Reign of Terror ended.
C) Moderate forces came to control the Revolution.
D) A new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory.
E) Napoleon was elected President of France.

Question 45

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the

A) invasion of Silesia.
B) near bankruptcy of the French Treasury.
C) grievances of the French peasantry.
D) discontent in the French colonies.
E) Louis XVI's demand for more power.

Question 46

On the eve of the French Revolution, all of these conditions existed EXCEPT

A) the hereditary aristocracy was still the most powerful class in European society.
B) the nobles and clergy in France were effectively untaxed, even as the French treasury neared bankruptcy and millions were hungry.
C) the bourgeoisie comprised about eight percent of the population.
D) the peasants were enthusiastic for revolutionary change.
E) monarchy was the norm for European governments.

Question 47

In the immediate aftermath of the fall of Robespierre

A) a period of industrial growth ensued.
B) the Reign of Terror began.
C) extremist forces came to control the Revolution.
D) a new constitution was written that strove for stability by placing executive authority in the hands of the Directory.
E) Napoleon was elected President of France.

Question 48

Which of the following is the correct order regarding Napoleon's military career?

A) Elba, Russia, Waterloo, Italy
B) Italy, Russia, Elba, Waterloo
C) Italy, Saint Helena, Waterloo, Elba
D) Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Saint Helena
E) Italy, Russia, Waterloo, Elba, Corsica

Question 49

The Austrian ruler whose reform program abolished serfdom, eliminated internal trade barriers, and instituted a new penal code, among other things, was

A) Adolf III.
B) Maria Theresa.
C) Joseph II.
D) Frederick the Great.
E) Charles VI.

Question 50

Napoleon gained control of the executive authority of the French government by

A) becoming President of the Committee of Public Safety.
B) being elected as first director of the Directory.
C) seizing power in a coup d'etat.
D) capitalizing on his military victories to become a popularly elected president.
E) his appointment to the post by a newly restored monarch, Louis XVII.

Question 51

What was true about Napoleon?

A) He joined the French army at age 15.
B) He was a master of psychological warfare.
C) He established his military reputation in campaigns in England.
D) He was married to Marie Antoinette.
E) He died in a triumphant battle.

Question 52

The Russian monarch whose policies favored the landed nobility, at the expense of the serfs, was

A) Alexander II.
B) Catherine the Great.
C) Peter II.
D) Peter the Great.
E) Ivan IV.

Question 53

The military forces raised by the French revolutionary government was

A) composed largely of non-French mercenaries.
B) the largest navy ever assembled in Europe up to that point.
C) unsuccessful on the battlefield although victorious in naval combat.
D) a true army of the people, whose intensity was the beginning of the concept of total war.
E) successful in conquering Russia.

Question 54

The French Revolution

A) was precipitated by a noble-bourgeois dispute over the best way to deal with the large budgetary surpluses of 1788 and 1789.
B) actually had no real impact on either the economic or political status of peasants.
C) created no major gains, even temporarily, for women in such areas as divorce and inheritance.
D) created a "nation in arms" and an army of 650,000.
E) failed in its attempt to restore divine right monarchy to France.

Question 55

As long as _______ ruled the waves, it was not subject to military attack.

A) France
B) Britain
C) Austria.
D) Spain
E) Russia

Question 56

The Committee of Public Safety was established to

A) negotiate a military alliance with England.
B) combat the dual threat of internal rebellion and foreign invasion.
C) provide the nation with a renewed monarchy.
D) negotiate the safe return of French emigres.
E) control the ambitions of Napoleon.

Question 57

The most ironic aspect of Napoleon's career or rule in France was that

A) it was more autocratic than that of Louis XVI, which had initially sparked the Revolution.
B) Napoleon never understood of the nuances of French domestic political developments.
C) the ruling European monarchs failed to recognize the fragility of the political dilemma that such a regime could promulgate.
D) it took advice from the Bishop of Rome, or the Pope, in all domestic matters.
E) it ended where it began, back in Corsica.

Question 58

Enlightened Despotism

A) demonstrated much more despotism than enlightenment in Russia.
B) was most widely attempted in Britain, but caused confusion among the peasants and opposition from nobles and clergy.
C) was best exemplified by the policies of Louis XV in France.
D) was abolished in Prussia by Frederick the Great.
E) was never attempted in Austria.

Question 59

All of these statements regarding developments in the French Revolution prior to September 1792 are correct EXCEPT

A) the fall of the Bastille weakened the government.
B) the National Assembly created a basic declaration of liberties, and a new constitution to establish a limited monarchy.
C) Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting to flee.
D) warfare broke out between France and Austria.
E) Louis XVI was an enthusiastic supporter of the revolutionary events.

Question 60

During the regime of Napoleon,

A) the legal position of women was strengthened with the activation of the Civil Code.
B) the pope refused to arrange a Concordat.
C) the laws of France were codified in the Civil Code.
D) a decentralized government was established.
E) all divorces were outlawed.

Question 61

Descartes became famous for his statement in Discourse on Method, "I think, therefore I am."

Question 62

Fredrick II was one of the best-educated and most cultured monarchs of the seventeenth century.

Question 63

In the geocentric universe model, the earth revolves around the sun.

Question 64

The first independent state in Latin America was Haiti.

Question 65

Europe's population grew to around 140 million in 1750.

Question 66

After French revolutionaries beheaded king Louis XVI, France became and remained a republic.

Question 67

Isaac Newton was an inspiration for the Enlightenment in his contention that the world and everything in it worked like a giant machine.

Question 68

The Enlightenment argued that the Scientific Method did not apply to human understanding, which could only be achieved through intuitive thinking.

Question 69

In the Enlightenment, many intellectuals argued that women were by nature inferior to men.

Question 70

The famous Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen was authored by Mary Wollstonecraft.

Question 71

Maria Winkelmann was the author of the Vindication of the Rights of Woman.

Question 72

During the Reign of Terror, cannon fire was used to blow condemned men into open graves.

Question 73

By the end of the eighteenth century, serfdom had come to an end in eastern Europe, but it still existed in western Europe, and was to prove one of the causes of the French Revolution.

Question 74

The French and Indian war is also known as the Seven Years War.

Question 75

France's revolutionary army was an important step in the creation of modern nationalism.

Question 76

France had claimed all of North America as part of its American overseas empire.