Deck 14: New Encounters: the Creation of a World Market

Question 1

Western historians have customarily regarded this as the crucial point in opening the trade routes to the East.

A) the travels of Marco Polo
B) the voyages of Vasco de Gama
C) the discovery of the New World by Columbus
D) Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe
E) Prince Henry, the Navigator's establishment of a school for navigators

Answer 1

the voyages of Vasco de Gama

Question 2

Which city was a major commercial center on the trade route through Sahara in the sixteenth century?

A) Alexandria
B) Kilwa
C) Timbuktu
D) Dakar
E) Niger

Answer 2

Timbuktu

Question 3

Who allegedly contended that "Christians and spices" were the primary motives of the explorations of the fifteenth century?

A) Christopher Columbus
B) Vasco da Gama
C) Leo Africanus
D) Sonni Ali
E) Marco Polo

Answer 3

Vasco da Gama

Question 4

Which sailor was the first to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1487?

A) Abram Voorhies
B) Vasco da Gama
C) Ferdinand Magellan
D) Bartolomeu Dias
E) Henry the Navigator

Question 5

Which statement about European forays into the New World is FALSE?

A) Christopher Columbus never sailed into Chesapeake Bay.
B) John Cabot explored the coast of New England on a voyage sponsored by Henry VII.
C) Christopher Columbus explored along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula.
D) Pedro Cabral discovered South America by accident.
E) Vespucci's many published letters describing the geography of the New World caused people to call the area America.

Question 6

Why did Christopher Columbus believe Asia could be easily reached by sailing due west?

A) He believed there would be less chance of skirmishes and sea traffic headed west.
B) He thought that there was a reason for Asian trade success Europeans didn't know about.
C) He believed the ocean due west was calmer and easier to navigate.
D) He believed the world was round and so Asia could be reached by sailing around the globe.
E) He thought the circumference of the earth was smaller than some of his contemporaries.

Question 7

What was the empire of Songhai's relationship with Islam?

A) It had a casual relationship with Islam that never really developed.
B) It used Islam as a state-building tool but not a religious one.
C) It tolerated Islam as one of many religions within its borders.
D) It relied on Islamic institutions and ideology to strengthen national unity.
E) It rejected the teachings of Islam in favor of Christianity.

Question 8

In what way was Malacca able to help promote the spread of Islam throughout Southeast Asia?

A) Its fortunate position helped it become the leading economic power in the region.
B) Paramesvara, its founder, personally went on pilgrimages to spread the word.
C) By becoming allies with the Chinese, who spread the word of Islam.
D) Through its large source of missionaries who could travel easily to other islands.
E) By disseminating writings of notable Islamic scholars.

Question 9

Europeans embarked on expansionist voyages for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

A) there was a potential for economic gain through increased world trade.
B) some desired to spread Christianity to other parts of the world.
C) they had developed confidence from improved cartography, navigational methods, and ship designs.
D) fear than Islam would occupy the rest of the world if Christendom did not.
E) knowledge of wind patterns in the Atlantic Ocean.

Question 10

The charts containing detailed information on coastal contours, distances between ports, and compass readings were called

A) astrolabes.
B) caravels.
C) portolani.
D) horoscopes.
E) sea charts.

Question 11

Christopher Columbus was of ____ origin.

A) German
B) Genoese
C) Portuguese
D) Spanish
E) Chinese

Question 12

Prince Henry established a _____ in Portugal in 1419.

A) hospital for sailors
B) school for naval gunners
C) kindergarten
D) school for navigators
E) royal library

Question 13

The Treaty of Tordesillas

A) divided the "new" areas discovered by Europeans between the English and the French.
B) divided the "new" areas discovered by Europeans between Spain and Portugal.
C) gave the English the eastern route around the Cape of Good Hope.
D) gave the French the eastern route around the Cape of Good Hope.
E) ended the Hundred Years War.

Question 14

What was one of the earliest West African states to become Muslim?

A) The Zanj
B) Zimbabwe
C) Axum
D) Mali
E) Kush

Question 15

By the early 1400s, a growing percentage of the Asian spice trade was being transported

A) by camel caravans across Arabia.
B) in European ships, particularly Dutch and Portuguese.
C) in Muslim ships from India and the Middle East.
D) in Chinese ships as evidenced by the voyages of Zheng He.
E) across the Silk Road from China.

Question 16

Which of the following was not one of Prince Henry the Navigator's main objectives in his exploration of the western coast of Africa?

A) Weakening the Muslim states in Spain and West Africa.
B) Finding his way into the gold trade of West Africa.
C) Extending the realm of Christianity.
D) Acquiring slaves that could be used for trading purposes.
E) Acquiring new trade opportunities for his kingdom.

Question 17

In 1441, Portuguese ships back from the West African coastal voyages brought _____ to Portugal.

A) silver
B) gold
C) slaves
D) spices
E) ivory

Question 18

The Portuguese leaders who first landed at Calicut and seized the port of Malacca were, respectively,

A) Vasco Núòez de Balboa and Pedro Martinez Munoa.
B) Gonzalo Fernández and Bartolomeu Dias.
C) Vasco da Gama and Afonso de Albuquerque.
D) Henry the Navigator and Henry da Bruscia.
E) Juan Montillo and Jorge Sikada Maio.

Question 19

By the twelfth century, the city of ________ became a great center of Islamic learning in West Africa.

A) Great Zimbabwe
B) Timbuktu
C) Mansa Musa
D) Niger
E) Zanj

Question 20

What were the primary threats to Portuguese control of Southeast Asia?

A) Adverse climatic conditions
B) Disease
C) The French
D) The English and the Dutch
E) Established native kingdoms

Question 21

Under the encomienda system, New World natives were

A) forced to accept Islam.
B) permitted to retain control over their local lands.
C) subjected to exploitation and harsh treatment by the Dutch.
D) supposed to be protected and supervised by the Spanish.
E) taken to Spain to be used as laborers.

Question 22

Which statement about European contact with Africa is FALSE?

A) Most people in the African interior were little influenced by Europeans in the 1500s.
B) The Portuguese took over the gold trade from Mwene Metapa in East African.
C) The Dutch established a colony at Cape Town to supply its ships headed for the Spice Islands.
D) The Boers were responsible for keeping other Europeans away from the Cape of Good Hope.
E) England established a colony at Zimbabwe in the late 1600s.

Question 23

As a result of European expansion into Africa,

A) the Mwene Metapa was entirely eliminated by the Portuguese.
B) the economic conditions of the continent were unaltered.
C) North African political regimes were toppled by French forces.
D) internal conflict among native African groups was intensified.
E) most Africans became wealthier.

Question 24

Historians estimate that up to _______ of slaves died on the journey known as the Middle Passage.

A) one-third
B) one-fourth
C) one-tenth
D) one-half
E) two-thirds

Question 25

Initially attracted to Brazil by the prospect of gold and silver, the Portuguese soon found _________ to be extremely profitable.

A) slavery
B) gambling
C) plantations of sugar and coffee
D) copper
E) diamonds

Question 26

Portuguese control of the spice trade was ended by

A) Muslim attacks from Delhi.
B) the circumnavigating voyage of Balboa.
C) the establishment of the British and Dutch East India Companies.
D) rival Hindu merchants from the Ganges plain.
E) a new outbreak of the Black Death.

Question 27

Which people were bitter trade rivals in Southeast Asia?

A) Genoese and Portuguese
B) Dutch and Portuguese
C) English and French
D) Brazilians and Peruvians
E) Chinese and Vietnamese

Question 28

Which of the following was not an advantage held by the Spanish in conquering the "New World?"

A) Competition from the Dutch
B) Superior weapons
C) Disease brought from Europe
D) Religious zeal
E) Personal determination

Question 29

The largest population of Aztecs died off due to

A) Spanish warfare.
B) human sacrifice.
C) conquistador oppression.
D) disease.
E) enslavement by the Portuguese.

Question 30

The African slave trade

A) was fundamentally altered by the French in the late 1400s.
B) involved the forcible movement of millions of African slaves overseas.
C) involved the deaths of less than one percent of those leaving West African ports before they arrived at a new home in the Americas.
D) began practices never before seen in Africa.
E) solved the labor shortage challenge in European agriculture.

Question 31

What was the most important reason for the massive growth of the African slave trade in the sixteenth century?

A) The need to supply the mines of Peru with an abundant labor force
B) The desire to develop the tobacco plantations of the New World
C) The intense labor needs created by the development of sugar growing in the New World
D) The enormous growth in the African birth rate
E) The European ability to obtain slaves in many West African areas

Question 32

The islands known today as Moluccas were called ____ in the sixteenth century.

A) Spice Islands
B) Batavia
C) Hispaniola
D) Dominican
E) Good Hope Islands

Question 33

What was the name of the system under which European settlers received grants of land and could demand labor from indigenous peoples as tribute?

A) Mission
B) Encomienda
C) Circumnavigation
D) Authoritarian
E) Plantation

Question 34

The American-born descendants of Europeans were called

A) creoles.
B) mestizos.
C) mulattos.
D) moranos.
E) Ameropeans.

Question 35

In Spain's New World Empire,

A) Spanish colonials were much less harsh toward American natives than the law allowed.
B) the encomienda policies insured only a 2 percent profit per year to each Spanish investor.
C) the number of natives on the island of Hispaniola increased between 1493 and 1570.
D) the king was determined to convert the indigenous peoples to Christianity.
E) the native Americans eagerly and consistently embraced Spanish colonial policies.

Question 36

Which statement about the Columbian Exchange is FALSE?

A) Cows and horses were introduced into the Western hemisphere.
B) Potatoes and corn were introduced into Europe from the Americas.
C) Potatoes and corn were introduced into the Americas from Europe.
D) Smallpox arrived in the Americas from Europe.
E) Gunpowder and guns were introduced into the Americas from Europe.

Question 37

Europeans were able to expand their exploration and command of the oceans due to the

A) shift away from traditional portolani.
B) rejection of the Chinese sternpost rudder.
C) combination of lateen sails with square rigging and the ability to build ever larger and more mobile ships.
D) construction of gigantic ships.
E) cheaper cost of sailing.

Question 38

Which answer correctly pairs Spanish conquistadors with the New World empires they destroyed?

A) Pizarro and the Aztecs; de Soto and the Incas.
B) Magellan and the Incas; Albuquerque and the Iroquois.
C) Cortés and the Aztecs; Pizarro and the Incas.
D) de Soto and the Aztecs; Cortés and the Incas.
E) de Soto and the Incas; Cortés and the Aztecs.

Question 39

The first region settled by Portugal within Africa was

A) Cape Verde.
B) Goa.
C) the Azores.
D) the Gold Coast.
E) Angola

Question 40

As a result of the publications of Bartolomé de Las Casas

A) Amerindian rights were recognized and respected.
B) the encomienda system was established.
C) Amerindians became more maltreated than before.
D) the Spanish government tried to be more attentive to the needs of the native populations.
E) a new route to the Indies was discovered.

Question 41

The import of manufactured goods from Europe to Africa

A) bettered the situations of most Africans.
B) stimulated the growth of manufacturing in Africa.
C) undermined local cottage industries and impoverished families.
D) had negative effects on European factory workers.
E) led to the permanent establishment of European settlements across the continent.

Question 42

Southeast Asia produced all of the following for export in the 1700s except

A) ceramics.
B) spices.
C) copper.
D) gold.
E) steel.

Question 43

By the end of the seventeenth century, most European states abandoned their trading stations in ________.

A) Ayuthaya
B) Vietnam
C) Burma
D) Thailand
E) Indonesia

Question 44

The final blow to Portuguese domination of the Asian spice trade came when

A) Spain took control of the Philippines and turned into a way station.
B) the English began to form joint-stock companies for colonization.
C) the Dutch VOC seized Malacca.
D) Muslim traders extended from the Arabic peninsula and cut off access to the Indian ocean.
E) the Portuguese monarchy was overthrown by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain.

Question 45

What was true about the economy of Southeast Asia in the sixteenth century?

A) Regional and interregional trade only began to expand with the arrival of the Europeans.
B) Although agriculture was the economic basis of society, commerce was beginning to affect daily life.
C) The region exported nothing but agricultural produce.
D) Agriculture was becoming less commercialized.
E) Local artisans were the main producers and consumers of luxury goods.

Question 46

Life in Southeast Asia was

A) centered on large cities for most of the population.
B) lived by most people in houses made of stone.
C) more male-controlled than in China.
D) more favorable for women than elsewhere in Asia.
E) based upon hunter-gatherer societies.

Question 47

Southeast Asia, by the 1700s,

A) was rigidly controlled by Europeans, with the French in control of Vietnam and the Portuguese elsewhere.
B) had seen Islamic influence driven from the region by the joint French-Dutch "light" campaign.
C) saw Islamic influence spread from the Malay Peninsula to the northern coasts of Sumatra and Java.
D) had come under the political control of China.
E) was militarily dominated by India's Mughal rulers.

Question 48

Ties between religion and kingship in Southeast Asia

A) included Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Vietnamese emperors, and Islamic sultans.
B) were, in fact, mainly an inaccurate perception held by uncomprehending European observers.
C) were especially close in Christian areas, where kings were seen as spiritually superior beings.
D) were especially close in Muslim areas, where kings were seen as spiritually superior beings.
E) did not exist because of constitutional separations between religion and government.

Question 49

The VOC

A) was the sacred ruler of the Khmer.
B) had ten times more capital than the British West India Company.
C) was a secret police agency in Burma.
D) was the "divine light" Javanese monarchs were believed to possess.
E) the Malayan ruling class.

Question 50

The European power that emerged triumphant in the Indonesian archipelago, and took over virtually the entire region by the end of the eighteenth century, was

A) Spain.
B) France.
C) the Netherlands.
D) Britain.
E) Portugal.

Question 51

Dutch colonial efforts were

A) incredibly unsuccessful, as their huge expenditures did not produce a single profitable colony.
B) ended by superior Portuguese power in North America before 1700.
C) weakened by their principled refusal to take part in the slave trade.
D) highly successful in Southeast Asia, and particularly on the island of Java.
E) most economically profitable in New Amsterdam.

Question 52

The demand for increased slave labor in the sixteenth century was due to the dramatic expansion of

A) the Portuguese spice trade.
B) colonization of the Americas, which spurred the growth of the sugar industry.
C) with the Ottoman empire's blockade of the Silk Road, dependence on cotton was shifted to the Americas.
D) the elimination of the Portuguese from east Africa.
E) the declaration of the Treaty of Tordesillas giving the Portuguese dominion over Africa.

Question 53

Slavery for Africans

A) originated with the massive trans-Atlantic slave trade.
B) originated with the introduction of Islam to the continent.
C) was the consequence of European colonialism.
D) had always been part of the continent's societies and cultures.
E) resulted from the Asia-Africa trade.

Question 54

Which of the following is true about the state of slavery in the Americas early on?

A) More women were enslaved than men.
B) Slaves would run away from sugar plantations and create independent camps.
C) Slave owners generally believed it was less expensive to raise slaves than buy them.
D) African slaves were more susceptible to European disease than American Indians.
E) The slave population began to rise as soon as the initial impact of settlement had worn off.

Question 55

Life in Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century was probably better than it was in other parts of Asia during the same time period because

A) the region had a very cool climate.
B) the region's geography provided fertile soils with renewed mineral resources.
C) most of the region was heavily populated.
D) its society was dominated by numerous very large cities.
E) there were no religious conflicts as all the inhabitants were Buddhists.

Question 56

New religions coming into Southeast Asia

A) included Islam, Shinto and Zoroastrianism.
B) were often altered by new converts, who blended traditional beliefs with the new doctrines.
C) were only temporarily considered, and then rejected, by the region's peoples.
D) included the cult of the goddess Pomona.
E) included Judaism.

Question 57

The value of precious metals flowing into Europe quadrupled with the Spanish exploitation of

A) gold mining in Mexico.
B) the gold found by Pizarro from El Dorado in Colombia.
C) the silver mines at Potosi in Peru.
D) gold found in Rio de la Plata.
E) silver in Guanajuato, Mexico.

Question 58

The founder of the empire of Songhai was

A) Songhai.
B) Marco Polo.
C) Sonni Ali.
D) Christopher Columbus.
E) Askia Mohammed.

Question 59

The Spanish base of operations in Southeast Asia was established in

A) Malacca.
B) Vietnam.
C) Burman lands.
D) Java.
E) the Philippines.

Question 60

Which product attracted the greatest European interest in Southeast Asia in the period between 1500 and 1800?

A) Opium
B) Slaves
C) Pepper and other spices
D) Rayon
E) Ayuthaya

Question 61

There were different forms of slavery in Africa before the arrival of the Europeans.

Question 62

Because of the harsh environment, Islam had little impact in West Africa.

Question 63

With the coming of the Europeans, Christianity replaced Buddhism and Islam as the major religion of Southeast Asia.

Question 64

Mortality rates for Europeans in the West Indies were much higher than for Europeans in Europe.

Question 65

Magellan and his expedition of five ships returned to Spain after circumnavigating the globe.

Question 66

Historians have generally regarded the voyages of Vasco de Gama as the pivotal point in opening trade with the East.

Question 67

After four voyages to the New World, Columbus finally realized he had discovered a 'New World.'

Question 68

Between 1500 and 1800, Southeast Asia experienced its last flowering of traditional culture before the advent of European rule in the nineteenth century.

Question 69

The Spanish prohibited intermarriage of Europeans and indigenous Americans.

Question 70

The joint-stock English East India Company was founded in 1600 with the aim of developing trade in the Americas.

Question 71

By the fourteenth century, a decreasing portion of the spice trade was transported by Muslim ships.

Question 72

In the race for overseas empires, the Spanish started later than the Portuguese and were ultimately less successful.

Question 73

The expedition led by Francisco Pizarro destroyed the Maya civilization.

Question 74

The conquistadors of Spain were financed and outfitted by the Spanish crown.

Question 75

The official primary motives of European expansion were "God, glory, and gold."

Question 76

The slave trade caused the depopulation of West Africa.

Question 77

One of the major motives for overseas voyages was religious zeal.

Question 78

The first European nation to gain control of Southeast Asia's spice trade was the Netherlands.

Question 79

What constituted the "third leg" of the Triangle trade?

A) payment for slaves in gold in Africa prior to the Middle Passage.
B) payment for slaves in the Americas with sugar-based products to be taken back to Europe.
C) payment for slave ships in Europe to go to Africa.
D) exchange of slaves for passage of cargo and colonists from Europe to America.
E) None of these.