Deck 1: An Overview of Community Corrections: Goals and Evidence-Based Practices

Question 1

Use of jail and prison facilities, which are most expensive option, should not be reserved for only the most dangerous offenders.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Community corrections are sanctions that may be instituted after a defendant serves time in prison.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Specific deterrence attempts to deter the general public from committing specific types of crime.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

"Redeemability" refers to convincing the public that offenders can change their ways.

Question 5

Indeterminate sentencing is philosophy that focuses on consistency for a crime committed, specifying guidelines for sentencing.

Question 6

All U.S. states have adopted some form of mandatory minimum sentencing laws for certain types of offenses, requiring a minimum period of time that must be served before release can be considered.

Question 7

Due to the fiscal crisis of 2008, there is growing consensus among state legislators and correctional administrators that jail and prison facilities should only be used for the most serious offenders.

Question 8

According to the text, the most common form of community supervision is probation.

Question 9

Community corrections provide many options for individuals who have not committed a crime but do not pose a serious threat to community safety.

Question 10

"Net widening" results in a cost increase instead of a cost savings.

Question 11

Robert Martinson, a social scientist tasked with examining prison programming in the United States during the 1960s, determined that correctional rehabilitation programs were effective at reducing recidivism.

Question 12

Indeterminate sentencing and determinate sentencing are the two main sentencing philosophies.

Question 13

Nearly 3% of the total adult population in the United States is currently under some form of correctional supervision.

Question 14

Parole is used for offenders who have not yet been convicted of a felony offense.

Question 15

Pre-adjudication is the state in which a defendant has not yet pled guilty or been found guilty by a judge or jury.

Question 16

Specific deterrence, rehabilitation, and restorative justice are important components in changing offenders' attitudes and behaviors, leading to the prevention of criminal behavior.

Question 17

In contrast to mainstream criminal justice that is focused on punishment of the offender, restorative justice is centered on the victim throughout the process and emphasizes the offender's responsibility to repair the injustice and wrong caused to the victim.

Question 18

According to a recent national public opinion poll, the most well-known forms of community-based corrections in the United States are probation, house arrest, and electronic monitoring.

Question 19

Recidivism can be measured through rates of rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration.

Question 20

The pretrial and bail decision is one of the three major decision points in the corrections system.

Question 21

The concept that communities are made more secure by removing unsafe residents is ingrained in American tradition, but correctional policy shifts according to legislators' perceptions of what the public wants. This relationship is referred to as the ______________

A) swing of the pendulum.
B) enigma.
C) revolution.
D) paradox.

Question 22

_____ require an offender to serve a specified portion of his or her sentence prior to release.

A) Three strikes laws
B) Mandatory minimum sentencing laws
C) Community-based treatments
D) Faith-based treatment programs

Question 23

__________ are problems, habits, or deficits that are directly related to an individual's involvement in criminal behavior.

A) Parole
B) Criminogenic needs
C) Rehabilitation
D) Specific deterrence

Question 24

Which of the following is a minimum-security institutional setting for imprisoned offenders who have already spent some time in prison and are nearing release?

A) Pretrial supervision
B) Prerelease program
C) Prisoner reentry program
D) Intermediate sections

Question 25

The most common form of community corrections is ________, which is the release of an offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time. The court retains the authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditions.

A) probation
B) parole
C) mandatory conditional release
D) electronic monitoring

Question 26

Which of the following refers to any section in which offenders serve all or a portion of their entire sentence in the community?

A) Probation
B) Community corrections
C) Bail
D) Jail

Question 27

The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, ____________, and reentry.

A) sentencing
B) punishment
C) probation
D) diversion

Question 28

______ refers to any sanction in which an offender serves all or a portion of his or her entire sentence in the community.

A) Community corrections
B) Social justice
C) Restorative justice
D) Halfway house

Question 29

______________ refers to a sentencing philosophy that encourages rehabilitation and incorporates a broad sentencing range in which discretionary release is determined by a parole board.

A) Mandatory minimum sentencing
B) Truth-in-sentencing
C) Indeterminate sentencing
D) Determinate sentencing

Question 30

_____ offer graduated levels of supervision and provide rewards for positive behavior, with gradually less supervision when offenders are successful.

A) Intermediate sanctions
B) Retributive sanctions
C) Indeterminate sanctions
D) Restrictive sanctions

Question 31

In determinate sentencing, the range of permissible sentences is determined largely by _____________.

A) legislated statutes
B) treatment goals and objectives
C) parole boards
D) boards of pardons and clemency

Question 32

Lack of confidence in correctional programming peaked in 1974 when __________ publication concluded that, "with few exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far had no appreciable effect on recidivism."

A) Robert Martinson's
B) Andrew von Hirsch's
C) Herbert Packer's
D) James Marquart's

Question 33

________ refers to any activity or program that is conducted to prepare parolees for safe return to the community and for living as law-abiding citizens.

A) Compulsive education
B) Prisoner reentry
C) Intensive supervision
D) Parole

Question 34

In 1975, _________ was the first state to return to a philosophy of determinate sentencing.

A) Texas
B) Maine
C) Oklahoma
D) Florida

Question 35

_____ is a monetary payment deposited with the court to ensure a defendant's return for the next court date, in exchange for the defendant's release.

A) A fine
B) Restitution
C) Bail
D) Retribution

Question 36

Roughly how many people are currently under some form of correctional supervision in the United States?

A) 2 million
B) 5 million
C) 7 million
D) 10 million

Question 37

The state in which a defendant has been sentenced by a court after having either pled guilty or been found guilty by a judge or jury is known as

A) indeterminate sentencing.
B) determinate sentencing.
C) pre-adjudication.
D) post-adjudication.

Question 38

The most common form of community corrections is

A) boot camp.
B) community restitution.
C) probation.
D) parole.

Question 39

From the 1930s to the 1970s, _____ was the primary sentencing philosophy in the United States.

A) determinate sentencing
B) three strikes
C) indeterminate sentencing
D) retribution

Question 40

Truth-in-sentencing laws require offenders to serve at least _________ of the original sentence length before becoming eligible for release.

A) 95%
B) 85%
C) 75%
D) 55%

Question 41

Examples of ___________ sentencing policies include mandatory minimums, truth-in-sentencing, three strikes laws, and sentencing guidelines.

Question 42

Using an intermediate sanction as a stiffer punishment for offenders who would have ordinarily been sentenced to probation or other lesser sanctions is known as ________________.

A) community service
B) net widening
C) prison population reduction
D) deferring sentence

Question 43

_____ is focused on crime victims and emphasizes an offender's responsibility to repair the injustice the offender has caused.

A) Restorative justice
B) Community justice
C) Community restitution
D) Social justice

Question 44

_____ is a form of corrections that uses interventions for which there are consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet intended outcomes.

A) Evidence-based practice
B) Outcome-based education
C) Evaluative-based practice
D) Empirical research

Question 45

Measures of recidivism include which of the following?

A) Rearrest
B) Reconviction
C) Reincarceration
D) All of the above

Question 46

Community service, house arrest, day fines, and boot camps are examples of ____________________.

Question 47

Forty-five years ago, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice introduced the term ________.

Question 48

The release of a convicted offender under conditions imposed by the court for a specified period of time, during which the court retains authority to modify the conditions or to resentence the offender if he or she violates the conditions, is known as __________.

Question 49

The most commonly used dependent variable when evaluating the effectiveness of correctional treatment programs is ______________.

A) financial goals and objectives
B) recidivism
C) restitution collected
D) number of probationers employed

Question 50

Correctional policy is in many ways a(n) ____________, because it shifts according to the tide of public perception and what is important to vocal constituents and public interest groups.

Question 51

The public demands correctional programs that satisfy both _________ and public safety objectives.

A) treatment
B) punishment
C) restoration
D) counseling

Question 52

The basis of effective rehabilitation is the theory of risk, need, and _______.

Question 53

A "flat sentence" is the same as a(n) _____ sentence.

Question 54

_____________ refers to the correctional process in which offenders are exposed to treatment in the hopes of correcting the issues that may be causing them to commit crime.

Question 55

_______ is the discretionary release of an offender before the expiration of his or her sentence under conditions established by the releasing authority.

A) Probation
B) Intermediate release
C) Parole
D) Determinate controlled release

Question 56

_____ deterrence assumes that offenders who are already under community supervision will refrain from committing new crimes or technical violations if they feel that the costs outweigh the benefits.

A) General
B) Specific
C) Absolute
D) Initial

Question 57

The three main decision points in the corrections system are bail, sentencing, and _____.

Question 58

Restorative justice is most effective with _____ crimes.

A) domestic violence
B) nonviolent
C) violent drug-related
D) sexual

Question 59

The _____ assumes at a basic level that offender compliance and active participation are integral to the offender's own success on community supervision.

Question 60

_____ sentencing provides a range of punishments and allows the parole board to determine when an offender has been rehabilitated.

Question 61

___________________________ refer to correctional programs and techniques determined through systematic evaluation research to be the most effective way to treat offenders in the community.

Question 62

You have been caught red-handed shoplifting from a mall. Describe your journey through the corrections system, and the role discretion has in each of the three major decision points in the corrections system as it applies to your case. What should be emphasized at each stage, in your opinion?

Question 63

The philosophy of allowing the offender to remain in the community with the responsibility of repairing the injustice caused to the victim is ___________________.

Question 64

You work as a social worker in a poor area of Detroit. You have to spend your time with victims of crime, and with criminals who want to improve their situation. You have a lunch with the head of a community corrections program, and want to tell her about the value of rehabilitation. The community corrections officer believes in restorative justice. How will you convince her?

Question 65

_____________ was also used as a backdoor strategy for controlling the prison population.

Question 66

You are in charge of a community corrections facility, and are responsible to explain to your Board of Directors your success rate. Influential donors are starting to question the rate of recidivism. You have to convince the donors that there are other measures of the success of your program. What will you say at the board meeting?

Question 67

Return to criminal behavior, usually measured as either rearrest, reconviction, or reincarceration, is referred to as __________.

Question 68

What are "evidence-based practices?" What factors will determine their success in the public eye?

Question 69

You were just elected mayor of Des Moines. As mayor, you are expected to take a stand on controlling crime in your city. You have contact with your citizens and activist groups, all of whom want your opinion on sentencing. What is a more effective way of controlling crime: indeterminate sentencing, or determinate sentencing?

Question 70

How does a "continuum of sanctions" work in the sentencing process? How should judges apply this continuum?

Question 71

Which reveals more about the way people are sentenced in the United States: public opinion poll research, or social science research?

Question 72

You are in charge of a state budget, and have to measure the effectiveness of the various community corrections programs in your state. You will have to justify budget cuts to the governor, who is a stickler for facts. What methods will you use to decide where the money should be spent, and how can you convince the governor of untried methods?