Deck 13: Peer Relationships

Question 1

Children who are the target of their peers' aggression and demeaning behavior can be said to be

A) rejected.
B) victimized.
C) withdrawn.
D) wimps.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

What is the MOST common method of communication with friends used by those ages 12 to 17 years?

A) texting
B) phone calls
C) social media
D) email

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which adolescent is MOST likely to be negatively influenced by his friends' behavior?

A) Gary, who is extremely aggressive and who has aggressive friends
B) Frank, who is mild mannered, shows no signs of aggression, and has aggressive friends
C) Roger, whose parents are cold and detached, and whose friends use drugs
D) Harry, whose parents monitor his activities and are receptive to his viewpoint, and whose friends use drugs

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Who is more likely to report more friendship-related stress?

A) Mark, who is 10 years old
B) Stan, who just started kindergarten
C) Billy, who is a teenager
D) Michelle, who is 11 years old

Question 5

At what age are children capable of showing preference for some children over others?

A) infancy
B) toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) late childhood

Question 6

Juan is 14 years old and gets nervous when he is around kids his own age. He prefers online communication over face-to-face communication. This supports

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 7

The children in Gavin's class are asked to name the children they like the most and the children they like the least. Many of Gavin's classmates list him as one of the children they like the least, and few list him as one of the children they like the most. Gavin would be classified as

A) neglected.
B) rejected.
C) controversial.
D) popular.

Question 8

Which statement about the behaviors associated with peer acceptance in different cultures is TRUE?

A) They are almost entirely consistent across cultures.
B) They are similar across cultures, but they are influenced by cultural norms.
C) They are vastly different across cultures.
D) Peer acceptance has not been examined cross-culturally, so this information is not known.

Question 9

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between aggression and victimization?

A) Being aggressive leads to experiencing victimization.
B) Experiencing victimization leads to acting aggressively.
C) There is a bidirectional relationship between aggression and victimization.
D) There is no significant relationship between aggression and victimization.

Question 10

Recent research has found that the higher a child's situational emotion knowledge, the _____ play.

A) more likely they are to engage in social
B) more likely they are to engage in onlooker
C) less likely they are to engage in unoccupied
D) more likely they are to engage in solitary

Question 11

Compared with adolescents' conceptions, school-age children's friendship conceptions are

A) more concrete.
B) focused more on intimacy.
C) defined more in terms of loyalty.
D) more egalitarian.

Question 12

According to a national survey of high school seniors (2018), _____ of high school students reported some form of cyberbullying in the past school year.

A) 3%
B) 7%
C) 12%
D) 15%

Question 13

Children and adolescents tend to be more similar to their friends than to their nonfriends in all of these EXCEPT

A) acceptance by peers.
B) depression.
C) self-perceptions of competence.
D) eye color.

Question 14

Which form of cyberbullying is the MOST common?

A) isolation
B) rejection
C) spreading rumors
D) informing adults of previous actions

Question 15

For May, an Asian American child in the United States, which variable is likely to be the LEAST important factor in her selection of friends?

A) similarity in age
B) being of the same sex
C) antisocial behavior
D) similarity in interests

Question 16

Friendships CANNOT buffer children against the negative effects of

A) being victimized by peers.
B) entering a new school.
C) being socially isolated.
D) having poor-quality relationships.

Question 17

Interventions with rejected children have typically

A) encouraged parents to reprimand children when they are aggressive or particularly withdrawn with their peers.
B) aimed at improving children's relationships with their peers by enhancing aspects of their emotional development.
C) coached children to try to influence the peer group to choose activities in which the rejected children feel competent.
D) encouraged the rejected children's peers to understand why the children are aggressive or withdrawn.

Question 18

Friendship is NOT defined as a relationship that is

A) characterized by reciprocities.
B) between same-sex members.
C) conflictual.
D) one sided.

Question 19

Which category of children is MOST likely to have difficulties in the academic domain?

A) popular
B) neglected
C) average
D) aggressive-rejected

Question 20

Compared with average children, those categorized as neglected tend to be

A) more aggressive.
B) more disruptive.
C) less sociable.
D) more anxious about social interactions.

Question 21

When considering the possibility and direction of causality between quality of parenting and peer acceptance, the text states that the MOST likely possibility is that

A) the causal links are bidirectional.
B) there is a third variable, such as children's temperament, that causes both parenting behaviors and peer acceptance.
C) quality of parenting causes peer acceptance.
D) there is no causal relationship between quality of parenting and peer acceptance.

Question 22

Which label describes a type of rejected child?

A) assertive-rejected
B) withdrawn-rejected
C) unattractive-rejected
D) anxious-rejected

Question 23

Both boys and girls _____ in their experiences with their best friends.

A) are less likely to feel important and special
B) are less likely to provide help and guidance
C) have similar levels of conflict
D) have similar qualities of resolutions to conflict

Question 24

Which aspect of development is most impacted by play behaviors?

A) physical
B) cognitive
C) intellectual
D) social-emotional

Question 25

In terms of the association between acceptance by the peer group and important developmental outcomes such as dropping out of school, peer acceptance is

A) not associated with important developmental outcomes.
B) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have friends, and friendships influence developmental outcomes.
C) associated with these outcomes because well-accepted children are more likely to have romantic partners, and this factor influences developmental outcomes.
D) associated with these outcomes, over and above the effect of friendships and other relationships.

Question 26

Which statement about children's friendships is NOT true?

A) Openness between friends enhances creativity.
B) Friendships help children who are being victimized by other peers.
C) Higher levels of gossip in friendships are associated with poor developmental outcomes.
D) Children need friendships.

Question 27

Which of these is NOT a non-social type of play?

A) unoccupied play
B) parallel play
C) onlooker play
D) solitary play

Question 28

Children who are perceived as popular increasingly use _____ aggression across adolescence.

A) relational
B) physical
C) both relational and physical
D) neither relational nor physical

Question 29

Relational aggression does NOT involve

A) withholding friendship.
B) spreading rumors.
C) physical harm.
D) exclusion of others.

Question 30

Sociometric status refers to how

A) wealthy a child's family is.
B) well accepted a child is by the peer group.
C) many friends a child has.
D) many best friends a child has.

Question 31

Children with cross-racial or cross-ethnic friendships tend to be

A) of low peer-group status.
B) prone to disruptive behavior.
C) socially competent.
D) no different from children with only same-race and same-ethnicity friends.

Question 32

Rejected children are more likely than better-liked children to

A) have a goal to get along with other children.
B) attribute hostile intent to others.
C) suggest varied strategies for resolving difficult social situations.
D) refrain from threatening popular children when asked to solve a conflict with a peer.

Question 33

The study in which teams of 10-year-old children were asked to write a story about rain forests demonstrated that

A) boys were better able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
B) boys were less able to cooperate with their peers in this context than were girls.
C) stories written by teams of friends were of higher quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.
D) stories written by teams of friends were of lower quality than were stories written by teams of nonfriends.

Question 34

Social support from parents is lowest and social support from friends is highest

A) at age 9.
B) at the beginning of puberty.
C) between 16 and 18.
D) at age 13.

Question 35

Compared with sociometrically average children, sociometrically popular children tend NOT to be

A) better at regulating emotion.
B) more socially skilled.
C) more cooperative.
D) less likely to exhibit assertive aggression.

Question 36

Which factor does NOT increase the likelihood that an adolescent will engage in delinquent behavior?

A) hanging out with peers who have been in trouble
B) having an extreme orientation toward peers
C) being low in self-regulation
D) co-ruminating with peers about negative events

Question 37

Which factor is NOT emphasized by familism?

A) family closeness
B) family obligations
C) consideration of family in decision making
D) family separation

Question 38

Research on the effect of having friendships on victimized children's adjustment indicated that

A) victimized children rarely have friends.
B) whether or not victimized children's friendships are reciprocal is irrelevant to the importance of the friendship for adjustment.
C) friends can serve as buffers against unpleasant experiences.
D) victimized children who have friends who are well liked by their peers feel even more socially isolated than victimized children whose friends are less well liked.

Question 39

Which of these is NOT a type of social play?

A) unoccupied play
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play

Question 40

Which variable is NOT an important factor in whether children are accepted by their peers?

A) athleticism
B) attractiveness
C) sociability
D) ethnicity

Question 41

It has been hypothesized that children who are _____ have an underdeveloped theory of mind.

A) popular
B) controversial
C) rejected
D) neglected

Question 42

Children who are victimized by their peers tend NOT to be

A) isolated.
B) lonely.
C) depressed.
D) isolated, lonely, and depressed.

Question 43

When a child watches things in her environment briefly and nothing seems to catch her attention, she is engaging in _____ play.

A) unoccupied
B) parallel
C) onlooker
D) solitary

Question 44

Children's choices of friends exhibit which pattern?

A) "Absence makes the heart grow fonder."
B) "Opposites attract."
C) "Birds of a feather flock together."
D) "Easy come, easy go."

Question 45

Children who are classified as controversial receive _____ like-most nominations from classmates and _____ like-least nominations from classmates.

A) few; few
B) few; average
C) average; average
D) high; high

Question 46

Which element is a key factor in preschoolers' choices of friends?

A) proximity
B) popularity
C) race of child
D) similarity of interests

Question 47

Adolescents who are sociometrically popular do NOT differ from sociometrically average children with regard to

A) reduced aggressiveness.
B) attractiveness.
C) sociability.
D) emotional regulation.

Question 48

Which statements about the support provided to school-age children by friends is NOT true?

A) Friends' ability to provide children with support in unfamiliar situations begins at approximately age 9.
B) Having friendships, regardless of the quality, is a significant buffer against loneliness.
C) Chronic friendlessness is associated with depression.
D) Children who do not have friends fare just as well as those that do.

Question 49

Which characteristic do cyberbullies NOT exhibit?

A) low in social anxiety
B) depressive symptoms
C) poor anger management
D) academic difficulties

Question 50

Which characteristic exhibited by close friends is NOT associated with an increased risk of that problem for adolescents?

A) depression
B) substance abuse
C) disruptive and aggressive behavior
D) supportiveness

Question 51

Parental monitoring becomes especially important during

A) early childhood.
B) late childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

Question 52

Which factor is NOT a way in which electronic communication facilitates the creation and maintenance of friendships among children?

A) increased anonymity
B) more emphasis on physical appearance
C) finding similar peers
D) 24/7 access

Question 53

Children who are perceived by their peers as popular tend to

A) be the same kids who are sociometrically popular.
B) be sociometrically rejected.
C) use aggression to obtain goals.
D) be less aggressive than those who are sociometrically popular.

Question 54

Children who are nominated by a number of peers as liked and by other peers as disliked are categorized as

A) rejected.
B) average.
C) controversial.
D) neglected.

Question 55

Which of these is NOT true regarding preschoolers whose parents arrange and oversee opportunities for them?

A) They are more positive and social with peers.
B) They have a larger and more stable set of play partners.
C) They more easily initiate social interactions with peers.
D) They are more likely to be teased and bullied by their peers.

Question 56

The majority of children's play after the age of _____ is social.

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 4 years
D) 7 years

Question 57

At approximately what age do children tend to define their friends, to a greater extent, in terms of taking care of one's needs, reducing loneliness, and sharing feelings?

A) 5 years
B) 7 years
C) 9 years
D) 11 years

Question 58

_____ does NOT occur more frequently with young children's friends than with their nonfriends.

A) Ignoring the other's distress
B) Conflict
C) Positive interactions
D) Pretend play

Question 59

Mother Teresa's orphanage in India introduced structured play to the children's daily routines and found improvement within months in all of these areas EXCEPT

A) mental abilities.
B) motor skills.
C) social skills.
D) play skills.

Question 60

Children in _____ tend to be more socially skilled and more likely to be accepted by peers if their parents effectively coach them on how to interact with unfamiliar peers.

A) preschool
B) elementary school
C) middle school
D) high school

Question 61

When asked about her best friend, Rasamee says, "My best friend is Annie. We do everything together. We both love to play four square, and we always play it together at recess. Annie lives near me, and she has so many fun toys that I love to play with." This description of Rasamee's friendship is MOST characteristic of children of what age?

A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 7 years
D) 10 years

Question 62

Which statement BEST reflects research on the long-term benefits of friendships?

A) Children with friends in elementary school are better adjusted on a variety of measures in middle childhood and adulthood.
B) The benefits of having many unreciprocated friendships can outweigh the benefits of having a single best friend.
C) Having best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in middle childhood.
D) Having best friendships causes children to exhibit fewer problems in adulthood.

Question 63

Simone is playing with her doll by herself. She is rocking the doll, talking to the doll, and pretending to feed the doll. She is engaging in _____ play.

A) unoccupied
B) parallel
C) onlooker
D) solitary

Question 64

Boys are more likely to use _____, while girls are more likely to use _____ to connect with friends.

A) social media; texts
B) gaming sites; texts
C) phone calls; social media
D) gaming sites; social media

Question 65

Research indicates that compared to preschool children who were securely attached as infants, those who were insecurely attached as infants tend to be

A) more aggressive.
B) less withdrawn.
C) better liked by their peers.
D) All of these traits characterize those children.

Question 66

Children's preference for same-sex friends emerges in

A) toddlerhood.
B) preschool.
C) elementary school.
D) middle school.

Question 67

Which statement is NOT true of most cultures in which the correlates of peer status have been examined?

A) Being well liked by peers is associated with possessing leadership skills.
B) Being well liked by peers is associated with being prosocial.
C) Being rejected by peers is associated with being aggressive.
D) Being rejected by peers is associated with being withdrawn.

Question 68

Has research supported the proposal by attachment theorists that attachment style in infancy is associated with later positive peer relationships?

A) No, there is no evidence to support this proposal.
B) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool, but not in older children.
C) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool and early elementary school, but not in older children.
D) Yes, attachment in infancy is associated with peer relations in preschool, early elementary school, and late elementary school.

Question 69

Bryson and Carl are playing with their toy trucks side-by-side but are not engaging with each other. They are engaged in _____ play.

A) unoccupied
B) parallel
C) associative
D) cooperative

Question 70

Which statement about social withdrawal and peer acceptance in childhood is TRUE?

A) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always rejected by their peers.
B) Socially withdrawn children are nearly always neglected by their peers.
C) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be rejected by their peers.
D) Only socially withdrawn children who display negative actions and emotions are likely to be neglected by their peers.

Question 71

Which of these is a therapeutic technique that encourages children to express their thoughts and emotions through free play?

A) child-centered play therapy
B) promoting alternative thinking strategies
C) control signals poster
D) turtle technique

Question 72

Which parenting practice has been found to be associated with children being well accepted by their peers?

A) strong control
B) low monitoring of activities
C) reasoning
D) negative emotions

Question 73

Which factor is NOT a long-term consequence of being bullied?

A) decreased aggression
B) academic problems
C) depression
D) engagement in deviant behaviors

Question 74

Attachment theorists propose that insecurely attached children will

A) expect that peers can make up for the lack of warmth they receive at home.
B) expect to be at the center of peer groups.
C) be more likely to be hostile with peers.
D) do all of these things.

Question 75

Which statement about the association between peer rejection and later adjustment problems is TRUE?

A) Peer rejection itself, and not maladaptive behavior, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.
B) Maladaptive behavior itself, and not peer rejection, appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.
C) Both peer rejection and maladaptive behavior appear to be causes of adjustment problems.
D) Neither peer rejection nor maladaptive behavior appears to be a cause of adjustment problems.

Question 76

CCPT has been shown to improve all of these EXCEPT

A) aggression.
B) social skills.
C) anxiety.
D) intelligence.

Question 77

Researchers have found that adolescents who are not socially anxious or lonely use the Internet for communication more often than those who are socially anxious and lonely. This finding supports

A) increased control over interactions in teen friendships.
B) the rich-get-richer hypothesis.
C) reduced emphasis on physical appearance via the use of online communication.
D) the social-compensation hypothesis.

Question 78

Which attribute is NOT a common characteristic of children's friendships?

A) same-sex members
B) intimacy
C) involve conflict
D) aggression

Question 79

Children's long-term adjustment appears to be caused in part by

A) their sociometric status.
B) the quality of their social behavior.
C) both their sociometric status and the quality of their social behavior.
D) neither their sociometric status nor the quality of their social behavior.

Question 80

Which statement about the friendships of children under the age of 2 is TRUE?

A) They appear to be able to select, prefer, and have more positive interactions with some children over others.
B) They show some preference for playing with some children but show no other differential behavior toward these preferred playmates.
C) They show more positive affect toward some children but do not appear to be more likely to seek them out as playmates.
D) They are incapable of having a preferred playmate.