Deck 9: Genetically Modified Organisms: Gene Expression, Mutation, and Cloning

Question 1

The sequence of events in the process of protein synthesis is usually

A) Protein ? RNA ? DNA.
B) RNA ? DNA ? protein.
C) DNA ? RNA ? protein.
D) RNA ? protein ? DNA.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The structure of a protein is determined by

A) the number of amino acids it contains.
B) the sequence of the amino acids it contains.
C) the function of the nucleic acids it contains.
D) the number of fatty acids it contains.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The process of copying a sequence of DNA nucleotides into a complementary sequence of RNA nucleotides is called

A) translation.
B) mutation.
C) transcription.
D) excision.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is found in the nucleotides of DNA but NOT in RNA?

A) a sugar
B) a phosphate group
C) deoxyribose
D) a nitrogen-containing base

Question 5

A sequence of DNA codes for a

A) protein.
B) lipid.
C) monosaccharide.
D) nucleotide.

Question 6

Which of the following complementary base pairings occur between DNA and RNA?

A) A to T and C to G
B) T to C and A to G
C) G to C and A to U
D) C to U and A to T

Question 7

Milk production in modern dairy cows has been dramatically increased because of

A) the insertion of Ti plasmids in the cow genome.
B) recombinant bovine growth hormone.
C) frameshift mutations in the DNA of the cows.
D) the use of gene guns to insert rBGH genes into the mammary tissues of cows.

Question 8

If the process of protein synthesis in a cell is analogous to a politician's speech being written down by a reporter and then converted into a different language before being published, then the initial step (being written down by a reporter)corresponds to

A) transcription.
B) translation.
C) genetic recombination.
D) cloning.

Question 9

RNA polymerase binds to the ________ to begin the process of transcription.

A) promoter
B) structural gene
C) codon
D) anticodon

Question 10

Which molecule remains in the nucleus during protein synthesis?

A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) rRNA

Question 11

The RNA molecule that carries the sequence of nucleotides needed to determine the order of amino acids in a protein is

A) transfer RNA.
B) ribosomal RNA.
C) messenger RNA.
D) translator RNA.

Question 12

The rate of production of cellular proteins within each cell is regulated through which of the following?

A) redundancy in the genetic code
B) frameshift mutations
C) gene expression
D) ambiguity in the genetic code

Question 13

A DNA molecule consists of

A) amino acids.
B) nucleotides.
C) fatty acid chains.
D) polysaccharides.

Question 14

Which of the following pairs with adenine in a DNA molecule?

A) cytosine
B) thymine
C) uracil
D) guanine

Question 15

Which of the following is not directly involved in the process of translation?

A) ribosome
B) tRNA
C) mRNA
D) DNA

Question 16

Which of the following serves as the template during transcription?

A) DNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) polymerase

Question 17

The nucleotide sequence on a section of DNA where transcription begins is called a

A) polymerase.
B) palindrome.
C) promoter.
D) codon.

Question 18

A molecule of RNA (ribonucleic acid)contains the bases

A) adenine, guanine, thymine, and uracil.
B) uracil, adenine, guanine, and adenosine.
C) thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine.
D) adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Question 19

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA

A) is contained in the nucleus.
B) doesn't contain a sugar.
C) is single-stranded.
D) takes part in transcription.

Question 20

When genes are copied (in transcription), the resulting copy is in the form of a

A) complementary strand of DNA.
B) strand of mRNA.
C) molecule of tRNA.
D) palindrome.

Question 21

What is the function of tRNA molecules during translation?

A) They unzip double-stranded mRNA.
B) They serve as the starting point for RNA polymerase.
C) They carry amino acids to the ribosome.
D) They encode the instructions for protein synthesis.

Question 22

Which amino acid always begins a polypeptide (protein)during translation?

A) valine
B) phenylalanine
C) methionine
D) arginine

Question 23

Gene regulation in eukaryotic cells includes

A) activators that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter.
B) repressors that prevent DNA polymerase from binding.
C) activation of the X chromosome.
D) degradation of nucleases by mRNA.

Question 24

Which of these is a polymer made of nucleotides?

A) nuclease
B) mRNA
C) proline
D) RNA polymerase

Question 25

As shown in this figure, which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

A) the presence of a nitrogen-containing base
B) the presence of a phosphate group
C) the type of sugar present
D) the presence of guanine

Question 26

Which of the following serves as the template during translation?

A) DNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) polymerase

Question 27

If a DNA sequence of a gene reads, in part, TAACAGGTCA, what is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?

A) ATTGTCCAGT
B) AUUGUCCAGU
C) UUACAGGUCC
D) CTTGTGGACC

Question 28

When a mutation results in no significant change in the production of a functional protein, it's called a

A) frameshift mutation.
B) substitution mutation.
C) normal mutation.
D) neutral mutation.

Question 29

Which of the following could be incorporated into a protein?

A) alanine
B) ribonucleic acid
C) thymine
D) uracil

Question 30

Which of the following pairs includes items that aren't analogous according to this figure?

A) protein; cake
B) amino acids; flour, sugar, and eggs
C) tRNA; copy of recipe
D) genome in nucleus; cookbook on shelf

Question 31

A double-stranded DNA molecule that has 22% guanine will have

A) 22% thymine.
B) 22% cytosine.
C) 44% adenine.
D) 48% thymine.

Question 32

What is the sequence of the mRNA made from the gene TTACAGGTCC?

A) UUACAGGUCC
B) AATGTCCAGG
C) AAUGUCCAGG
D) GGAGTGGACC

Question 33

A point mutation results in the incorporation of a new amino acid in a protein. Which of the following would be the most likely result?

A) an incomplete protein that still functions normally
B) an altered protein, which could result in a genetic disease
C) two proteins produced instead of one
D) no change to the function of the protein

Question 34

What type of bond is formed between amino acids at the ribosome during translation?

A) peptide
B) ester
C) phosphodiester
D) hydrogen

Question 35

Which of the following would allow gene expression to proceed?

A) X-chromosome inactivation
B) an increase in proteases
C) an increase in repressor proteins
D) a reduction in nucleases

Question 36

Imagine that a mutation in a DNA molecule results in the codon CCU being changed to CCC. Both of these codons code for proline. The fact that more than one codon can code for the same amino acid is referred to as

A) the ambiguity of the genetic code.
B) the redundancy of the genetic code.
C) the universality of the genetic code.
D) mutations in the genetic code.

Question 37

What signal when present at the ribosome causes protein synthesis to end?

A) DNA
B) tRNA
C) a stop codon
D) RNA polymerase

Question 38

Activators present near a gene that can be "turned on" will result in

A) increased transcription.
B) decreased gene expression.
C) unwinding of the DNA double helix.
D) a shift in the reading frame.

Question 39

Ribosomes are made of subunits that are composed of

A) mRNA and DNA.
B) tRNA and mRNA.
C) rRNA and proteins.
D) DNA and proteins.

Question 40

Which of the following always contain three nucleotides?

A) tRNA
B) an anticodon
C) mRNA
D) ribosome

Question 41

Recombinant proteins refer to proteins that have been made in which manner?

A) from chemicals in the lab
B) by genetically modified bacteria
C) more potent or more highly concentrated before their use
D) directly from deoxyribonucleic acids, thus bypassing transcription and translation

Question 42

Which of the following is least likely to be genetically modified?

A) microwave popcorn
B) potato chips
C) a candy bar
D) a head of broccoli

Question 43

The molecular structure that geneticists use to insert foreign DNA into a recipient bacterial cell where it can be replicated is called a(n)

A) codon.
B) anticodon.
C) genome.
D) plasmid.

Question 44

A recombinant Ti plasmid can be used to

A) insert genes from any source into a bacterium.
B) insert bacterial genes into a human.
C) insert genes from any source into a plant.
D) remove specific genes from a plant.

Question 45

The Ti plasmid originated from

A) the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
B) the bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
C) the fungus Candida albicans.
D) the bacterium E. coli.

Question 46

Genetically modified tomatoes have been designed with which purpose in mind?

A) improving absorption of vitamins in the human body
B) continuing growth even after temperatures fall below freezing
C) killing insect pests on contact
D) having a longer shelf life in grocery stores

Question 47

The GRAS designation made by the FDA stands for

A) "genetic research and support."
B) "genome recognized and studied."
C) "genetically recombined and synthesized."
D) "generally regarded as safe."

Question 48

Genetically modifying crop plants can do which of the following?

A) decrease pesticide resistance in the plants.
B) make the plants more resistant to freezing.
C) reduce the amount of fat in the plants.
D) increase the incidence of galls in the plants.

Question 49

Approximately ________ of the foods in American grocery stores contain at least small amounts of GMOs.

A) less than 10%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) over 75%

Question 50

The ?-carotene was inserted into GM golden rice to allow a person to

A) better synthesize proteins in the body.
B) see better under low light conditions.
C) more efficiently digest his or her starchy diet.
D) better synthesize vitamin A in the body.

Question 51

All the genes in an organism constitute its

A) palindrome.
B) genome.
C) genetic code.
D) reading frame.

Question 52

In genetics, palindromes refer to

A) the types of DNA sequences that are cut out by restriction enzymes.
B) the A-T complementary bases of DNA.
C) the C-G complementary bases of DNA.
D) the A-U base pairing between DNA and mRNA.

Question 53

As a result of a frameshift mutation,

A) one or two nucleotides are added or deleted in a DNA strand.
B) amino acids are assembled into normal, functional proteins.
C) the DNA is always modified in such a way that protein synthesis is prevented.
D) the substitution of one amino acid for another with similar chemical properties has no effect on protein synthesis.

Question 54

Genetically modified foods have resulted in

A) rice that allows greater synthesis of vitamin A.
B) calorie-free potato chips.
C) a tomato that tastes like a melon.
D) lettuce that doesn't require water to grow.

Question 55

Which of the following foods or food ingredients come under the FDA jurisdiction for ensuring food safety?

A) vitamin tablets
B) cheese
C) sirloin steaks
D) chicken wings

Question 56

The "highly specific molecular scissors" that cut DNA are called

A) plasmids.
B) anticodons.
C) codons.
D) restriction enzymes.

Question 57

What are genetically modified organisms (GMOs)also called?

A) artificial crop plants
B) artificially selected organisms
C) transgenic organisms
D) mutant crop plants

Question 58

The possibly harmful environmental effects of GM foods include which of the following?

A) the decreased use of herbicides when GM foods are herbicide-resistant
B) the transfer of genetically modified genes to weedy relatives
C) the reduction of genetic diversity in all crops
D) an increase in allergic reactions in sensitive humans

Question 59

Which statement best describes how the FDA regulates the food industry?

A) All new foods developed by industry, whether they contain new products or old products, are put through a rigorous testing program by the FDA.
B) Newly developed foods or food additives must be certified safe by the FDA before they can be marketed to the public.
C) Foods must be clearly labeled in accordance with FDA guidelines to indicate whether they're naturally occurring or genetically modified food products.
D) New foods can be marketed without FDA approval until there is a clear health issue with the food.

Question 60

Which of the following "unzips" the double helix of DNA?

A) an anticodon
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) RNA polymerase

Question 61

The raw data from the human genome project consists of

A) the order of the bases A, T, G, and C in human DNA.
B) a list of all the genes expressed in each human cell type.
C) the disease conditions associated with each human chromosome.
D) the length of the DNA molecule making up each human chromosome.

Question 62

To what does the "Ti" in Ti plasmid refer?

A) tumor inducing
B) transcription initiating
C) translation initiating
D) tumefaciens inclusion

Question 63

Plant galls are

A) tumors caused by Ti plasmids in nature.
B) the result of neutral mutations.
C) pellets of foreign DNA inserted into the plants with a gene gun.
D) transgenic organisms containing foreign DNA of plant origin.

Question 64

Which of the following is an example of gene therapy?

A) replacing a failing heart with a new heart from a genetically matched donor
B) injecting human factor VIII protein into hemophiliacs with a defective factor VIII gene
C) infecting a cystic fibrosis patient with a virus carrying a working copy of the cystic fibrosis gene
D) providing therapeutic drugs to a patient experiencing high blood pressure

Question 65

Data from the Human Genome Project might help scientists

A) understand who might be susceptible to certain diseases.
B) clone humans more easily.
C) understand the effects of genetically modified foods on the human body.
D) cure most human diseases.

Question 66

Therapeutic cloning aims to produce ________ from stem cells.

A) healthy tissues
B) genomes
C) model organisms
D) reproductive clones

Question 67

The undifferentiated cells that can be used in therapeutic cloning are

A) plasmid cells.
B) stem cells.
C) somatic cells.
D) transgenic cells.

Question 68

The famous sheep "Dolly" was the result of

A) therapeutic cloning.
B) the Human Genome Project.
C) stem cell research.
D) nuclear transfer.

Question 69

Roundup Ready soybean plants

A) produce fewer amino acids than regular soybean plants.
B) are extremely sensitive to herbicides but have a greater yield of soybeans.
C) have been modified to resist certain chemicals applied by farmers to control weeds.
D) manufacture very high levels of ?-carotene.

Question 70

Which type of disease condition would most likely be successfully treated by gene therapy?

A) a disease caused by a nonfunctional enzyme in the body
B) a disease caused by excess fat intake
C) a disease caused by bacterial infection
D) a cancer caused by uncontrolled cell division