Deck 15: Memory and Aging

Question 1

Tan et al. (2017)used which technique to study arterial health of participants aged between 55 and 87?
(A)PET
(B)EEG and fMRI
(C)Diffuse optical imaging
(D)EEG
(E)MEG

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Knowledge of historical facts tends to increase with age, although Burke et al. (1991)reported that what declines in tandem?
(A)Goal regulation
(B)Interest in history
(C)General semantic memory
(D)Vocabulary knowledge
(E)Speed of access

Answer 2

E

Question 3

The tendency for people born in different times to demonstrate different behaviors simply due to environmental changes is known as the _____ effect
(A)Cross-sectional
(B)Temporal
(C)Independent samples
(D)Longitudinal
(E)Cohort

Answer 3

E

Question 4

May, Hasher, and Kane (1999)argued that aging deficits in working memory may result from _____ rather than problems with storage or processing
(A)Familiarity
(B)Interference
(C)Concentration
(D)Impatience
(E)Practice

Question 5

Craik (2005)identifies two variables that modulate the overall decline in episodic memory performance in the elderly, which include environmental support and which other factor?
(A)Processing capacity
(B)K-span
(C)Social support
(D)Semantic buffer
(E)Serotonin reuptake

Question 6

Sunderland et al. (1986)suggested that:
(A)All of these
(B)Memory-related complaints in the elderly have no association with depression
(C)Age-related memory impairments do not exist
(D)Our subjective feelings about progressive memory failure can be trusted almost completely
(E)We become less good at reporting memory lapses with age

Question 7

Salthouse (1996)proposed that the cognitive effects of aging can largely be accounted for by which factor, which has received a good deal of correlational evidence?
(A)Reward insensitivity
(B)Processing accuracy
(C)Memory performance
(D)Strategy
(E)General speed

Question 8

The proposal that the age deficit in memory comes from an impaired capacity to form associations between previously unrelated stimuli is called:
(A)Suppression-Induced Forgetting
(B)Associative Deficit Hypothesis
(C)Retrieval-Induced Forgetting
(D)Pattern Completion
(E)Myelination

Question 9

When older people are asked how old they feel, their responses are typically:
(A)Pretty accurate
(B)About 10% older than their chronological age
(C)About 20% older than their chronological age
(D)About 20% younger than their chronological age
(E)About 10% younger than their chronological age

Question 10

Kramer et al. (1999)studied 124 sedentary but healthy older adults and found the greatest positive effect of which of the following on maintaining cognitive function?
(A)Occupation
(B)Cognitive training
(C)Travel
(D)Exercise
(E)Choice of television programming

Question 11

Under practice conditions, Bäckman and Molander (1986)found that both young and older golfers had a slowed heart rate when making a shot. This was only found in young golfers during competition. The slowed heart rate was taken as an indication of:
(A)Dual-tasking
(B)Lower concentration
(C)Risk aversion
(D)Higher concentration
(E)Perseveration

Question 12

Naveh-Benjamin found evidence of learning impairment for binding together unrelated materials. This basic learning impairment has given rise to which of the following?
(A)Cue overload theory
(B)Associative deficit hypothesis
(C)Spreading activation explanation
(D)Catastrophic interference theory
(E)Link-loss hypothesis

Question 13

Which of the following issues discussed in the text is a major criticism of the correlational approach used by Salthouse (1996)and others?
(A)All of these
(B)It depends on the nature and purity of the measure of interest
(C)It depends on the reliability of the measure of interest
(D)It depends on the number of observations on which the measurement is based
(E)It will depend on the particular set of tasks tested

Question 14

The current view of the self-performed task effect holds that the observed advantage stems largely from which of the following?
(A)Expanded episodic buffer
(B)Use of the method of loci
(C)Enriched level of coding across modalities
(D)Increased reliance on shallow encoding
(E)The expanding retrieval schedule

Question 15

Using IQ scores from 11-year-olds in 1932 and subsequent follow-up tests, Deary et al. (2004; 2006)found evidence for all of the following, EXCEPT:
(A)A main effect of reduced mental test performance at age 80
(B)A 0.66 correlation coefficient between IQ scores at the two time points
(C)No relationship between sex and physical fitness at age 80
(D)A significant relationship between IQ at 11 and physical fitness at age 80
(E)A significance influence of social class on physical fitness at age 80

Question 16

As we get older,
(A)Prospective memory is well preserved
(B)Prospective memory declines
(C)The decline is greater for laboratory-based tests
(D)The decline is greater for tests outside of the laboratory
(E)Both decline at the same rate

Question 17

Cockburn and Smith (1991), as well as Maylor (1996), found that which of the following types of prospective memory declined with age?
(A)Both time- and event-based
(B)Time-based only
(C)Event-based only
(D)Retrospective
(E)Retrospective and time-based

Question 18

Practice effects and participant drop-out are two problems especially associated with which principal method for studying the effects of aging on memory?
(A)Archival
(B)Cross-sectional
(C)Meta-analysis
(D)Longitudinal
(E)Survey

Question 19

Black et al.'s (1990)motor skill group of rats showed an increase in synapses in which part of the brain?
(A)Broca's area
(B)Lateral occipital cortex
(C)Angular gyrus
(D)Amygdala
(E)Cerebellum

Question 20

Ihle et al. (2012)used a diary-based approach to study prospective memory in older and younger adults. One of the main findings from the study was that:
(A)The younger group used significantly more reminders
(B)The elderly report higher stress levels than the young participants
(C)All of these
(D)There is a clear negative relationship between rated importance and probability of forgetting
(E)The older group used significantly more reminders

Question 21

Cabeza et al. (2004)observed which discrepancy between older and younger adults when performing working memory and visual attention tasks?
(A)Older adults show activity largely confined to the right hemisphere
(B)Older adults show activity largely confined to the left hemisphere
(C)Older adults demonstrate a broader spread of activation across the two brain hemispheres
(D)Younger adults demonstrate more bilateral activation across the two brain hemispheres
(E)Both older and younger adults use only 10% of the brain on these tasks

Question 22

Bäckman et al. (2000)found a sizable correlation between which of the following and episodic memory, accounting for roughly 38% of the variance of performance on word recognition and 48% on face recognition?
(A)Norepinephrine in the brain
(B)Age
(C)Serotonin levels in the bloodstream
(D)Dopamine levels in the brain
(E)Height