Deck 11: Mixing and Comparing Methods

Question 1

In his ethnography in Oakland, California, Victor Rios (2011) conducted participant observation, as well as ______.

A) intensive interviews
B) focus groups and. intensive interviews
C) surveys
D) quasi-experiments

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Cresswell and Plano Clark (2011) suggest that the unique feature of this design is that it uses a theoretical perspective with a social justice focus such as feminist research or participatory action research ______ design.

A) multiphase
B) transformative
C) explanatory sequential
D) exploratory sequential

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The design where the qualitative method is implemented first followed by the quantitative method is ______ design.

A) explanatory
B) embedded
C) convergent parallel
D) exploratory sequential

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Testa and colleagues (2011), supplemented their quantitative study of violence against women with a qualitative component, which design is known as a(n) ______.

A) multilayered design - quanqual design
B) embedded design - QUAN(qual) design
C) convergent parallel design
D) embedded sequential design

Question 5

The function often underscored in mixed-methods research is ______.

A) single landmark
B) double quantitative
C) triangulation
D) inductivity

Question 6

This design occurs when the primary method is qualitative or quantitative but the researcher adds the other component to gain additional insight ______ design.

A) exploratory
B) convergent parallel
C) embedded
D) exploratory sequential

Question 7

Kupchik (2010) provides an excellent example of triangulation in practice in his book, Homeroom Security. His methodology would be classified as a ______ design.

A) transformative
B) convergent parallel
C) explanatory sequential
D) exploratory sequential

Question 8

The quantitative and qualitative methods are implemented at the same time and the findings are integrated and interpreted together in this design ______.

A) exploratory sequential design
B) convergent parallel design
C) embedded design
D) explanatory design

Question 9

This design involves a series of quantitative and qualitative designs. Each design and its findings inform the next phase ______ design.

A) transformative
B) explanatory sequential
C) exploratory sequential
D) multiphase

Question 10

Some mixed-methods designs begin with a qualitative method to explore a phenomenon and then proceed with a quantitative method for ______ purposes.

A) sequential
B) confirmatory
C) exploratory
D) transformative

Question 11

In her case study of American Indian homicide, Bachman (1992) hypothesized that the more traditional and integrated a reservation community, the lower the rate of homicide. When she collected her data, she found ______.

A) support for the hypothesis
B) weak support for the hypothesis
C) no support for this hypothesis
D) that the information was inconclusive

Question 12

The term mixed methods more specifically indicates that research has combined ______ in an investigation of the same or related research question(s).

A) qualitative and quantitative methods
B) intensive interviewing and quantitative methods
C) qualitative methods and surveys
D) quantitative methods and triangulation

Question 13

The use of multiple methods to study one research question is ______.

A) twinulation
B) triangulation
C) quadrilation
D) octorulation

Question 14

Combining qualitative and quantitative methods within one research project can strengthen the project's design by enhancing ______.

A) nomothetic causal hypotheses
B) preexisting differences
C) spurious relationships
D) generalizability

Question 15

A researcher who accepts a positivist philosophy believes that ______.

A) there is no reality more important than reality itself
B) the reality experienced by individuals differs because reality exists only in relation to each individual's unique perspective
C) each individual experiences his/her own reality
D) there is a reality that exists apart from our perceptions or interpretations of it

Question 16

Meta-analysis is a quantitative method for identifying patterns in findings ______.

A) in several individual studies of similar research questions
B) across multiple studies of the same research question
C) describing previous research studies verbally
D) across multiple publications

Question 17

In 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) conducted a study that examined the effect of having a gun in the home and injurious outcomes such as accidental shootings. The study found that residents who had guns in their homes were ______.

A) no more likely to be injured or die from a gun than residents in homes without guns
B) significantly more likely to be injured or die from a gun than residents in homes without guns
C) barely more likely to be injured or die from a gun than residents in homes without guns
D) more likely to be lobbied by the NRA to prevent research that monitored the effects of guns

Question 18

Meta-analysis shows how evidence about interventions varies across ______.

A) time and space
B) research studies
C) demographics
D) race

Question 19

Bachman conducted face-to-face interviews with homicide offenders at three Midwestern state prisons and then collected state- and county-level data on homicide rates from Supplementary Homicide Reports to test her hypotheses, one of which was ______.

A) the higher the level of social disorganization within a reservation community, the higher the rate of homicide
B) the lower the level of social disorganization within a reservation community, the higher the rate of homicide
C) a higher level of homicide within a reservation community led to a lower level of social disorganization
D) a lower level of homicide within a reservation community led to a higher level of social disorganization

Question 20

A researcher who accepts a(n) ______ philosophy believes that the reality experienced by individuals differs because reality exists only in relation to each individual's unique perspective.

A) positivist
B) constructivist
C) interpretivist
D) conflict

Question 21

Sampson and Laub contended that martial attachment and job stability were key factors associated with ______ crime.

A) race and
B) desistance from
C) poverty and
D) understanding life-course trajectory of

Question 22

True experimental designs are strongest for testing ______ causal hypotheses

A) idiographic
B) nomothetic
C) quasi-experimental
D) spurious

Question 23

The use of mixed methods should be an intentional design decision, not the addition of another aspect of research that is an afterthought or fishing expedition.

Question 24

According to Morgan (2014), the evidence we obtain with our research methods enables us to understand others' perspectives and to develop an understanding of larger social contexts, but it does not allow us ______.

A) the luxury of total understanding of the process
B) the realization of the greater reality
C) the knowledge of a single reality to test the ideas against
D) to conclude one perspective is correct

Question 25

Testa and her colleagues (2011) concluded that insights yielded by the qualitative data analysis ______ justified the time-consuming process of reading and rereading interviews, coding text, and discussing and reinterpreting the codes.

A) partially
B) in no way
C) slightly
D) fully

Question 26

It is very sensible to use meta-analysis to combine study results when the original case data from these studies are available.

Question 27

Bachman (1992) used this design when studying the social causes of homicide within contemporary American Indian communities ______ design.

A) exploratory sequential
B) explanatory sequential
C) embedded
D) transformative

Question 28

Bachman began the deductive phase of her research by collecting state- and county-level data on homicide rates from the Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) and combined these data with social indicators of poverty and social disorganization from the U.S. Census. Then, she tested her ______ hypotheses.

A) four
B) six
C) three
D) five

Question 29

Maher and Hudson (2007) performed a ______ examining the qualitative literature on women in the illicit drug economy to identify and integrate key themes.

A) meta-synthesis
B) meta-analysis
C) thick description
D) statistical synthesis

Question 30

A standardized measure of association, often the difference between the mean of the experimental group and the mean of the control group on the dependent variable, adjusted for the average variability in the two groups, is known as the ______.

A) affected size
B) aggregate size
C) effect size
D) statistical effect

Question 31

In his study on school security and discipline, Aaron Kupchik (2010) used which methodology?

A) convergent parallel design
B) explanatory sequential design
C) exploratory sequential design
D) embedded design

Question 32

The mixed-methods examples from this chapter demonstrate that a research design is a(n) ______.

A) empirical phenomena
B) integrated whole
C) segregated whole
D) synchronized assessment

Question 33

Meta-synthesis also requires not just aggregating findings from different qualitative studies but also ______.

A) reintegrating the findings
B) reinterpreting the data
C) reworking them as well
D) reanalyzing and resynthesizing them when necessary

Question 34

The intense debate from the 1970s to the 1990s between social scientists over the value of positivist and interpretivist/constructivist research philosophies is known as the paradigm wars.

Question 35

Meta-analysis is not typically used for evaluating results from multiple studies that used different methods or measured different dependent variables.

Question 36

Meta-synthesis can be used when a number of studies have attempted to answer the same research question with similar quantitative methods.

Question 37

A meta-analysis is a ______.

A) research method for analyzing and integrating findings from qualitative studies
B) way of looking at qualitative literature on women in the illicit drug economy to identify and integrate key themes
C) qualitative method for looking at multiple studies
D) quantitative method for identifying patterns in findings across multiple studies of the same research question

Question 38

Survey questionnaires can only measure what respondents are willing to report; they may not be adequate for studying ______.

A) socially acceptable behaviors
B) attitudes that are widely talked about
C) behaviors or attitudes that are regarded as socially unacceptable
D) attitudes that are spurious

Question 39

Victims' responses to structured questions indicated an association between alcohol and rape, but when victims elaborated on their experiences in qualitative interviews, Testa, et al. (2011) concluded that ______.

A) the victims had had so much to drink that they were unconscious or at least unable to speak at the time of the rape
B) the stories of the victims matched up perfectly with the stories of the alleged perpetrators
C) the data was untrustworthy due to tainted evidence
D) there was no connection

Question 40

One special challenge in mixed-methods projects is ______.

A) defining the researcher's role in relation to the research participants
B) comprehending the time and energy expended by the research participants
C) the magnitude of adopting one of the researcher roles in gathering quantitative data
D) the qualitative researcher defining his/her role as an outside expert and having no contact with the participants

Question 41

The unique feature of a transformative design is that it uses a theoretical perspective with a social justice focus such as feminist research or participatory action research, in order to improve the well-being of vulnerable populations.

Question 42

Testa and colleagues (2011) supplemented their quantitative study of violence against women with a qualitative component because violence against women is "a complex, multifaceted phenomenon, occurring within a social context that is influenced by gender norms, interpersonal relationships, and sexual scripts."

Question 43

Meta-analyses and meta-syntheses make us aware of how hazardous it is to base understandings of social processes on single studies that are limited in time, location, and measurement.

Question 44

Bachman et al (2013) unconsciously developed their project using a mixed-methods design.

Question 45

In a convergent parallel design the quantitative and qualitative methods are implemented at the same time and the findings are integrated and interpreted together.

Question 46

The use of multiple methods to study one research question is known as triangulation.

Question 47

In the ethnography in Oakland, California Creswell (2011) conducted participant observation, focus groups, and intensive interviews.

Question 48

The sequential design involves a series of quantitative and qualitative designs, where each design and its findings inform the next phase.

Question 49

In mixed-methods research, the multiphase design involves a series of quantitative and qualitative designs, with each design and the findings informing the next phase.

Question 50

The 2013 School Crime Supplement to the National Crime Victimization Survey reported that about 11% of teens between the ages of 12 and 18 had been bullied in the past six months.

Question 51

Closed-ended questions are most common and are well suited for the reliable measurement of variables that have been studied in the past and whose meanings are well understood.

Question 52

A researcher who accepts an interpretivist philosophy believes that there is a reality that exists apart from our perceptions or interpretations of it.

Question 53

In an explanatory sequential design, the qualitative method is implemented first followed by the quantitative method.

Question 54

Sampson and Laub (1993) contended that martial attachment and job stability were key factors associated with desistance from crime.

Question 55

According to Teddlie & Tashakkori (2010), a common reason for mixing both quantitative and qualitative methods in one research project is to take advantage of the unique strengths of each methodological approach when engaged in different stages of the research process

Question 56

A researcher who accepts an interpretivist philosophy believes that the reality experienced by individuals differs because reality exists only in relation to each individual's unique perspective.

Question 57

Increasingly, researchers are sidestepping the conflicting philosophies altogether in favor of using what seems to work best for answering a given research question.

Question 58

In addition to asking philosophical questions about the use of mixed methods, a researcher should also consider practical questions before deciding to mix methods in an investigation.

Question 59

Bachman (1992) used the explanatory sequential design when studying the social causes of homicide within contemporary American Indian communities.

Question 60

In an embedded design, the primary method is qualitative or quantitative but the researcher adds the other component to gain additional insight.

Question 61

According to Lipsey and Wilson (2001), what are the eligibility criteria for studies to be included in literature reviews?

Question 62

What is a Meta-Synthesis? What is a Meta-Analysis? How are they different?

Question 63

What is an embedded design? Illustrate the design.

Question 64

What are mixed methods? Why are they used?

Question 65

What is the Interpretivist philosophy?

Question 66

What is a convergent parallel design? Illustrate the design.

Question 67

What are the "paradigm wars"?

Question 68

What is an explanatory sequential design? Illustrate the design.

Question 69

The Multiphase Design

Question 70

Rate each type of design with regard to measurement validity, generalizability, type of causal assertions, and causal validity.

Question 71

What is the positivist philosophy?

Question 72

What are some strengths of using mixed methodology? Challenges? Are any of the methods superior to the others?

Question 73

What is triangulation? What is its value? Where does the term originate?