Deck 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

All of Annabelle's teachers comment on what nice penmanship she has. She also loves to braid friendship bracelets and play the flute. Annabelle is demonstrating skill in which area of motor development?

A) kinesthetic
B) spatial
C) gross motor skills
D) fine motor skills

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which action most directly reduces the risk of injury to children?

A) video programs about safety
B) public service announcements by celebrities
C) parental supervision and monitoring
D) printed safety instructions

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A fine motor skill advancement that school age children make is the ability to ______.

A) dodge a ball
B) perform a somersault
C) throw a ball with one hand
D) write letters and numbers

Answer 3

D

Question 4

About how many feet tall is the average 10-year-old?

A) 3
B) 3.5
C) 4
D) 4.5

Question 5

Abel lives in an area of poverty and often has too little to eat. He is small for his age, even at 8 years old. What will Abel's growth pattern likely to be if he continues to stay in his current environment?

A) He will outgrow the stunting once he reaches middle childhood.
B) His growth will continue to be stunted through adolescence.
C) He should experience a large growth spurt around age 14.
D) His growth will increase at small rate until age 12 then increase greatly.

Question 6

At which age do boys enter a period of rapid growth that will continue through adolescence?

A) 12
B) 11
C) 10
D) 9

Question 7

How do health care professionals determine whether an individual is in the healthy range?

A) weight measured by a scale
B) visual appearance
C) measuring body mass index
D) size of clothing

Question 8

What is the most frequent cause of fatal injuries in children ages 5-19?

A) motor vehicle accidents
B) accidental poisoning
C) suicide
D) homicide

Question 9

Which part of the brain is responsible for balance, coordination, and some aspects of emotion and reasoning?

A) cerebellum
B) prefrontal cortex
C) corpus callosum
D) amygdala

Question 10

Michelle has three children who all have been identified by their pediatrician as at risk for obesity. Based on the research on childhood obesity, a suggestions the pediatrician most likely gave to Michelle is that the children ______.

A) watch certain television shows targeted at messages of health and nutrition
B) see a therapist to boost their self-esteem
C) play video games targeted at teaching about health
D) have a home-cooked evening meal with her each night

Question 11

Which condition is a serious health problem facing many children today?

A) obesity
B) asthma
C) high blood pressure
D) spinal meningitis

Question 12

Greater rates of obesity are occurring in developing nations like India, Pakistan, and China due to ______.

A) having diets that are lower in saturated fats
B) genetic predisposition to weight gain
C) transitions to Western-style diets
D) having little access to healthy foods

Question 13

Lily is 6 years old. Which skill is she likely to be able to do now that was unlikely for her to do at 4 years of age?

A) run fast
B) throw a ball
C) perform a dance
D) jump

Question 14

Obesity is defined as having BMI at or above which percentile for height and age?

A) 80th
B) 85th
C) 90th
D) 95th

Question 15

Which factor enables children to carry out sophisticated motor activities that require the use of one hand?

A) ability to contract large muscles
B) inhibition of actions
C) ability to maintain balance while running
D) initiation of actions

Question 16

Children in which ethnic group grow faster and are taller and heavier than white children of the same age?

A) Asian American
B) Hispanic
C) East Indian
D) African American

Question 17

A type of program that is often overlooked as an effective strategy to reduce childhood obesity is one that ______.

A) targets reducing children's screen time
B) teaches children about nutrition
C) increases children's physical activity
D) increases children's self-esteem

Question 18

Body image dissatisfaction is linked to ______.

A) being a picky eater
B) screen time and media consumption
C) low socioeconomic status
D) having adequate nutrition and caloric intake

Question 19

Which statement describes motor development in middle childhood?

A) Motor skills in infancy fail to predict motor abilities of school-age children.
B) Gross motor skills in middle childhood remain unchanged while fine motor skills do change.
C) Girls tend to outperform boys in fine motor skills.
D) Boys tend to outperform girls in fine motor skills.

Question 20

Which child is most at risk for injury?

A) Charlotte, 6, who is attending a pool party her friend's aunt is supervising
B) Maia, 5, whose father is on the phone the entire weekend she spends at his house
C) Kobe, 8, whose mother insists he take the same route home from school every day
D) Leo, 7, who has ADHD and gets angry when his dad tells him the right way to ride a bike

Question 21

Which concept involves understanding hierarchical relationships among items?

A) class inclusion
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) conservation

Question 22

Which function falls outside of the central executive arena?

A) storing information in long-term memory
B) interpreting facial expressions and attributing emotions to the expression
C) encoding and retrieving information
D) selectively attending to specific information and ignoring irrelevant information

Question 23

The cultural differences in children's performance on tasks that measure concrete operational reasoning are a result of ______.

A) methodology and how questions are asked
B) genetic differences among different ethnicities
C) differences in the educational curriculum in different cultures
D) different parenting practices among different cultures

Question 24

Which concept is part of classification skills in middle childhood?

A) elaboration
B) conservation
C) transitive inference
D) multiple intelligences

Question 25

If Priscilla is organizing her baseball cards by team, then by batting average of members within the team, which ability is she using?

A) class inclusion
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) conservation

Question 26

A child's capacity to solve conservation problems is related to development of information processing capacities such as ______.

A) being able to sense tactile differences in objects
B) working memory and the ability to control impulses
C) long-term memory and the ability to recognize emotions
D) being able to use gross motor skills

Question 27

Which ability emerges earlier than other concrete operational skills?

A) elaboration
B) transitive influence
C) seriation
D) class inclusion

Question 28

Which child is most likely to incorporate the concepts of Yin and Yang into health and disease?

A) Chase, who lives in the United States
B) Iolu, who lives in Vanuatu
C) Daiyu, who lives in China
D) Lubanzi, who lives in South Africa

Question 29

What is the focus of many school-based programs that aim to educate students about body image?

A) dressing in age-appropriate clothing
B) improving media literacy
C) learning how to exercise properly
D) eating foods that help with weight loss

Question 30

Which stage does Piaget say children become able to use logic to solve problems but are still unable to apply logic to abstract and hypothetical situations?

A) preoperational stage of reasoning
B) information processing
C) executive function
D) concrete operational stage of reasoning

Question 31

Approximately how many 8- to 10-year-old children report dieting at least some of the time?

A) one half
B) one third
C) one fourth
D) one eighth

Question 32

Luna and Anna are 8 years old. They have made a pact to help each other diet because they think they are fat. Luna cries every time her mother tries to take her shopping because she says she is ugly and nothing will fit her. Anna compares herself to teen pop stars and believes she will never be that pretty. What common health issue are Luna and Anna facing?

A) obesity
B) attention deficit disorder
C) body image dissatisfaction
D) social anxiety

Question 33

Considering cultural differences in concrete operational reasoning, children more likely to display logical reasoning when ______.

A) experiencing a model who displays the concept
B) the researcher is white and male
C) considering substances with which they are familiar
D) working on a task with another person

Question 34

As cognitive abilities become more advanced, children will attribute contagious illnesses to ______.

A) fate
B) misdeeds
C) emotional explanations
D) biological explanations

Question 35

Information processing describes development as entailing changes in the ______.

A) qualitative changes in reasoning
B) ability to imitate a more skilled person
C) connection between cognition and emotion
D) efficiency of cognition

Question 36

The gym teacher told her fourth grade students to line up from shortest to tallest. She had told her four-year-old kindergarten class to do the same thing, but they were unable to do it. What cognitive concept do the fourth grade students have that the kindergarten students are incapable of yet?

A) egocentrism
B) elaboration
C) seriation
D) conservation

Question 37

Maria, who is 9 years of age observes two identical balls of clay and watches as her teacher rolls one ball of clay into a long hot-dog shape and leaves the other ball of clay in the original round ball. Maria is then asked which piece has more clay. She says that both shapes have the same mount. Maria understands object ______.

A) typing
B) constancy
C) identity
D) reversibility

Question 38

Which skill occurs separately from the concrete operational stage?

A) centration
B) seriation
C) class inclusion
D) transitive inference

Question 39

Which brain development is responsible for improvements in memory, attention, and processing speed?

A) synaptogenesis
B) neurogenesis
C) lateralization and neurogenesis
D) myelination and pruning

Question 40

Information processing during middle childhood is characterized by ______.

A) having difficulty paying attention to new information
B) determining what information is important
C) reducing need to use strategies to retain information
D) retaining information less effectively than when younger

Question 41

Which measurement determines an individual's capacity to learn?

A) intelligence test
B) achievement test
C) Flynn effect
D) Gardner intelligences

Question 42

Assessing multiple intelligences requires ______.

A) carefully written tests
B) physical measurements
C) extended observations
D) detailed genetic tests

Question 43

Which portion of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children is thought to be less influenced by culture?

A) vocabulary
B) visual spatial reasoning
C) knowledge
D) factual information

Question 44

People in nonwestern cultures without formal schooling tend to rely on which type of memory skills?

A) elaboration
B) organization
C) rehearsal
D) spatial cues

Question 45

Deni, a child with a speech disorder, is taking a test that measures verbal comprehension, such as vocabulary, and nonverbal measures including perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. When her scores come back, what area is going to be emphasized as a potential strength in her assessment?

A) verbal measures because of the importance of determining language ability
B) nonverbal measures because they are more culture-fair
C) nonverbal measures because they require little language proficiency
D) verbal measures because deficits predict how easily adaptation will occur

Question 46

Bodily-kinesthetic, verbal-linguistic, and musical intellects are all part of ______.

A) traditional IQ tests
B) Gardner multiple intelligences
C) the Flynn effect
D) the triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 47

Howard Gardner views intelligence as ______.

A) what can be learned in formal schooling and through common sense
B) only to be measured through standardized IQ tests
C) biologically based and primarily influenced by genetics
D) the ability to solve problems or create culturally valued products

Question 48

What is the most widely used individually administered intelligence test for children?

A) Bayley Scales of Development (Bayley-III)
B) Stanford-Binet
C) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV)
D) Denver Developmental Test

Question 49

A consistent and controversial finding is that children in which group tends to score 10-15 below White American children?

A) Hispanic
B) African American
C) Asian American
D) European

Question 50

Latino and Native American children tending to do better on nonverbal tasks demonstrates that which factor plays a role in group IQ test findings?

A) language of minority culture
B) language of majority culture
C) genetic predisposition
D) screen time

Question 51

Carter is studying for his biology exam. He is trying to remember the process of photosynthesis so he creates a story about a flower growing in a field that includes the flower taking in sunlight. What memory strategy is he using?

A) elaboration
B) organization
C) rehearsal
D) centration

Question 52

Which example illustrates Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence?

A) Michael is a gifted dancer and enjoys designing choreography.
B) Clarissa is very social, empathetic, and works well with others on group projects.
C) Jennifer excels at physical activities and is really good at sculpture.
D) Andrea loves to read and write stories. She is fluent in English, Spanish, and French.

Question 53

Over the past 60 years, intelligence scores have increased by about 9 points for measures of general knowledge and 15 points for nonverbal measures of fluid reasoning. This is known as the ______.

A) Flynn effect
B) generational shift
C) Gardner measures
D) aptitude advancement

Question 54

Which term means systematically repeating information in order to retain it in working memory?

A) rehearsal
B) elaboration
C) organization
D) centration

Question 55

Impoverished children's IQ scores tend to be most influenced by their ______.

A) disadvantaged contexts
B) genes
C) screen time
D) siblings

Question 56

The Flynn effect occurs because of ______.

A) maturation
B) higher rates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
C) genetics
D) changes in education and environmental stimulation

Question 57

Which part of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children enables children with speech disorders and those who have a language other than English to be fairly assessed?

A) verbal comprehension
B) nonverbal subtests
C) Flynn effect
D) Gardner tests

Question 58

Which age can children start accurately evaluating their knowledge and applying it to learn more effectively?

A) 6-7
B) 7-8
C) 8-9
D) 9-10

Question 59

The view that intellect is a set of mental abilities that permit individuals to adapt to any context and to select and modify the contexts in which they live and behave is ______.

A) cognitive development
B) multiple intelligences
C) triarchic theory of intelligence
D) behaviorism

Question 60

A correlation between IQ and schooling is that IQ ______.

A) cannot be used as a predictor of children's academic achievement
B) reflects exposure to information that has little value in the majority culture
C) is lower in same-age children who have more years of schooling than peers
D) is an indicator of potential grades and likelihood of staying in school

Question 61

Nick decides to join Boy Scouts. He likes the structure scouts provide of being told how to act and the way that people give him positive reinforcement for being a Boy Scout. He wants others to see him as a good person, especially his parents and teachers. Which stage in Kohlberg's theory is Nick in?

A) conventional moral reasoning
B) preconventional moral reasoning
C) autonomous morality
D) heteronomous morality

Question 62

Discussions that involve mutual perspective taking and opportunities to discuss different points of view help children to ______.

A) solidify fixed ideas
B) advance in reasoning
C) avoid changing behaviors
D) realize others have authority over them

Question 63

U.S. children preferring distribution of resources be based on merit and Filipino children preferring the distribution be based on interpersonal relationships reflects which concept?

A) immature moral reasoning
B) universal moral reasoning
C) cultural influences on morality
D) genetic influences on morality

Question 64

At which age do children begin acting on the basis of benevolence?

A) 5
B) 8
C) 10
D) 12

Question 65

Which stage of Piaget's perspective involves children seeing a need for agreement on rules and consequences for violations?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 66

Which type of rules do school-age children see as less violable, contingent on authority or rules, or alterable than social conventions?

A) moral
B) preoperational
C) distributive
D) limited

Question 67

Which area of the brain is central to making moral decisions?

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum
D) corpus callosum

Question 68

How language is used in everyday contexts describes ______.

A) irony
B) pragmatics
C) vocabulary
D) syntax

Question 69

Which stage in Kohlberg's theory involves children's moral behavior being a response to external pressure?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 70

In Miss Cathy's kindergarten class, each child has made paper valentines for Valentine's Day for everyone else in the class. These are to be placed in decorative bags, one for each child, that have been affixed to the wall in two rows, one above the other. After a short class discussion, the class has agreed that in order to avoid a big crowd at the bags where someone might get hurt, the shorter students should place their valentines in the bags first, then the taller students can place theirs. Which stage of Piaget's perspective does this describe?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 71

Sebastian, who is 6, walks into the kitchen and sees that his mother has left cookies out on the table as a snack for him and his brother, Benjamin. They are chocolate chip, Sebastian's favorite kind. He briefly thinks that if he took all four cookies, Benjamin would never know. Then he remembers that the last time he did that, he had to sit in time out for an hour while Benjamin got to play in the pool with their dad. Sebastian decides to take only two of the cookies. Which stage in Kohlberg's theory is Sebastian in?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 72

Which moral issue are school-age children likely to judge as being the most serious transgression?

A) lying about a grade
B) bullying
C) forgetting to say thank you
D) skipping school

Question 73

A characteristic of individuals with analytical intelligence is that they ______.

A) find it difficult to generate strategies to solve problems
B) avoid engaging in metacognition
C) process information in a random manner
D) learn easily and organize information well

Question 74

Jennifer believes that her friend Allison should get the credit for the poster they worked on together for art class because Allison did more of the work. Jennifer is demonstrating ______.

A) autonomous morality
B) conventional moral reasoning
C) morality of constraint
D) distributive justice

Question 75

Which area of the brain is triggers automatic emotional responses to stimuli?

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) cerebellum
D) corpus callosum

Question 76

Elisabeth is 9 years old. Teryn is a girl that sits in front of Elisabeth at school, and Elisabeth does NOT like her. One day, Elisabeth notices that Teryn's backpack is open, and in it she sees an expensive pair of headphones. Elisabeth's parents could never afford to buy her those, and she briefly thinks about taking them, especially since it would really upset Teryn. However, she knows it would be wrong, and if she was found out, her parents and friends would be really angry and disappointed she did something like that. Which stage in Kohlberg's theory is Elisabeth in?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 77

How to divide goods fairly is known as ______.

A) conventional moral reasoning
B) autonomous morality
C) distributive justice
D) morality of cooperation

Question 78

An example of contextual influences on intelligence is that American parents think intelligence in children is shown by ______.

A) self-management
B) cognitive capacities
C) social skills
D) respectful obedience

Question 79

Which stage of Piaget's perspective involves children viewing rules rigidly?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning

Question 80

Which stage in Kohlberg's theory involves children's moral behavior being motivated by reciprocity, seeking to be accepted and avoid disapproval?

A) autonomous morality
B) heteronomous morality
C) preconventional moral reasoning
D) conventional moral reasoning