Deck 2: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology

Question 1

Rescorla's experiment regarding classical conditioning demonstrated the importance of which of the following factors?

A)psychosocial factors
B)contiguity
C)behaviour
D)physiology

Answer 1

contiguity

Question 2

John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize.As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone.If John were to develop depression, which model would best explain this situation and the cause of his depression?

A)the interpersonal model
B)the gene-environment model
C)the biological model
D)the diathesis-stress model

Answer 2

the gene-environment model

Question 3

"Blind sight" is a good example of cognitive science's conception of the unconscious.If an individual is affected by blind sight, what is that person doing?

A)retrieving explicit memories of episodic experiences
B)demonstrating that he or she has primitive emotional conflicts
C)processing and storing information and acting on it without awareness
D)using implicit memories of visual stimuli

Answer 3

processing and storing information and acting on it without awareness

Question 4

When the Stroop paradigm was used in a study of women who were chronic dieters or "restrained eaters," what did Francis and colleagues (1997) find about the restrained eaters, as compared to women who were normal eaters?

A)The restrained eaters showed substantially slowed colour-naming for food-related words.
B)The restrained eaters were able to name significantly more food-related words.
C)The restrained eaters showed substantially faster colour-naming for food-related words.
D)The restrained eaters were able to name significantly fewer food-related words.

Question 5

Which term refers to the process of uncovering automatic thoughts and developing a different set of attitudes and attributions?

A)social learning
B)behavioural reconditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)cognitive restructuring

Question 6

Sandra had part of her brain removed to control epilepsy and, as a result, she can no longer solve problems that require visual imagery.What area of the brain did Sandra have removed?

A)part of the left hemisphere of the cortex
B)part the right hemisphere of the cortex
C)part of the pons
D)part of the midbrain

Question 7

Which term refers to the inherited tendency or vulnerability towards developing a disorder?

A)disposition
B)diathesis
C)stress
D)trigger

Question 8

Which statement is the best analogy for the influence of genes on our cognitive development?

A)They are like an ignition switch on a rocket that can go forever.
B)They are like a fence that holds us within a boundary.
C)They are like a door that leads us to our destiny.
D)They are like a hurdle that we must jump over.

Question 9

What does recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders indicate?

A)Multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.
B)Single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders.
C)Genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive.
D)Little evidence suggests that genes actually influence psychopathology.

Question 10

Which of the following controls the endocrine system?

A)the limbic system
B)the central nervous system
C)the parasympathetic nervous system
D)the sympathetic nervous system

Question 11

Who is responsible for the research that conceptualized the term "modelling"?

A)Donald Meichenbaum
B)Albert Bandura
C)Aaron Beck
D)Martin Seligman

Question 12

Why are neurotransmitters important?

A)They allow neurons to send signals to other neurons.
B)They are converted into electrical impulses.
C)They nurture the neuronal structures of the brain.
D)They allow the brain to maintain its structural integrity.

Question 13

Research by Grant and colleagues (1988) found that older adults who have fewer social contacts were more likely to suffer from depression than those who have more frequent social contacts.If the individuals with fewer social contacts became physically ill, what tended to happen?

A)They were less likely to ask their families for support.
B)They were even less likely to receive support from their families.
C)They were more likely to receive substantial social support from their families than those who are not ill.
D)They were more likely to recover from the depression.

Question 14

If Max and Matt are identical twins and you know that Max has schizophrenia, what can you say about Matt?

A)Matt will definitely have the disorder as well.
B)Matt has the same probability of having the disorder as the normal population.
C)Matt has approximately a 50% chance of also having the disorder.
D)Matt has no genetic likelihood of developing the disorder; he will only develop the disorder if exposed to the right environmental factors.

Question 15

Which statement best describes the research results of Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?

A)Genetically caused brain structure problems can be corrected by positive life experiences.
B)While psychopathology is often a result of early life experiences, it is generally due to the physical changes in the brain caused by such experiences.
C)Psychopathology is the result of early learning experiences.
D)Early experiences such as learning cause physical changes in the brain.

Question 16

Which of the following has been implicated in intergenerational trauma experienced by some Indigenous groups?

A)environmental influences
B)diathesis-stress
C)neurotransmitters
D)epigenetics

Question 17

Janice is having difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her muscle movements.Assuming her problems result from a brain injury, which of the following would you first examine?

A)the cerebellum
B)the medulla
C)the thalamus
D)the midbrain

Question 18

Which of the following decreases neurotransmitter activity?

A)blockers
B)agonists
C)antagonists
D)reuptake inhibitors

Question 19

How does recent research evidence describe the relationship between the brain (structure, function, neurotransmitters) and psychosocial factors (socialization, rearing, life events)?

A)It is a system in which the brain directly influences behaviour and psychosocial factors but not the other way around.
B)It is system of interchanges that are far too complex to fully capture with present-day neurological technologies.
C)It is an interaction in which the brain affects psychosocial factors and psychosocial factors affect the brain.
D)It is a system in which behaviour and psychosocial factors affect the brain but not the other way around.

Question 20

In their study comparing a placebo to opioid drugs, what did Petrovic and colleagues (2002) conclude?

A)Psychological factors can affect brain function.
B)Drugs should not be prescribed for most painful conditions.
C)Pain is more of a psychological phenomenon than it is physical.
D)Opioid drugs may relieve pain only through the expectation of pain relief.

Question 21

What did Aaron Beck, the originator of cognitive-behavioural therapy, assume that depression is largely influenced by?

A)an interaction between maladaptive neurotransmitter pathways and behaviours
B)thinking too much about one's failures in life
C)unconscious thoughts that lead to maladaptive life situations
D)faulty attributions and attitudes

Question 22

Which of the following is most likely to be hindered by damage to the somatic nervous system?

A)voluntary movement
B)thinking and reasoning
C)the fight-or-flight response
D)breathing and sleeping

Question 23

When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, patients are essentially taking snapshots of their lives at that moment.Who considers this approach incomplete in our understanding of psychopathology?

A)lifespan psychologists
B)humanists
C)cognitive-behaviourists
D)existentialists

Question 24

Why is it unlikely that damage in specific structures of the brain itself causes a psychological disorder?

A)because psychological disorders typically involve emotional, behavioural, and cognitive symptoms
B)because genetic factors exert an overriding influence on the development of most psychological disorders
C)because other parts of the brain will compensate for the damage
D)because environmental factors are the major factor in the development of most psychological disorders

Question 25

Where in the brain are verbal and cognitive processes usually controlled?

A)across the entire cortex
B)in the midbrain
C)in the left hemisphere of the cortex
D)in the right hemisphere of the cortex

Question 26

Research has demonstrated that it is not just the absolute number of social contacts that is important in predicting health, but the perception of which of the following?

A)physical health
B)health behaviours
C)loneliness
D)substance use

Question 27

In the 1992 studies conducted by Baxter and colleagues, patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were provided with cognitive-behavioural therapy but no drugs.What important result did the brain imaging show?

A)Neither OCD symptoms nor neurotransmitter function had improved.
B)Neurotransmitter circuits are the direct and only cause of OCD.
C)The patients' OCD symptoms improved without changes in neurotransmitter function.
D)The neurotransmitter circuits of the brain had been normalized.

Question 28

Because psychological disorders are still associated with social stigma (people tend to think that the disorder is something to be ashamed of), which of the following becomes more likely to happen?

A)People with psychological disorders will not seek and receive the treatment and support of others that are most needed for recovery.
B)People with psychological disorders will be ignored by mental health professionals when they seek help.
C)People with psychological disorders will be far more easily treated than those with physical disorders.
D)People with psychological disorders will seek help for their disorders but be more likely to receive insufficient treatment than those with physical illness.

Question 29

Maya has experienced brain damage that has left her with difficulty sleeping and the problem of being hyperaroused.Which area of the brain was most likely damaged?

A)the pons
B)the medulla
C)the hypothalamus
D)the reticular activating system

Question 30

Sean's doctor thinks that Sean has low serotonin levels.What sorts of behaviour would lead the doctor to suspect serotonin is low?

A)Sean is showing aggression, suicidal ideation, and impulsive behaviour.
B)Sean is showing symptoms of schizophrenia.
C)Sean is exhibiting anxiety and nervousness.
D)Sean is exhibiting mania.

Question 31

Which part of the brain is most associated with memory, thought, and reasoning?

A)the left parietal lobe
B)the brain stem
C)the occipital lobe
D)the frontal lobe

Question 32

Dr.Turner's research focuses on the effects of genes, individual differences, and heritability of depression, but does not examine which genes are responsible for the disorder.Which type of research does Dr.Turner's focus fall under?

A)quantitative genetics
B)molecular genetics
C)cross-fostering
D)psychopathology

Question 33

Sarah is experiencing a lot of anxiety.Early researchers would have argued that Sarah's anxiety was a result of which of the following?

A)reduced levels of norepinephrine
B)excessive levels of dopamine
C)reduced levels of GABA
D)excessive levels of serotonin

Question 34

Dr.Henry wants to increase the amount of serotonin circulating in Brian's brain.What specific type of drug will Dr.Henry choose to prescribe?

A)an antagonist
B)an decelerator
C)an agonist
D)a placebo

Question 35

What does research imply about the nature of the unconscious?

A)It clearly exists but in a very different way than Freud imagined.
B)It clearly exists in much the same way that Freud imagined.
C)It clearly exists in much the same way that Jung envisioned it.
D)It may or may not exist as it is impossible to study material of which we are not aware.

Question 36

Which term refers to the system comprised of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system?

A)peripheral nervous system
B)central nervous system
C)sympathetic nervous system
D)parasympathetic nervous system

Question 37

Why are behaviour and personality described as polygenic?

A)Both are rarely influenced by individual genes.
B)Both are influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect.
C)Both are influenced by a few select genes, each exerting a large effect.
D)Both are a result of our genetic structure.

Question 38

What has research found about people who have many social contacts and live their lives continually interacting with others?

A)They tend to ruminate about negative life events less often.
B)They tend to suffer lower overall rates of alcoholism.
C)They tend to live longer and healthier lives.
D)They tend to be at a higher risk for some psychological disorders such as dependency.

Question 39

Depression seems to appear in all cultures but tends to be characterized by different symptoms within individual cultures.For example, Chinese depressed patients tend to report fewer affective and cognitive symptoms of depression.What is the most likely cause of this disparity?

A)the perception in Chinese society that the affective expression of depression is self-centred and threatening to the social structure
B)differences in diagnostic measures used in different cultures
C)a history of oppression, which deters reporting
D)genetic differences between individuals living in different cultures

Question 40

What can be concluded from the studies regarding rat learning and brain structure done by Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990)?

A)Early psychological experience has little to do with brain structure or later development of psychopathology.
B)Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and will determine whether the individual will develop a psychological disorder later in life.
C)Early psychological experience affects the development of the nervous system and influences the number of connections between nerve cells.
D)Early psychological experience does not result in physical changes to the nervous system but can still influence whether or not one develops a psychological disorder.

Question 41

In addition to reducing anxiety, what broader role does GABA play?

A)It reduces overall arousal and tempers emotional responses.
B)It eases depression.
C)It lessens psychotic behaviours associated with schizophrenia.
D)It moderates emergency reactions and alarm responses.

Question 42

A series of studies examining Bandura's theory of vicarious learning in children indicated that the steps involved include the child noticing, remembering, and being motivated to exhibit the model's behaviour.The basic idea in this work is that a careful analysis of which of the following is important for producing accurate predictions of behaviour?

A)cognitive processes
B)social interactions
C)early play behaviour
D)rewards and punishments

Question 43

A patient treated for an anxiety disorder has been directed to monitor her thoughts and stop thinking so much about how many things can go wrong.At the same time, she is practising relaxation exercises and trying to spend more time in situations that she fears.What type of treatment is she receiving?

A)cognitive-behavioural therapy
B)behavioural reconditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)psychoanalytic therapy

Question 44

Terri believes that no matter how hard she studies, she will never succeed in college.What does this example illustrate?

A)learned helplessness
B)unconscious learning
C)negative reinforcement
D)vicarious learning

Question 45

Who speculated that the process of learning affects more than behaviour and suggested that the genetic structure of cells may change as the result of learning?

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Gregor Mendel
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Eric Kandel

Question 46

The herbal medication, St.John's wort, is believed to affect levels of which neurotransmitter?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)dopamine
D)serotonin

Question 47

Greenough, Withers, and Wallace (1990) compared the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behaviour with the brains of rats raised as "couch potatoes."What did the researchers find regarding the cerebellums of the more active rats?

A)They contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
B)They contained more serotonin receptors.
C)They contained a greater number of axons and norepinephrine circuits.
D)They were less likely to possess pathological neurotransmitter circuits.

Question 48

Karl has been given a medication that reduces dopamine; however, doctors suspect that Karl has taken too much of the medication because of the side effects he is showing.Which described side effects could Karl be showing?

A)muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment
B)extreme aggression
C)compulsive pleasure-seeking behaviours
D)delusions and hallucinations

Question 49

Alex has a form of epilepsy that affects his limbic system.What sort of behaviour is Alex most likely to display while having a seizure?

A)lack of body posture and uncoordinated movement
B)unusual emotional expressions and aggression
C)disturbed sleep
D)difficulty breathing

Question 50

Which of the following occupations is an analogy for the main function of neurotransmitters?

A)doorman at a hotel
B)a messenger in a city
C)a conductor of a train
D)an actor in a play

Question 51

Which nervous system processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary?

A)the peripheral nervous system
B)the central nervous system
C)the sympathetic nervous system
D)the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 52

Why are women more likely than men to suffer from insect phobias?

A)because of cultural expectations
B)because of their traditional role in the home, where they are more likely to encounter insects
C)because of differences in neurochemical pathways
D)because of hormonal differences

Question 53

Which term refers to the process by which genes are turned on or off by cellular material?

A)stress
B)diathesis
C)epigenetics
D)polygenics

Question 54

If Jenny has a tumour on her adrenal glands that is affecting her production of cortisol, which system is most impacted by this tumour?

A)the limbic system
B)the central nervous system
C)the HPA axis
D)the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 55

Dr.Friedmont raised two groups of rhesus monkeys.One group had the ability to control their environment, while the other group had no control.What will likely happen when the monkeys are injected with a drug that produces a feeling of severe anxiety?

A)The monkeys raised with a sense of control will be calm, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appear very anxious.
B)The monkeys raised with a sense of control will appear angry and aggressive, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appear very anxious.
C)The monkeys raised with a sense of control will appear anxious, while the monkeys raised without a sense of control will appear angry and aggressive.
D)The monkeys in both groups will appear angry and aggressive.

Question 56

What did Albert Bandura teach us about modelling, or observational learning?

A)Learning acquired through observation is much more resistant to extinction than behaviour acquired through classical or operant conditioning.
B)Much of our learned behaviour depends upon our interactions with those around us.
C)Our learned behaviour has much more to do with the types of consequences (reinforcements and punishments) of our actions than our interactions with those around us.
D)It is impossible to learn behavioural patterns without observing those around us.

Question 57

What part of the brain stem regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion?

A)the forebrain
B)the thalamus
C)the reticular activating system
D)the hindbrain

Question 58

According to the textbook, which of the following was discussed as a biological influence for Jody's blood-injury-injection phobia?

A)an overreaction of a physiological mechanism that overcompensates for sudden increases in blood pressure leading to vasovagal syncope
B)a genetic tendency to fear situations involving blood and injury
C)a conditioned response of fear resulting from exposure to blood and injury
D)increased fear and anxiety pertaining to situations involving blood and injury

Question 59

Jeffrey is writing a paper on philosophical theories of morality.Which part of Jeffrey's brain would a PET scan show to be most active at this time?

A)the hindbrain
B)the cerebral cortex
C)the midbrain
D)the limbic system

Question 60

Which two neurotransmitters are referred to as the "chemical brothers"?

A)GABA and dopamine
B)dopamine and serotonin
C)serotonin and norepinephrine
D)GABA and glutamate

Question 61

If you had to choose one brain area to protect so that you could stay alive, which would it be?

A)the frontal lobes
B)the brain stem
C)the forebrain
D)the midbrain

Question 62

According to your textbook, the elevated rates of some psychological disorders in Indigenous individuals are probably due to the contributions of poverty and another factor.What is this second factor?

A)differences in diagnostic criteria used in assessments of Indigenous individuals
B)genetic differences between Indigenous individuals and non-Indigenous individuals
C)a history of oppression by a majority culture
D)cultural differences in the expression of mental illnesses

Question 63

Dr.Tran is explaining that sleep problems can be a symptom of many different psychological disorders.What phenomenon is she describing?

A)pathogenesis
B)equifinality
C)orthogonal causation
D)psychopathology

Question 64

Kolb and colleagues (2003) exposed juvenile, adult, and very old animals to challenging and complex environments.What did they find about this kind of environment?

A)It had different effects on the animals' brains depending on their developmental stage.
B)It had a negative effect on the older animals' brains but had no effect on the younger animals.
C)It had a negative effect on the young animals' cognitive functioning when they became adults.
D)It had positive effects on the cognitive functioning of all the animals, regardless of age.

Question 65

Martha suffered a serious head injury and has since experienced difficulty recognizing specific sights and sounds.Which lobe of her brain has most likely been damaged?

A)the temporal lobe
B)the parietal lobe
C)the frontal lobe
D)the occipital lobe

Question 66

Which of the following is an example of the unconscious as it is conceptualized by cognitive science?

A)classical conditioning
B)implicit memory
C)ego development
D)vicarious learning

Question 67

In their research exposing subjects to the virus that causes the common cold, what did Cohen and colleagues (1997) demonstrate?

A)The quality of social contact predicted whether the individual would contract a cold, but the frequency of social contact did not.
B)The frequency of social contact and chances of contracting a cold were unrelated.
C)The less frequent the individual's social contact, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.
D)The more frequent the individual's social contact, the lower the chances of contracting a cold.

Question 68

Which neurotransmitter is thought to regulate or moderate certain behavioural tendencies rather than directly influencing specific patterns of behaviour or psychological disorders?

A)norepinephrine
B)GABA
C)serotonin
D)dopamine

Question 69

Professor Knots is talking to her class about the tendency for people to fear spiders but not flowers.Which of the following could be an excerpt from her lecture?

A)"Over the course of evolution, we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations."
B)"We are taught to fear because of vicarious learning."
C)"We are taught to fear certain stimuli because of frequent exposure."
D)"We fear spiders because we are reinforced in our environment to fear them over other objects."

Question 70

What do we call the area between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron?

A)the neural cleft
B)the dendritic opening
C)the axon terminal
D)the synaptic cleft

Question 71

Dr.Clark prescribes his patient a drug that will produce effects opposite to dopamine.Which type of drug did he prescribe?

A)blocker
B)agonist
C)antagonist
D)inverse agonist

Question 72

What is one reason why men are less likely than women to experience depression in response to stress?

A)Men are more likely to engage in activity to take their minds off the negative event.
B)Men are more likely to drink alcohol to relieve stress.
C)Men are more likely to think about the negative event afterward and solve the problem.
D)Men are less likely to experience stressful events in the first place.

Question 73

You read in the newspaper that a mother lifted a car to free her trapped child.Which of the mother's systems was highly activated to perform this feat?

A)the central nervous system
B)the sympathetic nervous system
C)the limbic system
D)the parasympathetic nervous system

Question 74

Suppose you are a researcher who has bred rats to be emotional and reactive and then you cross-foster those rats so they are raised by calm mothers.What result would you expect?

A)The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive as youths but calm when raising their own young.
B)The young animals will tend to be calm throughout their lives.
C)The young animals will tend to be mostly calm but emotional and reactive when faced with stressful situations.
D)The young animals will tend to be emotional and reactive.

Question 75

Dr.Amin wants to decrease the amount of dopamine circulating in Rashid's brain.Which specific type of drug will Dr.Amin prescribe?

A)a blocker
B)an agonist
C)an antagonist
D)a reuptake inhibitor

Question 76

What is the major function of the peripheral nervous system?

A)to control hormonal activity
B)to regulate arousal
C)to coordinate with the brain stem to ensure the body is working properly
D)to process information received from the central nervous system

Question 77

Swedish psychologist Arne Öhman demonstrated that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others.To which concept did his experiments contribute?

A)classical conditioning
B)observational learning
C)prepared learning
D)learned helplessness

Question 78

Which term refers to chemical messengers released directly into the bloodstream?

A)an agonist
B)an antagonist
C)neurotransmitters
D)hormones

Question 79

If you are prescribed a drug that stimulates either the alpha-adrenergic or beta-adrenergic receptors, you have likely been prescribed a drug that targets which of the following neurotransmitters?

A)GABA
B)glutamate
C)norepinephrine
D)serotonin

Question 80

What does the peripheral nervous system include?

A)the somatic and autonomic nervous system
B)the brain stem and cortex
C)the brain and spinal cord
D)the endocrine system