Deck 20: Development and Inheritance

Question 1

A blastocyst is

A) an extraembryonic membrane that forms blood vessels.
B) a solid ball of cells.
C) a hollow ball of cells.
D) a portion of the placenta.
E) the membrane that forms the urinary bladder.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The extraembryonic membrane that forms the urinary bladder is the

A) yolk sac.
B) allantois.
C) amnion.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The endoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) neural tissue.
C) blood.
D) skin.
E) stomach mucosae.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The process of differentiation leading to trophoblast and inner cell mass cells is called

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) blastulation.

Question 5

Which of the following provides the main source of energy to a newborn the first few days after birth?

A) yolk sac
B) fat
C) protein
D) carbohydrates
E) decidua

Question 6

Sperm can fertilize an egg until only after they

A) undergo capacitation.
B) undergo activation.
C) lose their acrosome.
D) are in the vagina for three days.
E) all of the above

Question 7

The placental membrane is composed of

A) the embryonic disc.
B) a single layer of epithelial cells.
C) a double layer of epithelial cells.
D) the amnion and chorion.
E) the chorion.

Question 8

The division of the zygote into two blastomeres is referred to as

A) cleavage.
B) implantation.
C) placentation.
D) embryogenesis.
E) fertilization.

Question 9

Fertilization of the ovum usually occurs

A) within one hour of ovulation.
B) as much as three to four days following ovulation.
C) in the ovary.
D) in the upper 1/3 of the uterine tube.
E) in the uterus.

Question 10

The mass of cells containing the three germ layers is called a

A) chorion.
B) blastula.
C) gastrula.
D) morula.
E) blastocyst.

Question 11

Separation of the inner cell mass from the trophoblast forms the

A) blastocoele.
B) lacunae.
C) amniotic cavity.
D) chorion.
E) allantois.

Question 12

During gastrulation,

A) the blastodisc is formed.
B) the placenta is formed.
C) germ layers are formed.
D) cells from the ectoderm move to the endoderm.
E) all of the above

Question 13

The mesoderm forms

A) muscle.
B) skin.
C) neural tissues.
D) the lining of the digestive tract.
E) the endocrine system.

Question 14

The extraembryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the

A) yolk sac.
B) amnion.
C) allantois.
D) chorion.
E) decidua.

Question 15

The period of gestation that is characterized by rapid fetal growth is the ________ trimester(s).

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) first and second
E) second and third

Question 16

The cells of a blastocyst that give rise to the placenta are the

A) trophoblast.
B) chorion.
C) inner cell mass.
D) zona pellucida.
E) blastomere.

Question 17

The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems appear is the ________ trimester(s).

A) first
B) second
C) third
D) first and second
E) second and third

Question 18

If a sperm cell lacked sufficient quantities of hyaluronidase, it would not be able to

A) move its flagellum.
B) penetrate the corona radiata.
C) become capacitated.
D) survive the environment of the female reproductive tract.
E) metabolize fructose.

Question 19

The chorionic villi

A) form the umbilical cord.
B) form the umbilical vein.
C) form the umbilical arteries.
D) increase the surface area available for exchange between the placenta and the maternal blood.
E) form a portion of the placenta.

Question 20

During implantation,

A) the syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium.
B) the inner cell mass begins to form the placenta.
C) maternal blood vessels in the endometrium are walled off from the blastocyst.
D) the entire trophoblast becomes syncytial.
E) the inner cell mass is temporarily deprived of nutrients.

Question 21

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are

A) reduced head size.
B) mental retardation.
C) abnormal facial features.
D) all of the above
E) none of the above

Question 22

At puberty,

A) FSH levels rise.
B) LH levels rise.
C) levels of sex hormones rise.
D) gametogenesis begins.
E) all of the above

Question 23

During which stage of mitosis are genes and chromosomes duplicated?

A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase

Question 24

The stage of labor during which the uterus prepares to expel the fetus is the

A) emergence stage.
B) dilation stage.
C) placental stage.
D) expulsion stage.
E) fetal stage.

Question 25

The fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively

A) low in oxygen and nutrients.
B) high in oxygen and low in nutrients.
C) low in oxygen and high in nutrients.
D) high in oxygen and nutrients.
E) high in waste.

Question 26

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called

A) homologous chromosomes.
B) homozygous chromosomes.
C) heterozygous chromosomes.
D) autosomal chromosomes.
E) alleles.

Question 27

The ductus venosus is a fetal vessel that functions to transport blood from the umbilical vein to the

A) inferior vena cava.
B) umbilical artery.
C) aorta.
D) superior vena cava.
E) liver.

Question 28

The last stage of labor is the

A) dilation stage.
B) expulsion stage.
C) placental stage.
D) decidual stage.
E) neonate stage.

Question 29

The hormone that is the basis for an ovulation test is

A) LH.
B) progesterone.
C) human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
D) human placental lactogen (hPL).
E) relaxin.

Question 30

The allantois functions

A) to destroy old blood cells.
B) to give rise to the yolk sac.
C) to form blood cells and become the umbilical blood vessels.
D) as a waste depository.
E) all of the above

Question 31

Maternal blood volume increases during pregnancy because

A) hypoxia resulting from fetal demand for oxygen stimulates release of erythropoietin.
B) decreased peripheral blood volume due to circulation in the placenta leads to the release of rennin.
C) increased aldosterone secretion promotes salt and water retention at the kidneys.
D) decreased venous return due to blood volume diverted to the placenta triggers a compensating mechanism.
E) all of the above

Question 32

During pregnancy,

A) a woman's respiratory rate and tidal volume increase.
B) maternal blood volume increases.
C) maternal nutrient requirements increase.
D) a woman's glomerular filtration rate increases.
E) all of the above

Question 33

The placenta synthesizes progesterone from

A) estrogen.
B) testosterone.
C) albumin.
D) pre-progesterone.
E) cholesterol.

Question 34

The placenta is composed of tissues from the

A) mother.
B) father.
C) embryo.
D) mother and embryo.
E) mother and father.

Question 35

As a result of the foramen ovale, blood bypasses the

A) lungs.
B) liver.
C) brain.
D) lining of the digestive tract.
E) heart.

Question 36

As a person ages,

A) hormone levels decrease.
B) bones become more fragile.
C) peristalsis and muscle tone decrease.
D) B and C only
E) all of the above

Question 37

The foramen ovale is an opening that allows blood to flow from the

A) left atrium to right atrium.
B) left ventricle to right ventricle.
C) right atrium to left atrium.
D) placenta to right atrium.
E) right ventricle to left ventricle.

Question 38

Paired chromosomes are called

A) homologous chromosomes.
B) heterozygous chromosomes.
C) homozygous chromosomes.
D) autosomal chromosomes.
E) alleles.

Question 39

Changes associated with postnatal development include

A) nail formation, alveolar formation, and myelination.
B) ossification, peripheral receptor formation, and degeneration of embryonic kidneys.
C) myelination, alveoli inflation, and operation of the immune system.
D) adrenal gland formation, opening of nostrils, and epiphyseal plate formation.
E) muscle mass increase, epidermal layer appearance, and genitalia formation.

Question 40

Stretching of the cervix would cause an increase in the blood levels of

A) estrogen.
B) progesterone.
C) oxytocin.
D) relaxin.
E) chorionic gonadotropin.

Question 41

The purpose of the Human Genome Project (HGP) is to

A) identify alleles for research.
B) transcribe all the human chromosomes and genes.
C) discover new methods for finger printing.
D) create a "master race."
E) study human development.

Question 42

The transmission of genetic information from generation to generation is termed

A) inheritance.
B) polygenics.
C) capacitation.
D) development.
E) embryology.

Question 43

_________________________ is the period of intrauterine development.

Question 44

The genotype for a male would be

A) XX.
B) XO.
C) XXO.
D) XY.
E) XYY.

Question 45

In polygenic inheritance,

A) phenotypic characteristics are determined by a single pair of alleles.
B) phenotypic characteristics are determined by multiple alleles.
C) phenotypic characteristics are determined by the action of a single gene.
D) phenotypic characteristics are always controlled by genes on the same chromosome.
E) phenotypic characteristics are determined by the genes on the Y chromosome.

Question 46

Identify the relatively common autosomal recessive disorder.

A) Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
B) cystic fibrosis
C) Huntington's disease
D) myotonic muscular dystrophy
E) none of the above

Question 47

A colorblind man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait. What proportion of their sons, if they have any, can be expected to be colorblind?

A) 1:2
B) 1:4
C) 1:8
D) All their boys will be colorblind.
E) 0

Question 48

If an individual carries a pair of alleles that are the same, he or she is ________ for the trait.

A) homologous
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) autosomal
E) polygenic

Question 49

Which blood type is NOT possible if the mother is blood type AB and the father is type B?

A) A
B) B
C) AB
D) O

Question 50

The hollow cavity within the blastocyst is the _________________________.

Question 51

The gene that is NOT expressed in a heterozygous situation is called

A) dominant.
B) recessive.
C) incomplete.
D) phenotypic.

Question 52

A Barr body is a tiny cellular structure that represents

A) a Y chromosome.
B) chromosome 24.
C) an X chromosome.
D) chromosome 21.

Question 53

In simple inheritance,

A) phenotypic characteristics are determined by a single pair of alleles.
B) phenotypic characteristics are determined by multiple alleles.
C) phenotypic characteristics are determined by the action of a single gene.
D) phenotypic characteristics are controlled by regulator genes on a chromosome other than the one that has the structural genes.
E) phenotypic characteristics are determined by the genes on the Y chromosome.

Question 54

An individual who is homozygous dominant for a trait would be written as

A) aA.
B) aa.
C) AA.
D) Aa.

Question 55

Polygenic traits include

A) eye color and hair colors other than pure blond or red.
B) albinism and brachydactyly.
C) inability to roll the tongue into a U-shape.
D) curly hair and eye color.
E) blood Rh factor and color blindness.

Question 56

If an individual carries two different alleles for the same trait, he or she is ________ for the trait.

A) homologous
B) homozygous
C) heterozygous
D) autosomal
E) polygenic

Question 57

Match the primary germ layer in the first column with its developmental contribution to the body listed in the second column.
_____ 1. ectoderm A. component of nearly all of the muscular system
_____ 2. endoderm B. component of all neural tissue
_____ 3. mesoderm C. component of the urinary bladder and distal
portions of the duct system

Question 58

If the parents are AA and aa, the offspring are expected to be

A) sterile.
B) Aa.
C) AA.
D) aa.

Question 59

The period of development in which cells divide rapidly without growth in between is called _________________________.

Question 60

When alleles are identical, they are said to be

A) heterozygous.
B) homozygous.
C) recessive.
D) dominant.

Question 61

The process of growing old is called _________________________.

Question 62

In an adult, the umbilical vein becomes the _________________________.

Question 63

_________________________ chromosomes are responsible for determining whether the individual will be male or female.

Question 64

The slender projections that grow out from the trophoblast into the uterine wall are called _________________________.

Question 65

Human somatic cells contain _________________________ chromosomes.

Question 66

The _________________________ is a simple box diagram that allows us to predict the probability of a particular trait occurring in the offspring of a given mating.

Question 67

When the alleles of a gene are both expressed equally, the alleles show a mechanism of inheritance called _________________________.

Question 68

The umbilical cord contains one umbilical _________________________ and two umbilical _________________________.

Question 69

The period from birth to the end of the first month is known as the _________________________ period.

Question 70

An individual's entire genetic makeup is called his or her _________________________.

Question 71

A _________________________ allele will always be expressed regardless of what the other allele happens to be.

Question 72

Parturition is the process of _________________________.

Question 73

Most original blood cells come from the _________________________.

Question 74

The period from two years to puberty is known as _________________________.

Question 75

A _________________________ allele is only expressed in the homozygous condition.

Question 76

The process of forming a placenta is called _________________________.

Question 77

The blood vessel that carries blood away from the placenta is the _________________________.

Question 78

The portion of DNA that codes for a particular polypeptide is called a(n) _________________________.

Question 79

If a X-carrying sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting zygote will be _________________________.

Question 80

The genes that are expressed in an individual produce the _________________________.