Deck 3: Socialization

Question 1

In their investigation of high school students, Bonnie Barber and her colleagues discovered that the crowd identities and activities of tenth graders fail to predict adult outcomes.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

While learning, human beings modify themselves by responding; human organisms literally change themselves by their own actions.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cognitive developmental theory, a macrolevel theory, proposes that what and how people learn depends on the objective social "facts" they encounter in the world.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Socialization allows the renewal of culture from one generation to the next.

Question 5

Observational learning is also called modeling or imitation.

Question 6

The family, peer group, schools, and mass media are examples of agents of socialization.

Question 7

Verbal symbols provide the essence and primary impact of any communication experience.

Question 8

Human socialization presumes that as long as a child has an adequate genetic makeup, environmental conditions have little impact on human development.

Question 9

Noam Chomsky, a linguist, proposed that human beings possess a language-generating mechanism that is present at birth.

Question 10

According to the text, neither genetic factors nor learning processes alone can produce a language-using human being.

Question 11

Both functionalism and conflict theory view the socialization process as important to society as a whole as well as to the individual.

Question 12

Conditioning is a form of learning in which chemical conditioning agents are used to modify brain chemicals.

Question 13

According to symbolic interactionism theory, the individual takes an important and active role in the learning process.

Question 14

Media-related aggression can be reduced by changing children's attitudes toward the violence they see on television and in video games.

Question 15

The studies of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie testify to the importance of biological equipment in the production of a normal human personality.

Question 16

Evidence is emerging that depression, alcoholism, and antisocial behavior have genetic components.

Question 17

Social learning theory, a microlevel theory, suggests people are socialized through positive and negative reinforcements by the significant people in their lives.

Question 18

Biological influences on behavior may themselves be influenced by the environment.

Question 19

Research has shown that mass media is the most important agent of socialization.

Question 20

Organisms are basically passive objects programmed by internal genetic forces or shaped by the external environment.

Question 21

The idea that people vary in their perceptions of and reactions to different situations was an observation of W. I. Thomas' "definition of the situation."

Question 22

The "egocentric bias" claims that we tend to be quite egotistical in situations where an action is directed at us.

Question 23

Self-esteem is governed by three principles: reflected appraisals, social comparisons, and self-attribution.

Question 24

The socialization process ends at the conclusion of adolescence.

Question 25

Middle adulthood contains more concrete boundaries than infancy, childhood, and adolescence.

Question 26

The "generalized other" is an attitude children acquire that is essentially the attitude of their parents.

Question 27

The sociological view of human beings is that

A) people are born with a large set of behavioral instincts.
B) people are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization.
C) a person's culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society.
D) a person's humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures.

Question 28

The "dramaturgical approach" to understanding socialization and the development of the self utilizes the view of life as a stage on which people interact, with most people playing the role of audience and a few select people being the actors.

Question 29

Age norms are rules that define what is appropriate for people to be and to do at various ages.

Question 30

The "looking-glass self" is Charles Cooley's concept that suggests people tend to see themselves as they imagine others see them.

Question 31

Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the

A) inadequacy of human biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social interaction.
B) inadequacy of social interaction in overcoming biological limitations.
C) ability of rehabilitation to correct the effects of childhood deprivation after puberty.
D) tendency of parents to isolate illegitimate children.

Question 32

The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called

A) acculturation.
B) socialization.
C) socialism.
D) symbolic interactionism.

Question 33

In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of 16.

Question 34

Erving Goffman's concept, "impression management," refers to the practice of presenting one's self to others in ways that might cause them to view one favorably.

Question 35

Today, over 75 percent of Americans die at home.

Question 36

According to George Herbert Mead, the key to children's development of the self is found in their acquisition of a conscience.

Question 37

Genie, Anna, and Isabelle had in common that

A) they were siblings.
B) their upbringing left them mentally retarded.
C) their mothers were mentally retarded.
D) once they were discovered, they were able to make a compete recovery.

Question 38

Cultural diversity in the workplace helped to create the need for greater sensitivity regarding people's use of such nonverbal communication as eye contact.

Question 39

Socialization is as important during old age as it is during other stages of adult development.

Question 40

The "Thomas Theorem" suggests that people respond only to the objective features of situations they encounter.

Question 41

Which of the following best reflects the information presented in the nature/nurture discussion in the text?

A) Personality has no genetic basis.
B) Hereditary and environmental factors interact with and affect one another.
C) Behavioral traits are not affected by culture or the environment.
D) Neither nature nor nurture affects human behavior.

Question 42

Three microlevel theories of socialization

A) are associated with ideas from Karl Marx, Harriet Martineau, and August Comte.
B) are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
C) include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism.
D) are based on contemporary understandings of the human genome.

Question 43

In Piaget's theory, the formal operations stage

A) includes children's sudden realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) is when children learn language.
C) is when children learn abstract thought.
D) is marked by a deeper, more complex way of viewing the world, including the ability to critically evaluate others' points of view.

Question 44

Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the issue(s) of

A) which factor is more important.
B) to what degree the differences between people can be attributed to each factor.
C) how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact to produce behavior.
D) which factor ultimately determines personality traits.

Question 45

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) includes the learning of symbols and language.
C) involves the child's development of abstract thought.
D) includes the development of logic.

Question 46

The problems experienced by Genie, the social isolate, are believed to demonstrate

A) that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability.
B) that once a child enters puberty, language learning becomes easier.
C) that socialization can begin at any age.
D) that the English language is genetically programmed.

Question 47

The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization

A) are symbolic interactionism and social learning theory.
B) take the position that social values, norms, and beliefs play a limited role in the development of society.
C) reject the notion of social determinism.
D) are functionalism and conflict theory; both view socialization as having important consequences for society as a whole.

Question 48

The average American child spends __________ hour(s) in "screen time" (watching television or using a computer) every day.

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) more than three

Question 49

Peers are now important early agents of socialization because

A) children are learning to talk so much earlier.
B) children don't watch much television any more.
C) so many young children are now in day care.
D) so many children play outside with their friends every day.

Question 50

________________ are mutually dependent on socialization.

A) Culture and society
B) Hearing and speaking
C) The individual and society
D) Government and politics

Question 51

Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of

A) conditioning and observational learning.
B) four stages of development from birth to adulthood.
C) reinforcements and punishments.
D) the power of parents in dictating the development of the child.

Question 52

Human beings are

A) locked into an unchangeable body that interacts with a changeable social system.
B) locked into a rigidly structured society that interacts with a changeable body.
C) not locked into an unchangeable body or an unchangeable society; each can change and influence the other.
D) passive agents who do not shape themselves or their environments.

Question 53

In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage of development

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) usually lasts about 5 years.
C) involves the child's development of moral sensibility.
D) involves the child's development of abstract thought.

Question 54

Agents of socialization

A) are primarily significant people in the formal school setting.
B) have recently become primarily a child's peer group.
C) include the school, the family, the peer group, and the mass media.
D) have a minor impact on the personality development of the child.

Question 55

A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is

A) children's awareness and understanding that they are "children" in the full meaning of the word.
B) children's extreme egocentricity.
C) learning the meaning of religion.
D) understanding the role of family.

Question 56

Reflexive behavior is

A) rooted in conflict theory.
B) action through which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with, and attempt to control themselves.
C) a major feature of parapsychology.
D) behavior that is totally dominated by one's genetic heritage.

Question 57

Conditioning and observational learning are components of

A) symbolic interactionism.
B) social learning theory.
C) cognitive development theory.
D) conflict theory.

Question 58

Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process.

A) conditioning
B) sensorimotor development
C) meaning conceptualization
D) schools

Question 59

Bonnie Barber and her colleagues used the film The Breakfast Club to research whether high school social identity was related to

A) high school grades.
B) adult outcomes.
C) high school social life and satisfaction.
D) keeping up with friends later in life.

Question 60

In Piaget's theory, the concrete operational stage

A) involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B) includes the development of language.
C) is when children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent.
D) focuses on the development of logic.

Question 61

All social interaction involves

A) verbalization.
B) communication.
C) vision.
D) hearing.

Question 62

The way we employ social and personal space in communication is referred to as

A) body language.
B) paralanguage.
C) proxemics.
D) artifacts.

Question 63

By observing the behavior of others, you conclude that they look up to and respect you, helping you feel that you are a good and valuable person. This is an example of

A) personal efficacy.
B) social comparison.
C) reflected appraisal.
D) the Thomas Theorem.

Question 64

A self-conception differs from a self-image in that the self-conception is more

A) accurate.
B) subjective.
C) long-term.
D) temporary.

Question 65

The Thomas Theorem states that

A) if something can go wrong, it will.
B) if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
C) work expands to fill the time available to complete it.
D) people rise to their level of incompetence.

Question 66

Nonverbal communication gestures

A) have universally accepted meanings.
B) ease cross-cultural communication problems.
C) are susceptible to cultural interpretations.
D) do not play much part in people's daily lives.

Question 67

Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat, she'll flunk her algebra test. She forgets her hat, and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam. This is an example of

A) the power of positive thinking.
B) the importance of self-concept.
C) definition of the situation.
D) egocentric bias.

Question 68

The looking-glass self is an ongoing mental process involving three phases with the last phase involving

A) imagining how a person appears to others.
B) imagining how others judge a person's appearance.
C) having an emotional reaction based on a perception of others' judgments.
D) viewing others as you imagine they probably view you.

Question 69

Noam Chomsky's observations of language suggest that

A) language will develop with or without input from others.
B) language does not involve any predisposition; it is a learned capacity.
C) human beings possess an inborn language-generating mechanism.
D) genetic factors play no role in language development.

Question 70

Cultural diversity in the workplace created a need for

A) understanding genetic differences in the development of language.
B) desensitizing workers regarding the nuances of language.
C) learning more effective verbal skills.
D) greater sensitivity among workers and supervisors regarding people's use of nonverbal communication.

Question 71

The self is formed

A) through interaction with others.
B) before birth.
C) from hereditary influences.
D) before communication is possible.

Question 72

The case of the boy with normal hearing but with deaf parents highlights the idea that

A) exposure to English-language television helps children learn to speak English.
B) isolation from language speakers does not prevent language development.
C) to learn a language, children must be able to interact with people in that language.
D) maturational factors are essential in the development of language.

Question 73

The only area where nonverbal communication may be universal in meaning is

A) hand gesturing.
B) proxemics.
C) touch.
D) some facial expressions.

Question 74

Personal efficacy is

A) one of the few social processes that is unaffected by the socialization process.
B) the belief that one cannot overcome environmental obstacles and achieve one's goals.
C) the belief that one can overcome obstacles and achieve one's goals.
D) a belief that does not require that one achieve things.

Question 75

Communication

A) is a nonessential feature of the socialization process.
B) allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible.
C) allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible.
D) includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another.

Question 76

Cooley's looking-glass self refers to

A) people's obsession with examining themselves in a mirror.
B) a process by which people view themselves as they believe others see them.
C) a process by which people mirror their views of others to them.
D) the process in which people "ape" the behavior of others around them.

Question 77

The looking-glass self involves

A) an objective definition of reality.
B) a subjective definition of reality.
C) a universal definition of reality.
D) no definition of reality.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT involved in self-esteem?

A) The perception of how others appraise us.
B) The comparison of our performance, ability, or other characteristics to those of others.
C) The idea that a situation defined as real can be real in its consequences.
D) The belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame.

Question 79

Some sociologists say that television and video game images must be defined and interpreted before they can influence behavior. These sociologists are most likely

A) functionalists.
B) conflict theorists.
C) symbolic interactionists.
D) social learning theorists.

Question 80

Research on communication suggests that the verbal contribution to the total impact of a message is approximately

A) 90 percent.
B) 50 percent.
C) 7 percent.
D) 1 percent.