Deck 2: The Founding and the Constitution

Question 1

Had the Constitution's framers voted in favor of the Virginia Plan, which provided for a bicameral legislature with representation based on their populations or the size of their contributions to national tax revenues, or both, where might most of the power have likely flowed?

A) To the centers of industry and commerce, large and small, most of them in the north
B) To large states, such as Virginia, the home of the plan's author, James Madison
C) To the southern slave states, large and small, given their agricultural export wealth
D) To small states with higher concentrations of industry and wealthy, elite class citizens

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Why did New England merchants seek support from radical factions in the American colonies?

A) They argued that if the British approved taxes without colonial representation, it would hurt all colonists.
B) British actions had undermined the merchants' alliance with other colonial elite groups, making it less effective.
C) British restrictions on colonists' moving westward would, they argued, soon hurt all colonists by slowing development.
D) The British government's granting of a monopoly on tea exports to the East India Company ended a formerly profitable business for the merchants.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was given the explicit power to appoint senior army officers, but not _____________.

A) any way of raising money with which to pay the officers
B) the power to build a standing army
C) the power to declare war
D) the power to regulate trade with Native Americans

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In treating states like independent countries, the Articles of Confederation encouraged states to _____________.

A) start frequent military skirmishes with each other over commercial disputes
B) ask the federal government to mediate their commerce-related disputes
C) undermine each other in the competition for foreign commerce
D) block others states' attempts to engage in foreign and interstate commerce

Question 5

Which proposal, offered by smaller states during the Constitutional Convention, argued each state should be equally represented regardless of its population?

A) The Virginia Plan
B) The Massachusetts Plan
C) The New Jersey Plan
D) The South Carolina Plan

Question 6

What was the primary concern of the Constitution of the Continental Congress of 1777?

A) Protecting life and property
B) Limiting the powers of the central government, and leaving power in the hands of states
C) Generating new tax revenues to help pay for stopping radical rebellions
D) Regulating trade among the colonies as well as imports and exports

Question 7

The Declaration of Independence was remarkable for its assertion of the idea that governments could not deprive citizens of the right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness," because this was an era when:

A) most elites considered property rights more important than happiness.
B) most monarchs considered themselves to be rulers by divine right.
C) only the most radical elements within colonial society agreed with this idea.
D) nearly all colonial elites, including Declaration writer Thomas Jefferson, owned slaves.

Question 8

The Declaration of Independence was a political as well as a philosophical document in its focus on:

A) the need for an expansion of human rights, which slave-owning delegates to the Second Continental Congress used as a strictly political means of gaining support throughout the colonies.
B) the need for government to have checks and balances in order to ensure political liberty for citizens.
C) grievances, goals, and principles that would unite disparate colonial factions against the British in the rebellion.
D) not only forging national unity, but also on winning international support in what promised to be a difficult war against the British.

Question 9

In the chain of events leading up to the American Revolution, radical forces grew more politically influential because colonial elites were split by:

A) disagreement over slavery.
B) British refusal to allow westward expansion.
C) the question of whether to remain loyal to the British crown.
D) British tax and trade policies.

Question 10

The agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention to adopt the proposal that gave each state an equal number of senators regardless of population but linked representation in the House of Representatives to population became known as the:

A) Boston Plan.
B) Virginia Plan.
C) Great Compromise.
D) Three-Fifths Compromise.

Question 11

In 2018, the five smallest states held roughly 1 percent of the seats in the U.S.House of Representatives and 10 percent of the seats in the U.S.Senate.These differing levels of representation of the five small states were the result of which decision during the Constitutional Convention?

A) The Three-Fourths Compromise
B) The Virginia Plan
C) The Three-Fifths Compromise
D) The Great Compromise

Question 12

The First Continental Congress was created in response to which of the following?

A) Immediate calls from colonial merchants for independence from Britain, after the passage of the Tea Act
B) The fears of the elite class that radical and populist elements were growing too powerful and destabilizing the colonies
C) An agreement with the British, lasting only temporarily, to allow colonists some limited means of controlling their own affairs
D) A series of provocations and retaliations between the British government and colonists in the wake of the Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party.

Question 13

During the winter of 1786-1787, John Adams of Massachusetts was sent to negotiate a new treaty with the British to cover disputes left over from the war.The British government responded that it would:

A) not negotiate, and demanded immediate payment.
B) require that the young country first agree to renegotiate terms of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Revolutionary War.
C) negotiate with each of the 13 states independently.
D) require war reparations before signing any new treaty.

Question 14

Revolutionary War veteran Daniel Shays led a mob in a rebellion against the Massachusetts government, with the goal of:

A) opening up western territories for expansion.
B) preventing foreclosures on farmers' lands during an economic downturn.
C) forcing the government to honor citizens' rights, as outlined in the Declaration of Independence.
D) forcing the national government to give pensions to Revolutionary War veterans during a time of economic turmoil.

Question 15

In organizing the Boston Tea Party of 1773, radical colonial interests succeeded in their hope of _____________, a hope not shared by newfound allies from the New England merchant class.

A) gaining agreement in the colonies on the need to seek independence from Britain
B) inciting pirate attacks on East India Company ships, and hurting British commerce
C) provoking the British into taking actions that would pave the way for colonial rebellion
D) immediately ceasing all taxation without colonial representation

Question 16

Why did Shays's rebellion enable collective action among elites of the colonies, ones who wanted to revise the Articles of Confederation?

A) It scared the country's remaining royal land and patent holders enough that they knew action had to be quickly taken.
B) The rebellion provided politicians who were already convinced of the Articles' inadequacy with the ammunition they needed to convince a broader public of the same.
C) The rebellion showed that the national government was now strong enough to quell an uprising, making the creation of a stronger central government a more attainable goal.
D) Shays introduced key figures in western Massachusetts to the concept of civil disobedience, which in turn caught on with opponents of the Articles across the country.

Question 17

One unforeseen consequence of the Revolutionary War was a weakening of the colonies' elite class.Many royalists, hit hard economically, left for Canada.This led to:

A) fewer persons in the colonies with the education needed to straighten out the country's troubled government.
B) the takeover of some state governments by radical factions, ones that aimed to punish established economic interests.
C) a hollowing out of the nation's centers of commerce and power.
D) several barely foiled attempts to overthrow the national government, as radical factions gained power in a few key states.

Question 18

The proposal to alter the Articles of Confederation by providing for a system of representation in the national legislature based on the population of each state, the proportion of each state's revenue contribution, or both was known as the:

A) Virginia Plan.
B) New Jersey Plan.
C) Maryland Plan.
D) Massachusetts Plan.

Question 19

The political significance of the Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise was to:

A) confirm the immorality of slavery.
B) ensure the power of established elites in the face of growing radical forces
C) ensure that the United States would continue to expand westward.
D) reinforce the unity of the North's mercantile forces and the South's planter forces.

Question 20

Besides the United States under the Articles of Confederation, what is another example of a confederate system of government in which the subunits of government retain sovereignty and virtually all government powers?

A) The United States under the original Constitution of 1787
B) The United States today, under constitutional amendments passed after the Civil War
C) The United Nations and its member states
D) The United Kingdom

Question 21

The power of federal judges to interpret the Constitution in cases that involve questions about federal law or the Constitution is referred to as:

A) judicial review.
B) stare decisis.
C) judicial oversight.
D) judicial sovereignty

Question 22

Which constitutional provision was intended to ensure popular control over the federal government?

A) Allowing each branch of government to participate in the activities of the other branches
B) Election of the president and vice president
C) Electing senators
D) Electing members of the House of Representatives every two years

Question 23

What was the most difficult issue faced by the framers of the Constitution?

A) Taxes
B) The status of Native American tribes
C) Slavery
D) Federal and state relations

Question 24

The upper house of Germany's parliament, the Bundesrat, has delegate members selected by their state (or Länder) governments, not elected members.How, in this manner, is the Bundesrat similar to the U.S.Senate, as originally envisioned by the Constitution's framers?

A) It is much like the original U.S.Senate; prior to direct election under the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were appointed by state legislatures.
B) It is not similar, since U.S.senators have always been directly elected by state voters.
C) It is only somewhat similar, since states held elections for senators, with formal state legislative certification of selection winners serving an Electoral College-like buffer function, in allowing senators to withstand democratic pressures.
D) It is much like the original U.S.Senate; prior to direct election under the Seventeenth Amendment, senators were originally appointed by state governors, in consultation with legislators.

Question 25

The presidential veto power over legislation, the power of the Senate to approve presidential appointments, and judicial review over acts of Congress and presidential actions are examples of the American political system's principle of:

A) federalism.
B) checks and balances.
C) separation of powers.
D) separated institutions sharing powers.

Question 26

In the system devised by the framers of the Constitution, sovereignty was vested in:

A) the federal government only.
B) state governments only.
C) both the federal and state governments.
D) the president.

Question 27

The Constitution grants the power to ratify treaties to the:

A) Senate.
C) House of Representatives.
B) Supreme Court.
D) Congress.

Question 28

The idea that the federal government can exercise only the powers specifically articulated in the Constitution is known as the doctrine of:

A) reserve powers.
B) expressed powers.
C) separation of powers.
D) implied powers.

Question 29

Compared to the confederation principle of the Articles of Confederation, federalism was a step toward:

A) greater centralization of power.
B) further decentralization of American government.
C) increasing the sovereignty of state governments.
D) weakening the power of the national government.

Question 30

Before a constitutional amendment led to direct election of U.S.senators, they were selected by:

A) the House of Representatives.
B) state legislatures.
C) the Electoral College.
D) state governors.

Question 31

Which government institution has the power to create inferior (lower) courts, change the jurisdiction of federal courts, add or subtract federal judges, and even change the size of the Supreme Court?

A) Congress
B) The Senate
C) The House of Representatives
D) The executive branch

Question 32

What was the main tool the framers of the Constitution used to insulate the president from excessively democratic pressures?

A) The ability to appoint federal judges for life terms, without congressional approval
B) An indirect election through the Electoral College.
C) The ability to issue executive orders to effect immediate policy change
D) The power to veto sections of legislation approved by Congress

Question 33

The issue of counting slaves for purposes of representation was settled by the:

A) Great Compromise.
B) Virginia Plan.
C) Three-Fifths Compromise.
D) Fifteenth Amendment, ratified after the Civil War.

Question 34

In Federalist 51, James Madison argued that the people ultimately control the government, but that experience has "taught mankind the necessity of auxiliary precautions." He thought these were needed to:

A) stop corruption and incompetence, something Congress could deal with through the impeachment and removal of elected officials.
B) deal with problems that could arise with new government.
C) act against ambition and power, and the flaws in human nature, that can lead to tyranny.
D) deal with problems related to having power vested in a legislative branch.

Question 35

The Constitution's Article VI asserts that the national government's laws, and all treaties between the United States and foreign countries, come before those adopted by any state.This has come to be known as the:

A) supremacy clause.
B) privilege and immunities clause.
C) full faith and credit clause.
D) necessary and proper clause.

Question 36

The framers of the Constitution worried that powerful leaders and institutions must be held accountable by other powerful leaders and institutions, which led them to adopt:

A) a formal bill of rights, to restrict the power of Congress through the federal judiciary.
B) an elaborate system of checks and balances, as well as a division and sharing of powers among the three branches of government.
C) a system of power sharing between the states and federal government, even with the national government being supreme.
D) the ideas of French political theorist Montesquieu, who the framers were all familiar with, about the then-untested concept of legislative bicameralism.

Question 37

A legislative assembly, such as Congress, that is divided into two chambers (or houses) is best described as:

A) a mixed regime.
B) unicameral.
C) a mixed legislature.
D) bicameral.

Question 38

To give federal judges some isolation from political pressure, the Constitution's framers:

A) ordered that federal judges be selected through a merit system.
B) ruled that judges cannot run for reelection at the end of their terms.
C) prohibited Congress from impeaching federal judges.
D) granted federal judges lifetime appointments to their offices.

Question 39

The terms of appointments for senators are staggered so that the terms of one-third of the senators expire every:

A) third year.
B) two years.
C) four years.
D) six years.

Question 40

Why might the delegates to the Constitutional Convention have rejected a motion to include a bill of rights in the Constitution?

A) The delegates thought rights should be guaranteed to the states, not to individual citizens.
B) The delegates thought that the federal government was already limited to its expressed powers, so a bill of rights was unnecessary.
C) The delegates were pressed for time and considered setting up a basic governmental framework to be vastly more important.
D) A bill of rights would have required granting equal rights to women, which the delegates found to be politically unsavory.

Question 41

A right to privacy, while recognized over time by federal judges, is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution.It can be said that such a right is protected under the Constitution, all the same, because:

A) the Supreme Court, which has the final say in interpreting the document, has said it is.
B) Congress decided that it was necessary and proper to give Americans privacy protections under federal law.
C) the Ninth Amendment asserts that a failure to mention a right does not mean it is not possessed by the people.
D) more democracy in America brought about a greater judicial concern with individual liberty, despite the fact that judges are appointed, and serve lifetime appointments.

Question 42

Congress can overturn a presidential veto only through:

A) a two-thirds vote in the Senate.
B) a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress.
C) a three-fourths vote in the House of Representatives.
D) a three-fourths vote in both houses of Congress.

Question 43

Imagine that states could still engage in unrelated commerce with foreign nations, as they could under the Articles of Confederation.Now, suppose an American president-going against the free trade-oriented, national economic policies of recent American history-placed steep tariffs on imports.What if a group of free trade-friendly states then sought an independent trade agreement with the affected countries? Why might this prove to be as much of a problem today as it was under the Articles?

A) Allowing states to negotiate trade agreements with foreign countries would bring with it the possibility that one state could try to undermine others in the competition for trade.
B) A poorly designed trade agreement could send the entire country into a recession, and not just affect the states that developed it.
C) A poorly designed agreement, and confusion over states' ability to handle oversight of its implementation, could easily send the country into war with a neighbor or foreign ally.
D) There would be no problem.If the states that sought the trade agreement cooperated with each other, they could overcome any damage done by presidential actions.

Question 44

Different constituencies elect senators and representatives, and they serve terms that are different in length, because the Constitution's framers:

A) modeled Congress on the British Parliament, which has the same differences between members of its two houses.
B) valued liberty, but feared that democratic participation could lead to a rule of the mob.
C) wanted top personnel within the new government to develop varying outlooks on governance, and wanted to allow diverse groups of people to have some influence in public policymaking.
D) did not trust legislators, given experiences with the takeover of state governments by radical interests in the postrevolutionary era.

Question 45

The Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol, and the Twenty-First Amendment, which repealed that prohibition, were unusual among constitutional amendments in that ____________________.

A) they dealt with social policy issues
B) they dealt with taxation
C) they imposed limitations on state government power
D) they were passed through a national convention

Question 46

The First Amendment to the Constitution was specifically concerned with limits on:

A) the courts.
B) Congress.
C) free speech and expression.
D) firearms.

Question 47

Why, despite the fact that the framers valued liberty above democracy, and even sought to protect liberty from a presumed tyranny of the mob, did the country quickly begin democratizing after the Constitution was ratified?

A) Because the Antifederalists sought and won the passage of a bill of rights
B) By guaranteeing citizens liberty, the framers virtually assured that they would seek more avenues of participation.
C) The courts' assumption of the power of judicial review eased fears of tyranny of the mob.
D) The framers allowed for the need for change through amendments, ones that quickly expanded democracy in the young republic.

Question 48

The decision of the Constitution's framers to allow federal judges, all unelected, to serve lifetime appointments demonstrated their concern with:

A) reflecting the ideas of French political theorist Montesquieu about balances of power.
B) giving the court enough independence to practice judicial review, as explicitly given the courts in the Constitution.
C) making sure that justice would be free from all political influence and bolstered as judges grew wiser and more experienced over time.
D) the excesses of democracy, as well as concern for guarding against political interference from other branches.

Question 49

At some point in a future America, Congress calls for new U.S.Constitutional Convention.Once it begins, delegates start hashing out a new amendment for dealing with immigration, still a crucial, divisive issue.There is only one major sticking point: In agreeing to a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants now living in the country, southwestern states want concessions.One, delegates from the region assert, is having half of their undocumented, nonvoting immigrant population count as citizens for the purposes of congressional redistricting.In response, states with higher metropolitan area populations, and larger numbers of nonvoting foreign nationals with work visas, want their representation boosted as well.The result of such a compromise would be more congressional representation and greater Electoral College representation for the more Democratic-leaning northeastern and far western states, and Republican-leaning southwestern states. How would this scenario echo the effects of the Three-Fifths Compromise of the existing U.S.Constitution?

A) It would not be similar, given that the undocumented immigrants and foreign nationals with work visas would not be held in bondage, despite their lack of voting eligibility.
B) Only somewhat, since the Three-Fifths Compromise had economic effects, such as keeping the southern states from developing an industrial and commercial economy, that would not be relevant today.
C) It would be similar in that the Three-Fifths Compromise gave the South more strength in Congress, as well as an Electoral College advantage.
D) It would be only somewhat similar, since it would not necessarily lead to the domination of Congress and the White House by people of one racial or ethnic group from one region.

Question 50

The purpose of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights was basically to give each of the three branches of government:

A) increased flexibility.
B) guidelines on how to actively expand citizens' liberty.
C) clearer and more restricted boundaries.
D) fewer opportunities to come into conflict with each other.

Question 51

A group known as the Antifederalists, including Richard Henry Lee and Patrick Henry of Virginia and George Clinton of New York, argued in writings against the new Constitution that:

A) the document was worth saving, but needed a dramatic overhaul, one that would grant the states more power.
B) the framers did an excellent job with most of the Constitution, but erred in giving so much power to the judiciary.
C) it was a step toward a monarchy and, as such, a betrayal of the American Revolution.
D) it had significant problems, but could be saved with inclusion of a bill of rights.

Question 52

Since 2010, a conservative organization based in Florida has been pushing, and won support from legislatures in more than half the states, for a national convention of the states in order to pass a balanced budget amendment, and possibly others.This would be unusual in American history, if successful, because:

A) it would likely lead to the creation of an entirely new constitution.
B) the one time a national convention was held, no proposed amendments won passage.
C) no amendment has ever been passed through a national convention.
D) Americans have come to see amendments as requiring democratic approval in the states.

Question 53

Although the national Constitution seems to limit federal power by its suggestion that any powers not explicitly given to the national government were denied it, the framers nonetheless gave the national government a broad grant of power through:

A) the principle of judicial review, which gave the judicial branch the final word in interpretation over the Constitution.
B) the necessary and proper clause, which asserted that Congress could pass any law it deemed needed to carry out its enumerated powers.
C) the reserved powers clause, which gave the federal government all powers not explicitly given to states.
D) giving the president enough powers to ensure that "energy in the executive" could overcome problems created by the separation of powers.

Question 54

The Constitution's framers designed this institution to be the closest, and most democratically responsive, to the people:

A) the Senate.
B) the House of Representatives
C) the presidency.
D) Congress.

Question 55

All American states have their own constitutions, ones that establish their institutional frameworks, much like the national Constitution.They are considered subordinate to the latter document, however, under:

A) the supremacy clause.
B) a series of early Supreme Court rulings.
C) the comity clause.
D) the principle of judicial review.

Question 56

During the Constitutional Convention, the motion to include a bill of rights was:

A) tabled at the insistence of a few of the most powerful delegates.
B) approved almost unanimously, on the day before the convention concluded.
C) never raised.
D) almost unanimously rejected.

Question 57

Except for one, all of the amendments that have been added to the Constitution have passed in:

A) the House and Senate by a two-thirds vote and then ratified by a majority vote of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states.
B) the Senate by a two-thirds vote and then ratified by conventions called for this purpose in two-thirds of the states.
C) a national convention called by the House in response to petitions by two-thirds of the states and then ratified by a majority vote of the legislatures of three-fourths of the states.
D) a national convention called by Congress in response to petitions by two-thirds of the states and then ratified by conventions called for this purpose in three-fourths of the states.

Question 58

The Constitution's framers decided to have senators appointed for six-year terms because:

A) they would not have to worry about reelection campaigns for several years, freeing them to take a long-term view of policymaking.
B) the Senate was asked to handle important deliberative duties, such as conformation of presidential appointments and treaty approval, that required more time and knowledge to handle.
C) the framers saw senators as more important than presidents or representatives, who were to serve shorter terms.
D) this would insulate the lawmakers from what they called "excessive democracy."

Question 59

On his last full day in office in 2016, President Barack Obama commuted the sentences of 330 federal inmates, most of them drug offenders who he felt were serving overly harsh sentences.His actions were an example:

A) the president's right to grant unconditional reprieves and pardons of federally convicted persons.
B) how presidents give orders to the executive branch, including federal prisons.
C) how presidents sometimes exercise veto power over congressionally written sentencing rules and guidelines.
D) how presidents may act only when fully free of any democratic or public pressure.

Question 60

For Congress to send an amendment to the Constitution to state legislatures or to ratifying conventions for approval, it must pass in:

A) either the House or Senate with a simple majority.
B) both the House and Senate with a three-fourths majority.
C) either the House or Senate with a two-thirds majority.
D) both the House and Senate with a two-thirds majority.

Question 61

Under the Articles of Confederation, the nation's armed forces were composed of the state militias.

Question 62

In the absence of an amendment, any power not specifically enumerated in the Constitution is conceived to be reserved to the national government.

Question 63

Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government was based entirely in Congress.

Question 64

The Constitution grants the president the unconditional power to accept ambassadors from other countries.

Question 65

Federal judges are given lifetime appointments.

Question 66

Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress was given power to declare war and make peace.

Question 67

Under the Constitution as originally ratified, U.S.senators were to be appointed by state legislatures.

Question 68

The Constitution makes no direct mention of judicial review.

Question 69

Why, a few years before the Constitutional Convention was held, had delegates from five states called on Congress to, at a later time, send commissioners to Philadelphia to make adjustments to the Articles of Confederation?

A) The country's elites had been shocked into action by Shays's Rebellion, in which an angry mob of farmers almost took over Massachusetts's state government offices.
B) Recent experience had shown that the national government was now strong enough to make the creation of a stronger central government an attainable goal.
C) The new nation's weak international position and domestic problems, linked to a weak central government, and radicals gaining control in some states as elites declined.
D) The Articles of Confederation, although working fairly well, had been hastily put together after the Revolution, and just needed updating.

Question 70

Since the Bill of Rights' ratification, thousands of amendments to the Constitution have been proposed, but only 15 have been added.Why have so few made it past the finish line?

A) The overwhelming majority of proposals dealt with social policy issues, while those ultimately accepted dealt with the structure or composition of government.
B) Not only is the amendment process challenging, but established procedures and institutions are hard to change once people have a vested interest in defending the status quo.
C) The Constitution's framers included just enough vague wording in the document to leave it open to almost any interpretation over time.
D) Consensus against changing the Constitution has been built among the nation's elites and leadership over time.

Question 71

The division of power, created by the Constitution, between a strong central government and sovereign state governments, is known as:

A) checking and balancing.
B) federalism.
C) the separation of powers.
D) bicameralism.

Question 72

Staggered terms of service in the Senate were intended to make that body even more politically responsive to popular opinion.

Question 73

Delegates from large states, such as Pennsylvania, were able to manipulate the procedures at the Constitutional Convention in order to achieve final adoption of the Virginia Plan with negligible amendment.

Question 74

The Three-Fifths Compromise gave the South an advantage in the Electoral College.

Question 75

Three of the Constitution's framers-James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay-wrote, under the pseudonym "Publius," a series of essays in favor of the new document in order to:

A) provide a practical guide to the new Constitution for the country's voters.
B) warn the public about some of the excesses of the new document, something they could not do under their real names.
C) let the leaders of foreign countries know that the young republic was getting its house in order, and was open for safe investment.
D) defend the Constitution's principles and help dispel the fears that the new government would be tyrannical.

Question 76

The bulk of the 15 amendments that have won ratification since the Bill of Rights have dealt with:

A) defining eligibility for voting in national elections, something left out of the original Constitution.
B) further restrictions on or definition of the boundaries of federal government power.
C) voting and elections.
D) reductions in state power.

Question 77

The Constitution grants the Supreme Court the unconditional right to grant reprieves and pardons.

Question 78

The Constitution implies that any power not explicitly granted to the federal government is not granted at all.

Question 79

Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of the executive branch was appointed through a nomination and voting process of the assembled delegates in the Electoral College.

Question 80

Under the Articles of Confederation, each state was represented in the Continental Congress in proportion to its population.