Deck 8: Two-Group Design: Texting: I Cant Get You Out of My Mind

Question 1

Temporal precedence is established by showing that changes in the suspected cause occur _____ changes in the outcome.

A) before
B) at the same time as
C) after
D) regardless of

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Some recent research has revealed that arguing with your spouse before a big event results in less satisfaction and enjoyment at the respective event. In this experiment, which variable must have occurred first in order to ensure temporal precedence?

A) bad mood
B) satisfaction
C) big event
D) argument with spouse

Answer 2

D

Question 3

For a researcher to have confidence in his/her results, the level of internal validity should:

A) vary.
B) be high.
C) be low.
D) not matter.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

If you were a researcher interested in examining whether high levels of trait anxiety cause greater interpersonal difficulties with others you would need to conduct a(n):

A) interview.
B) survey.
C) experiment.
D) observational study.

Question 5

An important condition for establishing causation is covariation. This is:

A) a statistical measure of the magnitude of the difference between variables among comparison groups.
B) the degree to which a study parallels the real world.
C) the degree to which researchers can rule out other possible causal explanations for an observed relationship.
D) when changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.

Question 6

Dr. Nash is examining whether various cultural groups implement more authoritarian parenting styles in the discipline of their children than other parenting styles. In an effort to answer this research question, Dr. Nash utilizes a stratified random sample of parents from four different cultural groups and asks these parents to complete a self-report measure on their parenting style. Some groups will be randomly selected to view a video regarding appropriate discipline practices and other groups will just be asked to complete the surveys. In this study, _____ would be considered the independent variable and _____ would be identified as the dependent variable.

A) age of parents; parenting style
B) number of children; cultural group classification
C) parenting style; cultural group classification
D) cultural group classification; parenting style

Question 7

The existence of covariation tells us:

A) that one variable causes changes in another variable.
B) that two variables are associated with each other.
C) that two variables are not associated with each other.
D) that one variable is not responsible for changes in another variable.

Question 8

A factor other than the intended treatment that may change the outcome variable is known as:

A) covariation.
B) an extraneous variable.
C) internal validity.
D) temporal precedence.

Question 9

Each of the following is required in a true experiment, EXCEPT:

A) experimental control.
B) a pretest and posttest measurement.
C) random assignment.
D) temporal precedence.

Question 10

If you were interested in empirically testing whether the saying, "More money, more problems" is true, which variable would you expect to see change first in order to establish temporal precedence?

A) money
B) problems
C) neither, they would have to change at the same time
D) neither, because money and problems are not related

Question 11

Dr. Kinder is studying _____, and the most appropriate means of answering this research question would be to use an experimental research design.

A) the relationship between height and shoe size
B) the effect of caffeine on attention
C) the role of gender on athleticism
D) the relationship between head circumference and intelligence

Question 12

If Dr. Ryan, a social psychologist, was investigating the relationship between temperature and participants' moods, an example of an extraneous variable would be:

A) how hot it is in the study room.
B) how cold it is in the study room.
C) self-reports of how happy or sad one feels.
D) the time of day the study takes place.

Question 13

Internal validity is a characteristic of which type of study?

A) observational studies
B) correlations
C) experiments
D) interviews

Question 14

Assume you are studying the effect of retinal light exposure on the human blinking response. In designing this study, you need to identify the experimental variable being manipulated. Which is likely the experimental variable being manipulated in this study?

A) age of individual
B) attention
C) retinal light exposure
D) blinking rate

Question 15

Dr. Burgess is studying _____, and the most appropriate means of answering this research question would be to use a nonexperimental research design.

A) the influence of weight lifting on aggression
B) the impact of snacking on weight gain
C) the impact of alcohol consumption on behavioral inhibition
D) the relationship between extraversion and number of friends

Question 16

Distinguish which of the following is NOT a benefit that experimental designs offer over nonexperimental designs?

A) They establish a causal relationship.
B) They lead to greater internal validity.
C) They control for extraneous variables.
D) They lead to greater generalizability.

Question 17

Dr. Berry is interested in understanding whether eating carbohydrates impacts energy level and distance swum during swim meets. In her study, _____ is manipulated and _____ is measured.

A) age of swimmers; distance swum
B) distance swam; ingestion of carbohydrates
C) ingestion of carbohydrates; distance swum
D) weight; years of swimming experience

Question 18

Wanda is a dance teacher who wants to investigate whether room color affects students' memories of complex choreography. She teaches two identical classes, one in a blue room and one in a red room. In this study, the independent variable is _____, whereas the dependent variable is _____.

A) room color; memory of choreography
B) memory of choreography; room color
C) room color; type of dance class
D) type of dance class; memory of choreography

Question 19

An experimenter _____ the independent variable and _____ the dependent variable.

A) varies; manipulates
B) measures; varies
C) manipulates; measures
D) measures; manipulates

Question 20

In an experiment examining whether taking care of a plant leads to greater longevity in an elderly nursing home population, taking care of a plant would be considered the _____ variable and longevity of life would be considered the _____ variable.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) dependent; control
D) control; independent

Question 21

When asked to conduct an experiment for his Research Methods class, Santiago had 10 of his friends self-report on the frequency of their exposure to movie violence, as well as their typical level of aggression. Based on his results he concluded that watching violent movies causes people to be more aggressive. Santiago's teacher tells him that he has failed to conduct an experimental study. Why wouldn't this study be considered an experiment?

A) Santiago fails to establish covariation, which is a criterion for causation.
B) There is no control group.
C) Self-report measures are unreliable.
D) This study is unable to assess gender differences in aggression.

Question 22

Quinn asked his instructor, "in an experiment, what group is compared to the experimental group to determine causation?" Quinn's instructor responds the:

A) simple group.
B) null group.
C) variable group.
D) control group.

Question 23

Another common term for a "simple experiment" is:

A) matched-pair design.
B) two-group design.
C) multifactorial design.
D) quasi-experimental design.

Question 24

If Emmanuel is concerned about social desirability bias having an impact on his results, he should choose to use which of the following?

A) a self-report measure for the independent variable
B) a behavioral measure for the independent variable
C) a self-report measure for the dependent variable
D) a behavioral measure for the dependent variable

Question 25

The most basic way to establish cause and effect is with a(n):

A) two-group research design.
B) correlation.
C) interview.
D) observational study.

Question 26

If you were conducting an experiment examining the impact of sleep deprivation on physical ability, which of the following would be an appropriate operational definition of sleep deprivation?

A) being without sleep for more than 24 hours
B) getting more than 8 hours of sleep the night before the study
C) participants' self-reported amount of sleep the night before
D) the average amount of sleep Americans get in a given night

Question 27

Logan is studying for an upcoming psychology exam and is having difficulty understanding the differences between the experimental and control conditions of a given experiment. Logan should remember that participants in the experimental condition:

A) also participate in the control condition.
B) are exposed to all of the same variables as the control condition with the addition of the experimental variable.
C) are not exposed to any of the control condition variables.
D) are exposed to a completely different set of variables than the control condition.

Question 28

In a study examining the impact of dietary supplements on weight loss, an experimenter would manipulate _____ and measure _____.

A) participants' weight loss; dietary supplement use
B) participants' use of dietary supplements; weight loss
C) participants' use of dietary supplements; well-being
D) participants' weight loss; daily caloric intake

Question 29

Lila is interested in examining the hypothesis that women who wear more makeup tend to be greeted with more eye contact and smiles from others. In her study female participants in the experimental group are those who are assigned to _____, while female participants in the control group are assign to _____.

A) smile more; smile less
B) make less eye contact; make more eye contact
C) wear makeup; not wear any makeup
D) make more eye contact; wear makeup

Question 30

Professor Tompkins notices that rats run quickly through a maze when exposed to loud noise. Which of the following is necessary to transform this observation into a two-group experimental design?

A) multiple comparison conditions where rats run through mazes while exposed to several different volumes of noise
B) multiple rats to observe running through the maze with loud noise
C) a control condition where rats run through a maze without exposure to loud noise
D) a subjective way to measure how fast a rat runs

Question 31

Riya is examining whether exposure to sunlight will minimize the depressive symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). Her study design requires participants to sit outside in direct sunlight rather than use sunlamps because this gives her study more:

A) mundane realism.
B) statistical significance.
C) internal validity.
D) experimental control.

Question 32

Dr. Rice is presenting a lecture to his social psychology class and discusses an example from his own research. Dr. Rice noted that in a recent experimental study he conducted, internal validity was high due to _____ of experimental control was utilized for the study. The _____ experimental control a study has the greater internal validity it has.

A) the high degree; more
B) little regulation; more
C) the lack; less
D) the non-applicability; less

Question 33

Gordon and Jeannette were paired to work as a team on their research methods project. They are very interested in examining the variable of test anxiety, with specific attention paid to the extent the study resembles test anxiety in the classroom or natural environment. Gordon and Jeannette are primarily interested in their study's:

A) mundane realism.
B) control group.
C) internal validity.
D) concurrent validity.

Question 34

For which of the following would a two-group experimental research design be appropriate?

A) a study examining the effect of high- and low-mortality salience on risk taking
B) an examination of the attachment styles of a mother and her three children
C) an investigation of the developmental differences between children raised by one parent versus both parents
D) interviews of returning soldiers aimed at assessing PTSD risk

Question 35

An experimenter conducts a study to examine whether caffeine improves performance on an IQ test. Which of the following represents what happens in the control condition?

A) Participants drink a caffeinated beverage while testing.
B) Participants do not drink a caffeinated beverage while testing.
C) Participants are incentivized to do their best on the IQ test.
D) Participants are incentivized to do their worst on the IQ test.

Question 36

Why do researchers often choose to conduct experiments in a laboratory?

A) It is cheaper than conducting experiments in their natural environments.
B) It is easier than conducting experiments in their natural environments.
C) It increases control over experimental manipulations.
D) Experiments can only be conducted in the laboratory.

Question 37

How would you increase the mundane realism of a study examining the effect of alcohol consumption on driving ability?

A) Use self-report measures of drinking and driving.
B) Get feedback from informants on past driving ability while impaired.
C) Test participants in a driving simulator after drinking alcohol.
D) Have participants drive real cars while pretending to be under the influence of alcohol.

Question 38

Marcus is interested in examining whether attending preschool makes children more extraverted. In designing a study to examine this relationship, which of the following would NOT be a potential extraneous variable?

A) the personalities of participants' classmates
B) the age at which one starts school
C) the personalities of participants' parents
D) whether the participant attends preschool

Question 39

Rebekah has volunteered for a study to earn extra credit for her sociology class. All Rebekah knows is that the study is examining eating habits and social engagement. Rebekah answers a variety of questions regarding herself, including her typical eating habits and social activities. Rebekah is instructed to continue engaging in her normal habits for the next two weeks with no changes. Rebekah is unaware she has been randomly assigned to the control group of the study. Her data and other participants' data in the control group:

A) receive the experimental manipulation.
B) will be observed directly by the experimenter
C) serve as the baseline for comparison.
D) will serve as outcome data for future random assignment.

Question 40

In experimental studies examining the effectiveness of new medications, researchers often administer a placebo (an inactive substance that should have no medical effect on the participant). Giving a placebo to participants in the control condition increases:

A) external validity.
B) internal validity.
C) independence.
D) extraneous variables.

Question 41

Dante is investigating whether smoking affects mental clarity. Which of the following participants would be an appropriate matched-pair for an individual who is a regular smoker?

A) someone who has never smoked
B) someone who socially smokes about once a month
C) someone who smokes daily
D) someone who recently quit smoking

Question 42

Which of the following is an acceptable manner for randomly assigning participants to groups?

A) allowing participants to self-select into condition
B) separating by gender
C) assigning by age
D) flipping a coin

Question 43

An experimental hypothesis identifies and predicts how the:

A) independent variable influences the dependent variable.
B) dependent variable influences the independent variable.
C) control group influences the experimental group.
D) experimental group influences the control group.

Question 44

The _____ hypothesis is a clear and specific prediction of how the independent variable will influence the dependent variable.

A) null
B) experimental
C) continuous
D) control

Question 45

As the number of participants tested at the same time during an experimental test session increases, the independence of a study:

A) stays the same.
B) decreases.
C) increases.
D) varies unpredictably.

Question 46

A self-report measure may be inappropriate when the experimenter has concerns about:

A) covariation.
B) mundane realism.
C) external validity.
D) social desirability bias.

Question 47

What is the goal of random assignment?

A) to create two samples that are roughly equal
B) to create two samples that are not equal
C) to create two different studies to be addressed
D) to create two populations that are not equal

Question 48

In order to increase the generalizability of his results, Diego may want to try replicating his study using:

A) a convenience sample.
B) more control.
C) additional extraneous variables.
D) a sample more representative of the population.

Question 49

Professor Montgomery is interested in testing the utility of a new teaching technique but is worried that individual differences between her students' levels of comprehension of the course material may affect her outcomes. How might she reduce this concern?

A) Use random sampling.
B) Use random assignment.
C) Use another professor's students.
D) Examine only students who are already doing well in the class.

Question 50

A sign of a strong and empirically sound research study is when other researchers are able to successfully _____ the previous study.

A) confirm bias regarding
B) identify covariates in
C) use confederates from
D) replicate the findings of

Question 51

A sensitive measure is one that:

A) is more likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control groups.
B) participants are likely to be deceived by.
C) is less likely to detect a difference between the experimental and control groups.
D) mirrors conditions in the real world.

Question 52

How might a researcher ensure that a study has independence?

A) Run participants one at a time.
B) Use a convenience sample.
C) Replicate previous findings.
D) Run a pilot study.

Question 53

Convenience samples have each of the following benefits, EXCEPT:

A) they are representative of the population.
B) they are readily available.
C) they are inexpensive.
D) they are easy to use.

Question 54

If in a given study we want to address test performance then each of the following makes a measure more sensitive, EXCEPT:

A) adding more questions.
B) removing questions.
C) making the rating scale more diverse.
D) making questions more difficult.

Question 55

Which of the following represents a nondirectional hypothesis?

A) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a negative impact on his course evaluations.
B) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have a positive impact on his course evaluations.
C) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will have some type of impact on his course evaluations.
D) Professor Nils believes that bringing donuts to his class will not have an impact on his course evaluations.

Question 56

In a _____ design, the researcher creates a set of two participants who are highly similar on a key trait and then randomly assigns these individuals to different groups.

A) matched-pair
B) completely randomized
C) randomized block
D) self-selected

Question 57

The _____ sensitive a measure is, the _____ ability it has to detect a difference between the experimental and control group.

A) more; less
B) less; greater the
C) more; more
D) less; more

Question 58

Laurin and Aisha are designing an experiment investigating depressive symptoms. In an effort to increase objectivity Laurin and Aisha use a _____ measure of depressive symptoms.

A) true-false
B) multiple choice
C) short answer
D) essay

Question 59

Laci's recent cumulative history exam needed to be long enough to address the various concepts taught, but short enough to be completed in a single class period. Which of the following tests would have the greatest sensitivity to detect an effect?

A) a test with 1 question
B) a test with 5 questions
C) a test with 25 questions
D) a test with 50 questions

Question 60

A _____ hypothesis states that experimental and control groups are expected to be different, whereas a _____ hypothesis states which way groups are expected to vary.

A) directional; nondirectional
B) directional; null
C) nondirectional; directional
D) nondirectional; null

Question 61

Independent samples t-tests compare _____ groups.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 62

Perhaps some of the most important information recorded in the researcher notes for identification purposes are the:

A) date of experiment and researcher's name.
B) condition assignment and date of experiment.
C) participant ID and condition assignment.
D) researcher's name and participant ID.

Question 63

Gustave is testing whether participants are more likely to comply with a request from an individual wearing a uniform than from someone in more casual clothes. Which of the following questions would be an appropriate manipulation check or measure to help determine if the independent variable was appropriately administered for his study?

A) Did someone ask you for a request?
B) What did the requester ask you to do?
C) How did you feel in response to the request?
D) What was the requester wearing?

Question 64

The independent samples t-test compares:

A) the variance of the control group with the variance of the experimental group.
B) the standard deviation of the control group with the standard deviation of the experimental group.
C) the mean of the control group with the mean of the experimental group.
D) the mean of the control group with the mean of the null group.

Question 65

Kimberly wants to know whether running on a treadmill leads to more weight loss than running outside. To test this hypothesis, she randomly assigns participants to either run on a treadmill or run on an outdoor trail. She then measures their weight loss. Would it be appropriate for her to analyze her data using an independent samples t-test?

A) No, because she is measuring a naturally occurring relationship.
B) Perhaps, but only if she has an adequate number of participants.
C) No, because she fails to manipulate the independent variable.
D) Yes, because this is a two-group experimental design.

Question 66

When would using an independent samples t-test be appropriate?

A) when the experimenter has more than two levels of the dependent variable
B) when the experimenter has more than two levels of the independent variable
C) when the experimenter is able to prove covariation
D) when the experimenter uses a control condition

Question 67

The use of a confederate in a study is helpful because a confederate will:

A) be from another university.
B) be an unknowing participant.
C) be a difficult participant whose data must ultimately be removed before analyses.
D) be an accomplice to the experimenter and know how to treat all participants the same.

Question 68

Researcher notes are:

A) the magnitude of the difference observed between experimental and control groups.
B) a collection of comments that document any abnormalities that occurred during the study.
C) a record of the degree to which the research setting influenced participants' behavior.
D) the researcher's belief about how much the experiment resembles a real-world setting.

Question 69

Researchers' notes during an experiment should report any experiences relevant to the participants and therefore assist in all of the following EXCEPT:

A) minimize alternative explanations.
B) document abnormalities.
C) increase the impact of extraneous variables.
D) identify issues that arose during data collection that should be considered.

Question 70

Virtual reality has been used to increase _____ and helps to make a study feel as real as possible.

A) temporal precedence
B) covariation
C) experimental realism
D) internal validity

Question 71

Valentino is a health psychologist who is working on a campaign to encourage people to take the stairs instead of the elevator. He places information in the elevators in his building. In one location the information highlights the negative consequences of taking the elevator. In another location, the information highlights the positive consequences of taking the stairs. He then measures how many people change their behavior at each location. What measure could Valentino include as a manipulation check?

A) a self-report of participants' typical level of physical activity
B) a questionnaire asking about the content of the poster in their location
C) informant measures of participants' activity level outside of work
D) measures of daily caloric intake

Question 72

Juanita recruits participants for a study examining the impact of adrenaline on attraction. In her study she randomly assigns participants to either receive a placebo injection or an injection of adrenaline. All participants then rate the desirability of potential romantic partners. Juanita is conducting a(n) _____ and the appropriate statistical test is a(n) _____.

A) correlation; ANOVA
B) three-group experiment; independent samples t-test
C) two-group experiment; independent samples t-test
D) observational study; correlation

Question 73

Confederates can be used to increase:

A) effect size.
B) independence.
C) experimental control.
D) covariation.

Question 74

_____ is the extent to which the research setting influences the participant's behavior.

A) Temporal precedence
B) Covariation
C) Internal validity
D) Experimental realism

Question 75

When entering data into a statistical computer program like SPSS, the key difference between experimental data and survey data is:

A) the inclusion of a column for the independent variable.
B) the inclusion of a column for the dependent variable.
C) the inclusion of a row for the independent variable.
D) the inclusion of a row for the dependent variable.

Question 76

Charles works at a newspaper as a fact-checker. His job is to verify claims to ensure that any conclusions made by the reporters are, based on a given set of ever-changing daily news events, correct. Charles is the metaphorical _____ of the newspaper.

A) manipulation check
B) measure of effect size
C) internal validity
D) check of mundane realism

Question 77

An independent samples t-test that fails to reach statistical consequence indicates that:

A) the hypothesis has been proven true.
B) the hypothesis has been proven false.
C) there is not enough evidence to prove that the groups are significantly different.
D) the opposite of the hypothesis has been proven true.

Question 78

Isabel would like for her experiment to have as much experimental realism as possible. Accordingly, when examining the impact of fear on memory, she uses _____ to induce participants' fear.

A) pictures of a snake
B) a video of a snake
C) an actual snake
D) visualization of a snake

Question 79

For which of the following would an independent samples t-test be most appropriate?

A) examining the performance difference between participants who took an SAT preparation class and participants who did not
B) investigating psychological adjustment following the loss of a loved one
C) a cognitive study examining the difference in three different types of memory aids
D) examining whether one's astrological sign predicts well-being

Question 80

_____ is a measure that helps determine whether the modification effectively changed (or varied) the independent variable across conditions.

A) Experimental realism
B) Effect size
C) Manipulation check
D) Random assignment