Deck 6: Observational Research: the Many Forms of Discipline in Parents Bag of Tricks

Question 1

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may introduce:

A) multiple options.
B) behavioral traces.
C) introspection.
D) restriction of options.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Corporal punishment results in:

A) delayed compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) lower levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

When a parent communicates the rationale for a rule and the subsequent consequences of the child's actions, the parent is most likely using what form of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which describes the common and accepted practice of conceptually defining terms for research?

A) making up new definitions not based on the literature
B) not checking literature for existing definitions
C) using previously existing definitions from the literature
D) developing a vague and broad definition of terms

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of observational research?

A) increase in Cohen's d
B) identify key factors related to phenomenon
C) identify connections between variables of interest
D) assist in formulation of theories

Question 6

Which observational method is more prone to demand characteristics and social desirability affects?

A) participant observation
B) laboratory observation
C) naturalistic observation
D) systematic observation

Question 7

Luella has a 2-year-old son and a 4-year-old daughter. When in the presence of her parents she is likely to _____ the number of problematic behaviors of her children according to the principle of social desirability.

A) underreport
B) overreport
C) not report
D) challenge

Question 8

Developing a research question to determine what a person feels, thinks, or does would be best suited for:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) quasi-experimental research.

Question 9

Mark is a 24-year-old male college student. Given the principle of social desirability as it relates to having a higher number of sexual partners, Mark is likely to _____ the number of sexual partners he has had in the last year.

A) underreport
B) overreport
C) to not report
D) to challenge

Question 10

Which of the following scenarios would be best suited for descriptive research?

A) providing positive feedback to one group of students and negative feedback to another group of students to observe their subsequent behaviors
B) conducting home visit observations and in-depth parent interviews to determine why certain behavior problems exist for students
C) dividing students in classrooms based on their IQ and then implementing a certain teaching style
D) interviewing teachers regarding problem behaviors in their classrooms

Question 11

Sarah's mother does not communicate the reasons behind her actions, but rather uses corporal punishment or another immediate punishment to discipline Sarah. Sarah's mother most likely falls into what category of discipline?

A) nonaggressive power assertion
B) induction
C) aggressive power assertion
D) aggression power compliance

Question 12

Which of the following is the best description of a parent engaging in authoritative parenting?

A) Raul's parents are warm and affectionate, but tend to have high expectations for Raul.
B) Tony's parents are warm and affectionate, but have very few, if any, expectations for Tony.
C) Ada's parents are neither warm nor affectionate and have very few, if any, expectations for Ada.
D) Ruben's parents are not warm and affectionate, but have very high expectations for Ruben.

Question 13

Gershoff and colleagues (2010) found that:

A) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to less anxiety.
B) the implementation of time-out was significantly related to less anxiety.
C) the expression of disappointment was not significantly related to child aggression.
D) the implementation of corporal punishment was significantly related to greater anxiety.

Question 14

Developing a research question to explore why a person feels, thinks, or behaves in a particular way is best addressed by:

A) descriptive research.
B) experimental research.
C) correlational research.
D) observational research.

Question 15

Research practices that utilize behavioral choice may inflate a(n):

A) ecological validity.
B) artificial environment.
C) behavioral traces.
D) introspection.

Question 16

Corporal punishment results in:

A) immediate compliance.
B) less aggression.
C) higher levels of moral internalization.
D) improved parent-child relationships.

Question 17

Deliberately making children misbehave to observe parental reactions would be a(n) _____ research behavior.

A) ethical
B) unethical
C) moral
D) fitting

Question 18

Self-report measures afford the ability to obtain data through:

A) real-time interval sampling.
B) accurate predictions of future behaviors.
C) introspection.
D) observable behaviors.

Question 19

The deliberate infliction of pain by physical force for the purpose of discipline best describes:

A) disappointment.
B) corporal punishment.
C) time-out.
D) shaming.

Question 20

When devising your research question, it is important to have clear:

A) differentiation of authorship.
B) conceptual definitions of terms.
C) designation of duties of lab assistants.
D) grant funding.

Question 21

Kelvin and Maurene are both in a childhood development class and were asked by the instructor to complete an observation project. Kelvin and Maurene predetermined the behaviors they were interested in observing prior to entering the first-grade classroom on Monday morning. Kelvin and Maurene watched the first-grade classroom activity through a one-way mirror. Kelvin and Maurene are conducting a:

A) laboratory observation.
B) sleep study.
C) analogue study.
D) naturalistic observation.

Question 22

Dr. Reef wanted to study relationship break-ups in natural settings. She enlisted several of her research assistants to recruit couples for the study. She fully disclosed the goals of the study to one of the individuals in the couple and only told the other individual that the study was focused on relationships. Dr. Reef devised "natural" scenarios where a break-up would occur and gained permission from both parties to observe. Dr. Reef was not fully honest with both participants for the sake of her research question, but the deception may not have been justifiable. Which of the following is true?

A) Dr. Reef's research used active deception ethically.
B) Dr. Reef's research used active deception unethically.
C) Dr. Reef's research used nonconcealment efforts unethically.
D) Dr. Reef's research used concealment efforts ethically.

Question 23

Adrianne was cast on a reality baking competition show. Adrianne went fairly far in the competition, which recently aired. Adrianne's mother noted that she looked much more nervous and looked directly at the cameras more frequently during the first two episodes compared to the later episodes. During later episodes Adrianne appeared much more comfortable and "in the zone" during the baking challenges. What explains Adrianne's behavior?

A) Adrianne's reactivity decreased.
B) Adrianne's reactivity increased.
C) Adrianne's bias increased.
D) Adrianne's became aware of active deception.

Question 24

If concealment efforts are deemed justifiable and acceptable for the purposes of the specific research question, which setting would be considered an ethical medium for obtaining the data?

A) hiding under someone's bed in their dorm room
B) sitting on a bench in a community park
C) installing hidden cameras in a bathroom
D) audio recording conversations in retail store fitting rooms

Question 25

You are socializing with your friends Rolanda and Zackary. Another couple who you don't know, Alyse and Tyn, joins the gathering. You see Rolanda and Zackary discipline their son with a tap on the hand for sticking his fingers in the potato salad and you see Alyse and Tyn discipline their daughter by tapping her bottom for throwing the potato salad. You react with harsher judgment to the punishment by Alyse and Tyn than to the punishment by Rolanda and Zackary. One potential reason for this discrepancy could be:

A) social desirability.
B) observer bias.
C) artificiality.
D) external validity.

Question 26

Dr. Soto aims to improve the ecological validity of her future studies. She plans on addressing many study aspects, but notes that increasing which of the following would help her improve ecological validity?

A) artificiality of setting
B) computer-based programming
C) real-life materials
D) demand characteristics

Question 27

A 2008 study examining discipline practices among mothers and fathers suggests:

A) discipline practices of mothers do not influence how the father disciplines the children.
B) discipline practices of single mothers do not influence discipline practices of single fathers.
C) discipline practices of mothers influence how the father disciplines the children.
D) discipline practices of single fathers influence discipline practices of single mothers.

Question 28

Dr. Yanira is an education specialist and has begun observing various schools throughout the county. Dr. Yanira randomly selected a private school in the area with the highest per-capita income to be her first school observation. She decided to base her request for budget, school supplies, and school lunches, among many other things, on that single observation. What is the main issue with her results from that single observation?

A) low ecological validity
B) low external validity
C) high internal reliability
D) observer bias

Question 29

Concealment studies tend to drastically reduce issues with all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) ecological validity.
B) reactivity.
C) deception.
D) social desirability.

Question 30

Dr. Norris's research samples generally include young white men and women under the age of 30 years old. Choose a limitation of Dr. Norris's research based on this information.

A) internal validity
B) concurrent validity
C) content validity
D) external validity

Question 31

Dr. LeCrane is initiating a naturalistic observation of children and their parents. Which of the following is NOT absolutely necessary to continue with the naturalistic observation study?

A) informed consent
B) coding system
C) research protocol
D) approval from the institutional review board

Question 32

Dr. Izmen decided to conduct research multiple nights at the county fair. He decided to observe patrons on both weeknights and weekends, as well as in the afternoon, early evening, and late evening. He had research assistants throughout the fair, at different booths, noting observations about parenting behaviors and romantic relationship behaviors. He was able to collect data on a diverse sample in age, ethnicity, sex, and socioeconomic status. Dr. Izmen's study has:

A) high external validity.
B) low external validity.
C) lack of representativeness.
D) observer bias.

Question 33

Dr. Keefer is skeptical of using laboratory observation designs as he knows they are susceptible to both _____ and social desirability.

A) demand characteristics
B) natural behaviors
C) interviewer bias
D) personality characteristics

Question 34

If you were conducting a research study on parent-child interactions, which of the following would be the best operational definition for the term "child"?

A) someone younger than 18 years still living at home
B) someone between the ages of 2 years and 17 years old
C) someone between the ages of 13 years and 17 years old
D) someone younger than 25 years still living at home

Question 35

Terence is a graduate student studying the behavior of canines. He is currently developing a study in which he wants to carefully, and with precise control, introduce various stimuli into the canines' environment and observe their reactions. Terence's mentor recommends the following observational method:

A) analogue observation
B) laboratory observation
C) naturalistic observation
D) participant observation

Question 36

In most nonconcealed observations it is best to use _____ disclosure.

A) full
B) partial
C) nonexistent
D) comprehensive

Question 37

Researchers may experience several difficulties when engaging in participant observation. Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with participant observation?

A) systematic underestimation of events
B) systematic overestimation of events
C) impartiality
D) erroneous conclusions

Question 38

Dr. Shuler feels that the current literature on personality disorders is outdated and she decides to do a thorough review of research on the topic over the last 20 years. Dr. Shuler then uses the information she gathered in her literature review to help appropriately describe the behaviors in her upcoming study. Dr. Shuler:

A) developed a coding system.
B) debunked previous literature.
C) developed research protocols.
D) developed operational definitions.

Question 39

Tiana wants to see if individuals react differently to negative feedback from men than from women. Tiana and other trained researchers are conducting this study within a laboratory setting. This would be an example of a(n):

A) analogue study.
B) naturalistic observation.
C) systematic observation.
D) participant observation.

Question 40

Kayleigh was enlisted to be a part of a physiological study for extra credit in her experimental psychology course. She read the informed consent and knew she would be observed as she competed against other participants in various physical challenges. Kayleigh became very nervous and began to doubt her athletic ability, knowing someone was watching her. This is an example of:

A) perception.
B) bias.
C) ecological validity.
D) reactivity.

Question 41

Dr. Quinlan is examining teacher behaviors in relation to male and female students. She is interested to see if male students are called on more often in class than female students. She will most likely use:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 42

According to the famous Asch (1951) study individuals feel:

A) pressure to display unique behaviors.
B) pressure to draw lines the same as the person next to them.
C) pressure to be just like their peers.
D) pressure to correct behavior to align more with expectations.

Question 43

Dr. Peltier wants his research assistants to be as unbiased as possible when coding observations of participants in an upcoming study on gender identity. One of the most effective means of ensuring limited biases is to conduct:

A) intra-observer reliability.
B) blind observations.
C) external validity.
D) duration recording.

Question 44

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate Tobi with:

A) high intra-observer reliability.
B) high inter-observer reliability.
C) low inter-observer reliability.
D) low intra-observer reliability.

Question 45

As discussed in the text, most child discipline research focuses on:

A) fathers.
B) mothers.
C) grandparents.
D) stepparents.

Question 46

Dr. Pryor is continuing previous research on suicidality by interviewing families as to the occurrence of completed and attempted suicides in the last four generations. Dr. Pryor will most likely use:

A) frequency count recording.
B) variable schedule recording.
C) interval recording.
D) duration recording.

Question 47

There are multiple considerations Tessa must make when thinking about her sociology homework. She has been given the task of observing diverse children interact. She has decided to go to a neighborhood park near her parents' home. Her parents live in an upper-middle-class, predominantly white neighborhood. Which of the following would be an issue with her sample at the park?

A) low ecological validity
B) high external validity
C) lack of representativeness
D) observer bias

Question 48

Observer training teaches all of the following, EXCEPT how to:

A) minimize potential biases.
B) identify and define appropriate situations.
C) properly record behaviors.
D) use personal judgment in coding.

Question 49

Drs. Eng and Bernhart are studying behaviors on a romantic first date. They have several different research questions, but one in particular is the amount of time between the beginning of the date and the end of the date. Drs. Eng and Bernhart believe there may be many factors that influence the length of a first date. This research question would be best addressed by:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 50

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" daily behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate Alix with:

A) high intra-observer reliability.
B) high inter-observer reliability.
C) low inter-observer reliability.
D) low intra-observer reliability.

Question 51

Dr. Timmons is investigating criminal behavior trajectories, specifically the length of time between the first criminal act committed and the first criminal act that resulted with incarceration in prison. Dr. Timmons is interviewing hundreds of prisoners for his data collection. Dr. Timmons will be playing close attention to:

A) frequency count recording.
B) variable schedule recording.
C) interval recording.
D) duration recording.

Question 52

In early research it has been found that the presence of others significantly influences:

A) performance on complex and simple tasks.
B) performance on an athletic activity.
C) performance on a task and the decision to help someone in need.
D) naturalistic observations.

Question 53

A study in which an observer must make accurate decisions as to the relationship an individual has with another person (e.g., friend, parent, sibling, romantic partner) without being able to question the individuals being observed would rely heavily on:

A) subjective reasoning.
B) research protocol.
C) observer training.
D) blind observations.

Question 54

In a 2000 study investigating the relation between socioeconomic status and discipline, the researchers found that:

A) higher-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall.
B) lower-income parents tended to endorse harsher discipline practices overall.
C) lower-income parents tended to endorse more lenient discipline practices overall.
D) higher-income parents tended to endorse more monetary discipline practices.

Question 55

Who is the worst candidate to be an observer in a study?

A) a trained unbiased observer who was not involved in the development of the study
B) a trained college student who has moderate understanding of coding systems
C) the researcher who is responsible for the inception and development of the study
D) a trained research assistant from another research lab

Question 56

A set of rules that helps guide how a researcher classifies and records observations refers to:

A) a coding system.
B) an action plan.
C) a research protocol.
D) descriptive statistics.

Question 57

Drs. Sommer and Elston are researching eating habits in various different types of restaurants. They have several different research questions they would like answered by these observations. One research question focuses on how many different times couples ate at different eating establishments to help determine any patterns in behavior. This research question would best be addressed by:

A) frequency count recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) variable schedule recording.

Question 58

Blind observations mean that trained observers do not know:

A) how to code behaviors.
B) what behaviors to code.
C) what the study is about.
D) the individuals they are observing.

Question 59

In a 2010 study examining reasons for parental discipline, it was found that the two main reasons to change a child's behavior are:

A) parental embarrassment and safety.
B) safety and model social norms.
C) modeling social norms and teaching perfection.
D) punishment and reinforcement.

Question 60

The goals of training observers include all of the following, EXCEPT how to:

A) conduct ambiguous observations.
B) conduct consistent observations.
C) conduct accurate observations.
D) conduct objective observations.

Question 61

Data for a given participant in a single observation research study is likely to be represented in a statistical dataset within a(n):

A) column.
B) row.
C) cell.
D) observation.

Question 62

Tobi and Alix were both trained by Dr. Hamil in the coding for his rodent behavior lab. However, Tobi and Alix differed significantly in their observations of "Sugar" the mouse. Tobi was consistent and reliable in his coding and observations of "Sugar." Yet, Alix was much more erratic in her accounting of "Sugar's" daily behaviors. Dr. Hamil would likely rate the comparison between Tobi and Alix as having:

A) high intra-observer reliability.
B) high inter-observer reliability.
C) low inter-observer reliability.
D) low intra-observer reliability.

Question 63

Pilot studies are important in order to do all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) refine the study design.
B) provide clarity in the coding system.
C) refine methodology.
D) promote subjectivity.

Question 64

Dr. Calloway is in the process of classifying and arranging data from his recent observations while on safari in Africa. He has grouped subjects into three classifications: mammals, reptiles, and birds. Dr. Calloway is grouping subjects based on a(n):

A) interval variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) categorical variable.

Question 65

Dr. Marcus developed a study examining verbal arguments in movie theaters. His research protocol and coding systems specified that trained observers were only supposed to observe theater goers for a specific period. The trained observers were supposed to observe whether a verbal argument did or did not occur for 15 minutes and then not observe for 10 minutes and then observe again for 15 minutes and so on until the movie ended. This would be an example of:

A) continuous recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 66

Dr. Haltyn was conducting a case study on an adolescent male in the school setting. She attended all of his classes and sat in the back of the room and recorded all of the adolescent male's behaviors in each class throughout the day. This would be an example of:

A) continuous recording.
B) duration recording.
C) interval recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 67

In a 2007 study that examined individuals' reactions to insults during a local train ride in the Netherlands found a number of findings. The results indicated:

A) insulted participants with a strong belief in honor displayed more anger, less joy, and less fear than those with a weak belief.
B) insulted participants with a strong belief in manners displayed more anger, more joy, and more fear than those with a weak belief.
C) insulted participants with a weak belief in honor displayed more anger, less joy, and less fear than those with a strong belief.
D) insulted participants with a weak belief in manners displayed more anger, more joy, and more fear than those with a strong belief.

Question 68

Dr. Alier is examining psychopathic tendencies among prisoners and nurses. He decided to provide a self-report questionnaire to prisoners and nurses and asked them to complete it. Dr. Alier and his research assistants then followed up with individual interviews for all of the participants. Scores on the self-report scale ranged from 0 to 106. In this example psychopathic tendencies are a(n):

A) interval variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) categorical variable.

Question 69

Dr. Lansing was interested in children's real-time reactions to loss. He had a party and invited all of the participants and their parents. He gave each child a puppy at the beginning of the party. At the end of the party he made an announcement that the puppies needed to be returned to him before they left the party. Dr. Lansing had research assistants throughout the grounds recording the real-time reactions of the children upon news of the loss of their new puppy. The best description for this would be a(n):

A) blind observation.
B) contrived observation.
C) continuous observation.
D) interval observation.

Question 70

Researchers at a local advocacy center are interested in the types of behaviors foster children engage in when in the presence of their foster family in comparison with their biological family. This would be indicative of:

A) descriptive statistics.
B) multiple regressions.
C) summative evaluations.
D) inferential statistics.

Question 71

Admissions counselors use _____ to determine whether GPA is predictive of success during a student's freshmen year in college.

A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) summative evaluations
D) formative evaluations

Question 72

A researcher is interested in what behaviors are common among individuals during summers of intense and atypical heat waves. This would be indicative of a(n):

A) inferential statistic.
B) multiple regression.
C) descriptive statistic.
D) summative evaluation.

Question 73

An example of inter-rater reliability would be:

A) Marlon has been stable and precise in his observations of mating behaviors among fruit flies.
B) Donovan provides dependable and uniform observations of harvesting behaviors on a local farm.
C) Babette provides repeatedly consistent and accurate observations of the lunar cycle.
D) Ronaldo's and Frank's observations of altruistic behaviors at a local homeless shelter have a high degree of consensus.

Question 74

An example of intra-observer reliability would be:

A) When compared with each other, Dell's and Trinity's observations of the local food fair are consistent and accurate.
B) Kenneth provides consistent and accurate observations of the primates in his assigned habitat at the zoo.
C) Margo's and Tarah's observations of a daycare center classroom have a high degree of consensus.
D) Fawn's and Altha's observations of the local soccer match have a low degree of consensus.

Question 75

Dr. Flores studies primate behavior during the day and at night. She spends a 24-hour period observing and coding all of the primates' behaviors in the captivity habitat. This would be an example of:

A) interval recording.
B) duration recording.
C) continuous recording.
D) frequency-count recording.

Question 76

Dr. Mayhew was interested in adolescents' reaction to disappointment. At the beginning of a local rock concert, Dr. Mayhew had the announcer broadcast that the band would perform an encore performance. All of the adolescents continued to stand and wait for the encore performance following the formal conclusion of the concert. Approximately 60 minutes later the announcer broadcast that the band already left and was unable to perform. Trained observers were placed throughout the concert arena and recorded the reactions of the adolescents in the audience following the news of the cancelled encore performance. The best description for this would be a(n):

A) blind observation.
B) interval observation.
C) continuous observation.
D) contrived observation.

Question 77

A 2007 study that took place in _____ examined individuals' reactions to being the recipient of an insult during a train ride.

A) Canada
B) the United States
C) England
D) the Netherlands

Question 78

Dr. Juni is organizing data from his recent study on aggression. He decided to classify participants based on their self-reported hair color: blond, brown, red, and black. Dr. Juni then runs analyses using these groupings. Dr. Juni is grouping the participants based on a(n):

A) categorical variable.
B) continuous variable.
C) ordinal variable.
D) interval variable.

Question 79

When evaluating the observations of two research trainees using a new coding system you notice that there is little consensus among their ratings. This lack of consensus may illuminate issues with all of the following, EXCEPT:

A) potential biases.
B) reactivity.
C) problems with coding system.
D) effectiveness of training.

Question 80

Mr. Chapman is a local scientist studying germ incubation times for varying fungi. He records the incubation times to the second, minute, and hour. This would be an example of a(n):

A) nominal variable.
B) ordinal variable.
C) continuous variable.
D) categorical variable.