Deck 12: The Family

Question 1

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behaviour, and self-confidence?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their own behaviour is _____.

A)passive; passive
B)passive; active
C)active; passive
D)active; active

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The greater frequency of problem behaviours in children of divorced parents is NOT due to

A)an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation.
B)conflict surrounding the divorce.
C)transitioning to a new home or school.
D)economic stability.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The employment status of which mother is LEAST likely to lead to negative outcomes for her children?

A)Hildie, who is a stay-at-home mother but wants to work outside of the home
B)Rita, who is employed outside of the home but wants to be a stay-at-home mother
C)Francene, who wants to be and is employed outside of the home
D)Rita's and Francene's situations are equally unlikely to lead to negative outcomes.

Question 5

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

A)biological siblings in remarried families
B)half-siblings
C)biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families
D)stepsiblings

Question 6

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of these are true EXCEPT

A)children believe it is justified.
B)the culture emphasizes interdependence among family members.
C)the children are older.
D)the children are younger.

Question 7

A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is

A)a close relationship with their parents.
B)parental involvement in their education.
C)temperamental regulation.
D)running away as an adolescent.

Question 8

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?

A)marital conflict
B)differential treatment by parents
C)parental support
D)birth order

Question 9

Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage?

A)all of the children being around the same age
B)the children being older
C)the stepparent being a stepfather
D)supportive relations between the noncustodial parent and the stepparent

Question 10

A negative stimulus that follows a behaviour to reduce the likelihood that the behaviour will occur again is called

A)discipline.
B)punishment.
C)internalization.
D)externalization.

Question 11

In a study of Mexican American families, older siblings who embraced _____, which emphasizes interdependence, mutual support, and loyalty among family members, were not put at risk of higher levels of depressive symptoms or risky behaviours by their parents' preferential treatment of younger siblings.

A)socialization
B)familism
C)polyvictimization
D)internalization

Question 12

Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother?

A)Linda, a 6-year-old girl
B)Cathy, an 11-year-old girl
C)Todd, a 14-year-old boy
D)Frank, an 11-year-old boy

Question 13

Authoritarian parents are those who:

A)are abusive.
B)are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C)have little interest in disciplining their children.
D)are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 14

A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is

A)social support.
B)marital conflict.
C)inconsistent parenting.
D)hostile parenting.

Question 15

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) in the United States demonstrated which finding about the effects of amount of childcare on the social behaviour of children from working- and middle-class families?

A)The amount of childcare was not associated with children's social behaviour.
B)The risk of children exhibiting problem behaviours increased with more hours in childcare.
C)Long hours spent in childcare caused aggression and social withdrawal.
D)Extensive time in childcare was more detrimental to children from very low-income, high-risk families.

Question 16

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are

A)more poorly adjusted.
B)less popular.
C)more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves.
D)pretty much the same.

Question 17

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?

A)Spanking does not improve children's behaviour.
B)Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes.
C)Spanking is linked with negative outcomes across cultural groups.
D)Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world.

Question 18

Authoritative parents are those who:

A)are abusive.
B)are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C)have little interest in disciplining their children.
D)are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 19

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

A)evolution.
B)socialization.
C)bioecology.
D)family dynamics.

Question 20

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

A)temperament
B)perceptions of their parents' behaviour towards them
C)negative behaviour that is reinforced by parents
D)appearance

Question 21

Which of these does NOT increase the likelihood of child maltreatment?

A)strong negative reactions to stress by the parent
B)low family income
C)parents' increased knowledge of their children's needs
D)inadequate housing

Question 22

What percentage of children living with a single parent live below the national poverty line?

A)8%
B)16%
C)27%
D)52%

Question 23

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behaviour. Trina's parents would likely be classified as

A)permissive.
B)authoritative.
C)uninvolved.
D)authoritarian.

Question 24

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce affects

A)many child outcomes, both in the short and long term.
B)many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term.
C)a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term.
D)a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

Question 25

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?

A)Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty.
B)Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty.
C)Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty.
D)Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty.

Question 26

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that

A)genetic differences between lower-SES families and higher-SES families enable lower-SES families to cope with difficulties more easily.
B)the increased stress that lower-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and energy for complex child-rearing issues than do higher-SES parents.
C)higher-SES parents are more concerned about protecting their children from harm than are lower-SES parents.
D)the jobs common to higher-SES families require a greater degree of conformity than the jobs common to lower-SES families.

Question 27

The average number of children born to a woman in Canada

A)dropped from around 4 in 1961 to just over 1.5 in 2016.
B)rose from around 2 in 1961 to just over 3 in 2016.
C)dropped from around 5 in 1961 to just over 2 in 2016.
D)stayed the same between 1961 and 2016.

Question 28

Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?

A)Relationships between children and stepfathers tend to be better when there are stepsiblings living with the family as well.
B)Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviours than do children in intact families.
C)Conflict between children and biological fathers is more common than conflict between children and stepfathers.
D)Stepfathers rarely contribute to supervision of their stepsons.

Question 29

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 30

Maternal employment appears to

A)have an equally positive effect on boys and girls.
B)have an equally negative effect on boys and girls.
C)be more likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.
D)be less likely to be beneficial for girls than for boys.

Question 31

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children?

A)Parents who demand unquestioning obedience to parents are likely to have rebellious children.
B)Authoritative parenting appears to be associated with increased academic success.
C)Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects.
D)Research has suggested all of these assertions.

Question 32

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

A)parental conflict
B)stress of custodial mother
C)frequency of contact with noncustodial father
D)race or ethnicity

Question 33

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as

A)family structure.
B)family dynamics.
C)internalization.
D)parenting style.

Question 34

A recent study that examined the associations between adolescents' reports of externalizing and internalizing problems and their parents' parenting style found

A)no association between internalizing problems and parenting style.
B)that high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later.
C)that a decrease in authoritative parenting predicted high levels of internalizing problems 2 years later.
D)that the associations are bidirectional.

Question 35

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.

A)more; similar
B)less; similar
C)more; different
D)less; different

Question 36

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 37

Which action is an example of psychological control?

A)threatening to take away privileges
B)requiring children to comply with demands without question
C)discounting children's feelings
D)engaging in reasoning

Question 38

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.

A)short-term problems
B)long-term problems
C)both short-term and long-term problems
D)neither short-term nor long-term problems

Question 39

Maternal employment is more likely to have negative effects on children when

A)children have adequate supervision.
B)mothers begin working when children are 1 year old.
C)mothers are stressed.
D)mothers want to work.

Question 40

Which of these is NOT something that is associated with preventing child maltreatment?

A)strengthening the economic situation of families
B)changing social norms to promote negative parenting
C)enhancing parenting skills
D)providing quality early education to children

Question 41

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?

A)living with both biological parents
B)having low expectations of attending university
C)growing up in a disadvantaged household
D)doing poorly in school

Question 42

Nature and nurture is central to the study of the role of _____ because a child's heredity and rearing influence each other and jointly affect the child's development.

A)internalization
B)parenting styles
C)the family
D)socialization

Question 43

Which is a minimum standard for childcare centres required by the province of Alberta?

A)child-to-caregiver ratio of 7:1 for infants
B)child-to-caregiver ratio of 6:1 for 2-year-olds
C)maximum group size of 14 for infants
D)maximum group size of 21 for 3-year-olds

Question 44

Among industrialized Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is

A)the lowest.
B)number 3.
C)number 6.
D)the second highest.

Question 45

What percentage of mothers with children under the age of 6 were employed outside of the home in 2015?

A)25%
B)36%
C)70%
D)89%

Question 46

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) in the United States demonstrated that the attachment of children in nonmaternal care was LEAST strongly related to

A)family income.
B)maternal sensitivity.
C)maternal education.
D)the nature of the childcare.

Question 47

Which statement about children's characteristics and behaviour and the parenting process is TRUE?

A)Parenting behaviours are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behaviour, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways.
B)Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviours after infancy.
C)Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviours, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children.
D)Children's characteristics and behaviour can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

Question 48

Which benefit is NOT guaranteed by Canada's family leave policy?

A)New parents can take up to 21 months off from work.
B)New parents who were unemployed prior to the birth of their child get employment insurance from the government.
C)New parents are guaranteed that their job will be there for them after parental leave.
D)New adoptive parents can take up to 61 weeks off from work.

Question 49

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are regarded as appropriate for their present and future roles in their particular culture is called

A)socialization.
B)internalization.
C)bidirectionality.
D)polyvictimization.

Question 50

The percentage of parents who spank their children has _____ over the past several decades in both the United States and Canada.

A)stayed the same
B)increased slightly
C)decreased significantly
D)increased significantly

Question 51

Rex and Paul are both young children who attend high-quality centre-based childcare. Rex is from a low-income family and Paul is from a working-class family. What are the likely effects on their behaviour if they are in childcare for extensive hours?

A)Rex and Paul are both at an increased risk of developing behaviour problems.
B)Rex and Paul are both at a decreased risk of developing behaviour problems.
C)Rex is at an increased risk of developing behaviour problems, and Paul is at a decreased risk.
D)Rex is at a decreased risk of developing behaviour problems, and Paul is at an increased risk.

Question 52

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are

A)more likely to experience depression.
B)more likely to complete high school.
C)less likely to have behavioural problems.
D)more socially competent.

Question 53

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:

A)less stress.
B)more children.
C)greater financial resources.
D)more positivity in their parenting.

Question 54

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?

A)Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B)Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than they do.
C)Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighbourhood mother whose husband is ill.
D)Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 55

What percentage of U.S. adults support a paid family leave policy in the United States?

A)13%
B)24%
C)45%
D)84%

Question 56

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style in Canada, _____ mothers tended to be more authoritative, sensitive, and more responsive to their children during play than _____ mothers.

A)European Canadian; East Asian immigrant
B)East Asian immigrant; African Canadian
C)Hispanic Canadian; European Canadian
D)European Canadian; African Canadian

Question 57

Approximately what percentage of divorced families in Canada are covered by legal custody agreements?

A)10%
B)30%
C)65%
D)90%

Question 58

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?

A)Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict.
B)If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviours.
C)Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized.
D)When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Question 59

Some children may be more reactive to the quality of parenting that they receive than are others. This is in agreement with

A)individual differences in children.
B)research involving the active child.
C)differential susceptibility.
D)the need for childhood socialization.

Question 60

Compared with other children, homeless children are:

A)more likely to have serious behaviour problems but not more likely to be withdrawn.
B)more likely to be withdrawn but not more likely to have serious behaviour problems.
C)more likely to have serious behaviour problems and more likely to be withdrawn.
D)neither more likely to have serious behaviour problems nor more likely to be withdrawn.

Question 61

Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?

A)marital conflict
B)poverty
C)homelessness
D)adequate shelter

Question 62

The large-scale study of the effects of childcare that was funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) in the United States demonstrated which finding about the effects of child care on children's cognitive development?

A)Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a negative effect on children's cognitive development.
B)Regardless of the quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.
C)When it was of at least moderate quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.
D)When it was of high quality, childcare tended to have a positive effect on children's cognitive development.

Question 63

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

A)increased delinquency
B)decreased rate of divorce in adulthood
C)decreased income in adulthood
D)decreased social competence

Question 64

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of

A)socioeconomic health.
B)control.
C)indirect socialization.
D)respect.

Question 65

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?

A)Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another.
B)Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support.
C)Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment.
D)Although children may be annoyed when parents favour their siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

Question 66

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as

A)permissive.
B)authoritative.
C)uninvolved.
D)authoritarian.

Question 67

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?

A)Consistent effects of the four parenting styles have been found in all cultures that have been examined.
B)The particular effects of permissive and uninvolved parents have been found to differ cross-culturally.
C)The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style.
D)Parenting styles have been examined only in the United States, and thus we have no information about cultural differences in the impact of parenting style.

Question 68

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is

A)prevalence of different parenting styles.
B)meaning of particular parenting styles to children.
C)outcomes associated with different parenting styles.
D)dimensions that define parenting styles.

Question 69

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

A)The rate of adolescent pregnancies increased from 1959 to 2016.
B)The rate of adolescent pregnancies is higher amongst Indigenous women than amongst non-Indigenous women.
C)Being involved in school activities increases the risk for childbearing during adolescence.
D)Living with both biological parents increases the risk for childbearing during adolescence.

Question 70

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?

A)lack of hostility of noncustodial biological parent toward stepparent
B)support of stepparent's parenting by custodial parent
C)warmth of stepparent
D)active parenting by stepparent

Question 71

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?

A)Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict
B)Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict
C)Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict
D)Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

Question 72

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe a change in Canadian families that has occurred in the past few decades?

A)The average age at which women have their first child has increased.
B)The percentage of children living in a lone-parent household has increased.
C)The percentage of children living with step- or half-siblings has increased.
D)The rate of teen pregnancies has increased.

Question 73

The co-occurrence of multiple forms of maltreatment is called

A)polyvictimization.
B)internalization.
C)bidirectionality.
D)socialization.

Question 74

Which of these contributes to the parenting children receive?

A)individual differences in children
B)research involving the active child
C)internalization
D)the need for childhood socialization

Question 75

Both Mateo's parents and Ayden's parents are divorced, and Mateo and Ayden each live with their mother and stepfather, but see their biological father often. Mateo's biological father and stepfather get along quite well, but Ayden's biological father and stepfather frequently argue and have a conflictual relationship. Which of the following statements is the BEST prediction of how the boys will adjust to their new families?

A)Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted because contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment.
B)Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo because conflict between his stepfather and father will make him closer to his biological father.
C)Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden because of the low conflict between his stepfather and father.
D)Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted because of their parents' divorces.

Question 76

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

A)permissive
B)authoritative
C)uninvolved
D)authoritarian

Question 77

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behaviour on other people is referred to as

A)externalization.
B)internalization.
C)self-oriented induction.
D)other-oriented induction.

Question 78

The highest rate of skip-generation families can be found where?

A)in Ontario
B)in Nunavut
C)in the Atlantic provinces
D)in Quebec

Question 79

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviours and hostile adolescent behaviours results in

A)an escalation of these behaviours.
B)a reduction of influence on each other.
C)relationship stability.
D)reduced parental harshness.

Question 80

According to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model, _____ is central to a child's microsystem.

A)internalization
B)parenting styles
C)the family
D)socialization