Deck 9: Theories of Social Development

Question 1

Media is located in which bioecological level?

A)exosystem
B)macrosystem
C)microsystem
D)mesosystem

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A person who believes that intelligence is fixed is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

A)learning
B)entity
C)incremental
D)mastery

Answer 2

B

Question 3

During which stage does the superego develop?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)anal
D)genital

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which sequence lists the stages of Freud's theory in the CORRECT developmental order?

A)anal, phallic, oral, latency, genital
B)oral, latency, genital, phallic, anal
C)genital, oral, anal, phallic, latency
D)oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 5

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which of these would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

A)Give Joshua what he wants, whether or not he screams.
B)Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams.
C)Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D)Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 6

According to Erikson, when parents support their toddlers' development of self-control without instigating a loss of self-esteem, toddlers will develop a sense of

A)industry.
B)autonomy.
C)trust.
D)initiative.

Question 7

According to Freud, if a person's fundamental needs are not met during a particular stage, the person may

A)become fixated on the issues relevant to that stage.
B)experience an identity crisis.
C)make hostile attributions.
D)develop infantile amnesia.

Question 8

_____ is part of the chronosystem.

A)The societal belief that men should be breadwinners
B)A father's job loss
C)The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade
D)A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

Question 9

Which of the following theories is primarily concerned with the survival value of particular behaviours?

A)social learning
B)ethological
C)psychoanalytic
D)social cognitive

Question 10

Carlos feels guilty when he disobeys his parents' rule about not eating cookies before dinner. Freud would see Carlos's guilt as a sign that he has developed a(n)

A)superego.
B)fixation.
C)id.
D)ego.

Question 11

According to Freud's theory, infants fear

A)delay of gratification.
B)loss of love.
C)potty training.
D)hunger.

Question 12

The fourth stage in Freud's theory, which lasts from age 6 to age 12, is called the

A)phallic stage.
B)oral stage.
C)genital stage.
D)latency period.

Question 13

The ego is ruled by

A)the conscience.
B)reasoning and logic.
C)conscious impulses.
D)the reality principle.

Question 14

Consistent with research on nonhuman primates and rodents, children who have been exposed to adverse rearing conditions demonstrate disruptions in their

A)hormonal systems.
B)genetic influences.
C)limbic system functions.
D)cultural influences.

Question 15

Evolutionary psychologists posit that parents spend the great deal of time and resources that they do in raising their children because

A)their genes will be perpetuated only if their children survive long enough to reproduce.
B)they have been socialized to do so by imitating their own parents.
C)their children's affection and attention serve as positive reinforcements.
D)their children are imprinted on them.

Question 16

Seth and his preschool friend frequently dump all the books off the bookshelf in the classroom. One day, Seth observes his friend being punished by their preschool teacher after she saw his friend dumping the books. After seeing his friend punished, Seth never again dumps books off the bookshelf. Seth has learned through

A)imitation.
B)punishment.
C)vicarious reinforcement.
D)reciprocal determinism.

Question 17

_____ theories are primarily concerned with children's ability to think and reason about their own and other people's thoughts, feelings, motives, and behaviour.

A)Social learning
B)Ecological
C)Psychoanalytic
D)Social cognitive

Question 18

_____ is an example of an aspect of SES that occurs at the level of the exosystem.

A)Government policies
B)Employment status of parents
C)Neighbourhood
D)Changes in types of jobs over time

Question 19

Bree and her husband have a newborn baby boy. What can they do to help their son successfully resolve Erikson's basic trust versus mistrust stage?

A)be consistent and warm in their caretaking
B)help the child have successful experiences
C)not be highly controlling
D)instill socially acceptable behaviours

Question 20

Albert Bandura is recognized for his contributions to

A)psychosocial theory.
B)ecological theory.
C)behaviourism.
D)social-learning theory.

Question 21

John Watson advised parents to treat their children with

A)respect.
B)hostile attributions.
C)affection.
D)objectivity.

Question 22

Jayden is an infant and, as all infants do, seeks immediate gratification. Freud would say that Jayden is ruled by his

A)conscience.
B)superego.
C)erogenous zones.
D)id.

Question 23

Long-standing contributions of psychoanalytic theories to developmental psychology do NOT include

A)the significance of early experience.
B)the notion that a great portion of one's mental life occurs outside consciousness.
C)an emphasis on the development of identity.
D)the influence of one's sexual nature on development.

Question 24

Parental-investment theory explains the higher rate of murder committed by stepfathers against stepchildren than of murder committed by fathers against biological children in terms of the difference in

A)time spent with the children.
B)genetic similarity.
C)attachment.
D)societal endorsement.

Question 25

John Watson is known for his contributions to

A)psychoanalysis.
B)behaviourism.
C)information-processing approaches.
D)imprinting.

Question 26

According to Selman, young children's thinking about other people is

A)surprisingly abstract.
B)less egocentric.
C)complex.
D)unrelated to their level of cognitive development.

Question 27

Individuals in the anal stage are focused on conflict surrounding

A)breast-feeding.
B)parents' choice of intellectual pursuits for the child.
C)toilet training.
D)the conscience.

Question 28

Which factor associated with child maltreatment is NOT within the microsystem?

A)parental alcohol dependence
B)community violence
C)children who have developmental disabilities
D)abusive spousal relationship

Question 29

_____ is part of the macrosystem.

A)The societal belief that men should be breadwinners
B)A father's job loss
C)The societal shift in the employment status of women over the past decade
D)A mother's practice of taking her daughter to work on Take Your Daughter to Work Day

Question 30

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. Which scenario is an example of intermittent reinforcement?

A)His parents always give Joshua what he wants, whether or not he screams.
B)His parents always give Joshua what he wants only when he screams.
C)Sometimes his parents give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes they refuse to give him what he wants when he screams.
D)His parents never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 31

According to Freud, in every stage, children

A)must channel their psychic energy outside of their body.
B)face conflicts related to a particular erogenous zone.
C)constrain the id with the superego.
D)do all of these.

Question 32

In Freud's theory, the biologically based, instinctual drives that inspire behaviour, thoughts, and feelings are referred to as

A)motivational orientation.
B)psychic energy.
C)erogenous zones.
D)intuition.

Question 33

Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do NOT include an emphasis on the importance of

A)unconscious processes.
B)close relationships.
C)early experience.
D)objective experience.

Question 34

According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)?

A)2 to 3 years
B)3 to 6 years
C)6 to 12 years
D)the beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

Question 35

The exosystem involves the

A)settings in which the child is not a direct participant.
B)temporal dimension.
C)general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society.
D)connections amongst the contexts in which the child directly participates.

Question 36

Bronfenbrenner contributed to which of the following theories?

A)the bioecological model
B)the theory of social cognition
C)the psychosexual perspective
D)behaviourism

Question 37

Freud theorized that individuals' development is propelled by

A)their instinctual drives.
B)the contexts in which they live.
C)interpretations of their parents' behaviour.
D)their attributional biases.

Question 38

According to Selman, children in stage 4

A)believe that others' different perspectives stem from possession of different knowledge.
B)realize that others have different perspectives and are able to think about others' points of view.
C)are able to systematically compare their own and another person's points of view.
D)attempt to understand others' views by comparing them to the generalized other.

Question 39

If the ego, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A)"Let's figure out how to make this work."
B)"I want it NOW!"
C)"That's not the right thing to do."
D)"That's going to cause problems in the future."

Question 40

Which factor is NOT emphasized in ecological theories?

A)sociocultural context
B)continuity
C)active role of the child
D)genetic influences

Question 41

The age of the child is part of the _____ of the bioecological model.

A)mesosystem
B)microsystem
C)chronosystem
D)macrosystem

Question 42

Watson employed _____ to create fear of a white rat in "Little Albert."

A)systematic desensitization
B)operant conditioning
C)classical conditioning
D)role taking

Question 43

If the id, as theorized by Freud, could speak, which statement would it be MOST likely to say?

A)"Let's consider our options."
B)"I want it NOW!"
C)"That's not the right thing to do."
D)"That's going to cause problems in the future."

Question 44

Many evolutionary psychologists believe that _____ is/are an evolved platform for learning.

A)computers
B)books
C)school
D)play

Question 45

Danny is an adult who behaves selfishly and impulsively. He appears to seek immediate gratification and ignore any potential negative consequences. Freud would say that Danny is ruled by his

A)conscience.
B)superego.
C)erogenous zones.
D)id.

Question 46

Which statement is a criticism of the bioecological model?

A)There is a lack of emphasis on biological factors.
B)It is not possible to test its hypotheses.
C)There is a lack of emphasis on the social environment.
D)It uses experimental measures to examine the theory.

Question 47

The behaviour modification strategy of time-outs is based on the idea that _____ is a positive reinforcement.

A)whining
B)learning
C)withdrawal
D)attention

Question 48

_____ is an example of the way in which children play an active role in their own development.

A)Reciprocal determinism
B)Behaviour modification
C)Operant conditioning
D)Systematic desensitization

Question 49

According to the text, which type of praise or criticism would be MOST likely to be associated with children developing an incremental/mastery orientation in response to failure?

A)"I think you need to try harder."
B)"You're very smart at these problems."
C)"You just can't do math."
D)"I'm proud of you."

Question 50

Children with ADHD

A)tend to be of below-average intelligence.
B)typically show severe emotional disturbances.
C)have difficulty inhibiting impulses to act.
D)are more likely to be female.

Question 51

Children's _____ lead them to choose certain environments over others.

A)personal characteristics
B)temperament
C)biological distributions
D)genetic influences

Question 52

Role taking can be best defined as

A)adopting the perspective of another person.
B)forming a solid identity.
C)becoming intimate with another person.
D)deciding on a career path.

Question 53

_____ is part of the mesosystem.

A)Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach
B)Societal importance placed on the athletic prowess of boys
C)A child's favourite TV show
D)A father's job as a truck driver

Question 54

Children spend the MOST time in which activity?

A)going to school
B)nonspecific play with friends
C)athletics
D)media interaction

Question 55

On which point do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree?

A)existence of infantile amnesia
B)effect of repression on early memory
C)importance of close early relationships
D)idea that much of human behaviour stems from unconscious processes

Question 56

One of the most notable contributions of social cognitive theories is that they

A)can advise parents on how to deal with children's problematic behaviour.
B)view the effect of children's social experience as dependent on their interpretations of the experiences.
C)focus on the role of the unconscious.
D)concentrate on the influence of biological factors on development.

Question 57

Behaviour modification is a(n)

A)way to help children overcome a hostile attributional bias.
B)approach used to help people conquer their fears.
C)form of therapy that is useful for changing undesirable behaviours.
D)treatment to cure autism.

Question 58

The central issue in Erikson's first stage is

A)developing high standards.
B)achieving a sense of autonomy.
C)developing a sense of trust.
D)mastering skills important to the culture.

Question 59

Which factor is the primary contribution of ethology and evolutionary psychology?

A)emphasis on children's biological nature
B)empirical testing of hypotheses
C)emphasis on the child's social environment
D)emphasis on nutrition on development

Question 60

According to Erikson, if adolescents do not successfully develop a core sense of identity, they will experience

A)mistrust.
B)role confusion.
C)isolation.
D)shame and doubt.

Question 61

Which statement about intermittent reinforcement is TRUE?

A)Intermittent reinforcement is effective only with adults.
B)Behaviours supported by intermittent reinforcement are difficult to extinguish.
C)Intermittent reinforcement is the key to behaviour modification.
D)The discipline strategy of time-outs is based on intermittent reinforcement.

Question 62

For which of the following functions is the prefrontal cortex NOT responsible?

A)emotion regulation
B)language
C)selective attention
D)empathy

Question 63

_____ is part of the exosystem.

A)Parents' contact with a child's soccer coach
B)Societal importance placed on the athletic prowess of boys
C)A child's soccer team
D)A father's job as a truck driver

Question 64

The bioecological model views development as being due to

A)nature.
B)nurture.
C)the interaction between nature and nurture.
D)nature when a person is young and nurture as the person gets older.

Question 65

During which stage does the ego develop?

A)phallic
B)latency
C)oral
D)anal

Question 66

Matt is watching his older brother, Zach, get punished for breaking a house rule. Matt is experiencing

A)vicarious reinforcement.
B)intermittent reinforcement.
C)behaviour modification.
D)reciprocal determinism.

Question 67

Dawn, who is 3 years old, wants a toy that her friend is holding. Without regard for her friend's feelings or her parents' rules about taking other children's toys, Dawn uses all her strength to pull the toy from her friend's hands. Freud would assert that Dawn is primarily being led by her

A)superego.
B)id.
C)ego.
D)conscience.

Question 68

According to Freud, which personality structure develops FIRST?

A)the id
B)the superid
C)the ego
D)the superego

Question 69

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that the prolonged period of human children's immaturity is

A)wasteful.
B)a result of the nested structure of human contexts.
C)caused by parents' reinforcement of children's immature behaviour.
D)adaptive.

Question 70

Which developmental issue is of main concern for ecological theories?

A)continuity versus discontinuity
B)critical periods
C)nature versus nurture
D)active learning versus passive learning

Question 71

According to Freud, children's identification with the same-sex parent begins when

A)they imprint onto him or her.
B)their biological urges come into play.
C)they must repress their sexual feelings for their opposite-sex parent.
D)they internalize their parents' beliefs, values, and attitudes.

Question 72

A person who believes that intelligence can grow as a function of experience is considered by Dweck and her colleagues to have a(n) _____ theory of intelligence.

A)learning
B)entity
C)incremental
D)mastery

Question 73

Which characteristic does NOT describe the id?

A)unconscious
B)primitive
C)impulsive
D)realistic

Question 74

According to Freud, which personality structure develops into the individual's sense of self?

A)the id
B)the superid
C)the ego
D)the superego

Question 75

Which statement provides an example of reciprocal determinism?

A)A child becomes fearful of snakes after being bitten by one.
B)A child who tends to treat others with kindness influences her peers' behaviour, which in turn influences the child.
C)A child with poor academic self-efficacy is more likely than other children to withdraw from school work.
D)A child continues to throw temper tantrums because he gets what he wants as a result.

Question 76

Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of Erikson's stages?

A)initiative versus guilt
B)basic trust versus mistrust
C)autonomy versus shame and doubt
D)industry versus inferiority

Question 77

Which statement about Selman's stage theory of role taking is TRUE?

A)Before adolescence, children are unable to acknowledge the existence of perspectives different from their own.
B)Children's progress through the stages is strongly related to their progress through Piaget's stages.
C)Although the theory describes stages, Selman believed that most individuals progress through these changes in a simultaneous fashion.
D)By approximately age 10, children can assess whether another person's view is typical of most people in their social group.

Question 78

Freud's stages are characterized by

A)the context that is important during that time period.
B)a specific crisis that must be resolved.
C)the erogenous zones in which the psychic energy is focused.
D)a particular manner of responding to reward and reinforcement.

Question 79

Bandura's Bobo doll study did NOT demonstrate that

A)children can learn through imitation.
B)children's behaviour may be inconsistent with what they have learned.
C)seeing others rewarded and punished can influence a child's behaviour.
D)reinforcement is necessary for learning.

Question 80

Simone is 8 years old and enjoys spending her free time playing soccer. Her favourite subject in school is math. Which stage of development is she currently in, according to Freud?

A)phallic stage
B)oral stage
C)genital stage
D)latency period