Deck 11: Executive Function and Higher-Order Thinking

Question 1

Adaptive behavior requires self-monitoring of performance during task engagement.Which of the following neural signals allows for behavioral adjustment and performance feedback:

A)P300
B)Error-related negativity
C)N1
D)N2

Answer 1

B

Question 2

David has the urge for a cup of coffee.However, he has to decide whether we wants that cup of coffee enough to get up and walk the 8 blocks to the coffee shop to get it.Which brain region is likely to be involved in making that calculation?

A)Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B)Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
C)Orbitofrontal cortex
D)Anterior cingulate cortex

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Someone who has sustained damage to their prefrontal cortex would have the most pronounced deficits in what type of task:

A)A rapid visual detection task
B)A spatial navigation task
C)A picture categorization task
D)A working memory task

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Someone who has frontal lobe damage would exhibit all of the following except:

A)Psychological inertia
B)Perseveration
C)Environmental dependency syndrome
D)Difficulty with contention scheduling

Question 5

One prominent model of executive function argues that there is a nested hierarchy of control from ______ to _____ portions of frontal cortex, with the most _____ regions being influenced by the most immediate aspects of a situation and more ______ regions by the larger context.Identify which words are missing from this statement.

A)rostral, caudal, posterior, anterior
B)rostral, caudal, anterior, posterior
C)caudal, rostral, posterior, anterior
D)caudal, rostral, anterior, posterior

Question 6

Nadine is playing a video game and she mistakenly presses the wrong button during a fighting match.Her __________ is selectively activated relative to baseline because of this error.
A.Amygdala
B.Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
C.Orbitofrontal cortex
D.Anterior cingulate cortex

Question 7

Interoceptive information is processed in the insula and is believed to be linked to which of the following:

A)Post-error slowing
B)Error-related negativity (ERN)
C)Error positivity (Pe)
D)Contention scheduling

Question 8

Which area of the frontal lobe brain is most prominently involved in self-monitoring and evaluation of actions?

A)Medial portions
B)Dorsolateral portions
C)Inferior portions
D)Anterior portions

Question 9

Sandrine is completing a task where she must respond with her left hand when a blue light appears and withhold responses when a red light appears.When these rules are reversed she has a lot of difficulty completing this task.What area of her brain would most likely be damaged relating to these difficulties?

A)Orbitofrontal cortex
B)Posterior insula
C)Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D)Medial frontal cortex

Question 10

Which of the following is not true about task switching?

A)It is often measured clinically by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (WCST)
B)People can switch relatively easily from one task to another with no "switch cost"
C)The inferior frontal junction plays a prominent role in task switching.
D)Frontal regions are only important in switching tasks when the task or criteria vary significantly.

Question 11

According to theories of frontal lobe function, they contribute prominently to behaviour under all of the following conditions except ___________?

A)when the situation is new and novel
B)when memory must be linked to action
C)when well-learned behaviors must be overridden
D)when problem solving is required

Question 12

The _________ portions of the prefrontal cortex are centrally involved in representation of the self and understanding others, such as required for empathy..

A)Limbic System
B)Orbitofrontal cortex
C)Dorsolateral prefrontal
D)Medial prefrontal

Question 13

Which of the following statements is not true regarding error-related negativity (ERN) and the error positivity (Pe)

A)The ERN is observed both when people are aware of when they have made an error and when they are not, while the Pe is only observed when people are aware they have made an error.
B)The ERN is likely generated In the anterior cingulate while the Pe is likely generated in the insula.
C)The ERN and P3 are separated in time by about 200-300 milliseconds.
D)The ERN follows the Pe

Question 14

The dorsolateral plays a prominent role in many aspects of executive function because it supports which other cognitive function?

A)Long-term memory
B)Language output
C)Visual perception
D)Working memory

Question 15

Which activity do individuals with frontal lobe damage often have problems with?

A)Sequencing
B)Initiation of behavior
C)inhibition
D)All of the above

Question 16

Which area has been implicated as being particularly important for abandoning current strategy and trying a new one, consistent with its role in processing novelty?

A)Frontopolar cortex
B)Lateral prefrontal cortex
C)Dorsolateral cortex
D)Medial prefrontal cortex

Question 17

The Stroop task and the Go/No-Go task both require the following:

A)interference resolution
B)Planning and sequencing
C)Metacognition
D)Abstract thinking

Question 18

Someone with damage to the left frontal cortex would show the most pronounced deficits in which of the following areas?

A)Difficulty shifting task sets of different dimensions like responding to shapes and then to colors
B)Problems using feedback from errors to correct future behavior
C)Sequencing multiple motor responses to a task
D)Coming up with new solutions to a novel problem

Question 19

Research on various tasks requiring executive control have found which of the following to be true:

A)Activity in dorsolateral PFC decreases when people make their own task decisions compared to when they're told to make specific choices
B)Lateral frontal regions are increased when many motor response must be employed adaptively to changing task demands
C)Frontopolar regions are most activated when many subgoals of a task must be coordinated
D)Medial frontal regions are increasingly employed when distracting information requires more attention to stay on task

Question 20

This task would be used to assess someone's ability to plan and sequence their behaviors:

A)Stroop task
B)Go/No-Go task
C)Tower of London task
D)Wisconsin Card Sorting task