Deck 10: Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance

Question 1

When a group of students gets together and brainstorms to come up with ideas for a classroom project, they usually hope their ideas will be original and creative.Groups that contain which individuals will be most successful at meeting this goal?

A)convergent thinkers
B)individuals with high levels of crystallized intelligence
C)individuals with high levels of practical intelligence
D)divergent thinkers

Answer 1

divergent thinkers

Question 2

On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, what does the mental scale assess?

A)behaviour on dimensions such as fearfulness and social responsivity
B)adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions
C)visual reaction time and preference for novelty
D)capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup

Answer 2

adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions

Question 3

What did recent research using DNA to examine the racial makeup of people conclude?

A)Arthur Jensen was correct.
B)There is no evidence to conclusively demonstrate that group differences in IQ are genetically determined.
C)There is no evidence that IQ is genetically influenced.
D)Evidence suggests that IQ is almost entirely determined by environmental factors.

Answer 3

There is no evidence to conclusively demonstrate that group differences in IQ are genetically determined.

Question 4

According to Cattell and Horn, what does crystallized intelligence refer to?

A)the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
B)an underlying ability that applies to all types of test performance
C)the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions
D)acquired knowledge and ability

Question 5

Which of the following would researchers argue best accounts for the Flynn effect, based on current findings?

A)It is largely genetic.
B)It is the result of improvements in nutrition and health care.
C)It is the result of worldwide improvements in education.
D)There is no single factor responsible for this effect.

Question 6

What does Howard Gardner suggest about the seven intellectual abilities that he identified?

A)They are interrelated, with talents in one area generally being associated with deficits in other areas.
B)Each is linked to a specific area of the brain and emerges at different points in development.
C)They are interrelated, with talents in each area showing the same general level of development at any given age.
D)Each generally does not emerge until later in life, after individuals have been exposed to a wider range of experiences.

Question 7

Why are the Wechsler intelligence scales considered to be an improvement over the Stanford-Binet scales?

A)They are based on Piagetian tasks.
B)They assess the three types of intelligence described by Sternberg in his triarchic theory.
C)They assess both verbal and nonverbal skills.
D)They eliminate cultural biases.

Question 8

Julienne and Norene are two mothers who have just had a HOME inventory completed.The researchers assigned a much higher score in their assessment of Julienne's home.Based on this information, what would you predict for the children's IQ scores, all other things being equal?

A)Norene's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Julienne's children.
B)The children in both homes will have similar IQ scores if the homes are in similar neighbourhoods.
C)Norene's children have average IQ scores, but they will show poor levels of social adjustment.
D)Julienne's children will tend to have higher IQ scores than Norene's children.

Question 9

What does divergent thinking require of an individual?

A)to generate the one best answer to a problem
B)to generate a variety of solutions to problems for which there is no one correct answer
C)to use abstract reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem
D)to use concrete reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem

Question 10

Which statement is a major criticism of traditional psychometric definitions of intelligence?

A)They are too focused on intellectual content.
B)They are too broad in their focus and encompass too many abilities.
C)They are too focused on information-processing skills.
D)They fail to include problem-solving abilities.

Question 11

Tyrone has just attained a low score in a test designed to measure his verbal ability.Based on Thurstone's theory, how will Tyrone perform on a test designed to measure his perceptual speed?

A)He will attain a low score on that test as well.
B)He will attain a much higher score on that test.
C)He will attain an even lower score on the second test.
D)His score on that test will have no predictable relationship to his verbal fluency test score.

Question 12

How is deviation IQ determined?

A)by comparing the child's mental age to his or her chronological age
B)by comparing the child's performance with that of other children of his or her own age
C)by adding up correct answers and comparing the total to an adult's performance
D)by subtracting missed items from 100 and dividing by the child's chronological age

Question 13

How did Cattell and Horn elaborate on Spearman's and Thurstone's conceptualizations of intelligence?

A)by subdividing intelligence into fluid and crystallized intelligence
B)by identifying a total of 180 intelligence factors through factor analysis
C)by proposing a triarchic theory of intelligence
D)by subdividing intelligence into verbal and nonverbal components

Question 14

Which of the following statements about the validity of the WISC-V with Canadian populations is accurate?

A)The WISC-V is not valid for Canadian children.
B)There is greater reliability and validity for the Canadian version of the WISC at the group level than at the general level.
C)The use of norming groups, instead of samples, is of particular importance when attempting to identify at-risk children.
D)The multicultural diversity in Canada suggests a need for sensitivity in interpreting outcomes.

Question 15

What does the dynamic assessment approach to intellectual assessment attempt to evaluate?

A)crystallized intelligence that is not culture specific
B)nonverbal information-processing skills
C)general intellectual capabilities in infants
D)learning of new material when provided with instruction

Question 16

Which of the following abilities depends on an individual's crystallized intelligence?

A)responding accurately to questions about general, culturally based information
B)solving complex mathematical problems quickly and accurately
C)solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations
D)understanding spatial relationships

Question 17

On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, what is an infant's developmental quotient based on?

A)the rate of habituation and visual reaction time
B)the scores obtained on the motor and mental scales
C)visual reaction time and the score from the motor scale
D)the rate of habituation and the score from the Infant Behavioural Record

Question 18

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of longitudinal studies that have assessed the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children that have participated in compensatory education programs in comparison to those children who did not?

A)They have lower initial IQ scores but then show gains.
B)They do not show any significant short-term or long-term changes to their initial IQ scores.
C)They have higher IQ scores throughout the elementary and high school years.
D)They have higher IQ scores in the short-term, but then show a decline.

Question 19

When Ophelia was 10 years old, she completed the original Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.She answered all the questions that a typical 5- or 6-year-old would answer, but none of the questions a typical 7- or 8-year-old would answer.Based on this information, what is Ophelia's mental age?

A)5
B)6
C)8
D)10

Question 20

Multiple-choice tests typically ask students to select the one best answer from a set of alternatives.What do tests of this type require of an individual?

A)divergent thinking
B)fluid intelligence
C)convergent thinking
D)practical intelligence

Question 21

Based upon current research findings, when is compensatory education most successful?

A)when children can watch educational television
B)when parents take an active role in the program
C)when children are high achievers
D)when parental influence is removed from the child's education

Question 22

According to Thurstone, how should intelligence be conceptualized?

A)as seven primary mental abilities that arise from a single general intelligence factor
B)as two main factors and five subfactors
C)as seven primary mental abilities that are independent of one another
D)as two abilities that are largely unaffected by experience

Question 23

In contrast to Spearman and Thurstone's theories, how did Guilford depict intelligence in his structure-of-intellect model?

A)as consisting of a small number of basic abilities
B)as a single ability rather than two or more types of abilities
C)as a set of information-processing skills
D)as consisting of more than 100 primary mental abilities

Question 24

Rory took the WISC-V and received a score of 92.What does Rory's score mean with respect to his test performance?

A)Rory scored more than a standard deviation below the mean.
B)Rory scored more than a standard deviation above the mean.
C)Rory's score is incorrect because the highest possible score on the WISC is 50.
D)Rory's score is in the low average range.

Question 25

In terms of intelligence, what does the s factor refer to?

A)an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance
B)an individual's ability to solve problems, reason, and remember
C)an individual factor that is unique to a specific type of test
D)the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions

Question 26

Which statement best summarizes the research findings regarding the correlation between home environment and IQ?

A)A mother's IQ predicts her child's IQ better than does quality of the home environment after age 4.
B)The quality of the home environment predicts IQ better than does a mother's IQ after age 4.
C)A mother's IQ is the better predictor of her child's IQ than is home environment at all ages.
D)The quality of the home environment is the better predictor of a child's IQ at all ages.

Question 27

Based on Charles Spearman's view of intelligence, what can be predicted about an individual's intellectual abilities?

A)If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to show deficiencies in other academic areas.
B)If he or she excels in academics early, he or she is likely to "burn out" when reaching adolescence.
C)If he or she excels in one academic area, he or she is likely to excel in most academic areas.
D)If he or she excels in academics, he or she is likely to be both a gifted athlete and musician.

Question 28

Sergei has been studying music for three years.When he first started his studies he had a hard time describing musical pieces accurately, but now he is able to pick out the period, style, and genre of most pieces.According to Cattell, what type of intelligence is responsible for Sergei's current ability?

A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)practical
D)creative

Question 29

Which statistical procedure is used to identify the separate abilities assessed by a test?

A)trend analysis
B)linear regression
C)partial correlation
D)factor analysis

Question 30

Which of the following best summarizes when the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are most useful?

A)They are used to predict an infant's later IQ or scholastic achievements.
B)They are used to chart an infant's developmental progress and diagnose neurological disorders.
C)They are used to measure early information-processing skills.
D)They are used to assess an infant's temperament and level of attachment to adults.

Question 31

In Arthur Jensen's classification scheme of intellectual abilities, what do Level II abilities include?

A)attentional processes, short-term memory, and associative skills
B)abstract reasoning skills and the ability to manipulate words and symbols to form concepts
C)the capacity to move between flexible and rigid states of thought
D)acquired knowledge about culturally relevant concepts

Question 32

Jenna and Sander's daughter is 6 months old.What would be the best way for Jenna and Sander to predict how their daughter will score on tests of intelligence later in childhood?

A)calculate her developmental quotient based on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development
B)have a psychometrician administer a Wechsler test
C)measure her attention, rate of habituation, and preference for novelty
D)compare the age at which she first crawls, sits, and walks with age norms for these motor milestones

Question 33

Madeline's intelligence quotient (IQ) was calculated using the formula proposed by Lewis Terman, and the result was less than 100.What does this indicate?

A)Her chronological age is greater than her mental age.
B)Her mental age is greater than her chronological age.
C)Her IQ was calculated incorrectly, because in Terman's method the score must be greater than or equal to 115.
D)Her IQ was calculated incorrectly, because in Terman's method the score must be equal to or greater than 100.

Question 34

Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes an information-processing component.This component corresponds most closely to which of the following theorists' conceptualizations of intelligence?

A)Spearman's concept of a g factor
B)Cattell and Horn's concept of crystallized intelligence
C)Thurstone's concept of primary intelligence
D)Cattell and Horn's concept of fluid intelligence

Question 35

Frasier is an athlete who won two gold medals at the last Olympic Games; however, he seems to have real problems when it comes to balancing his chequing account.Which theory of intelligence would best explain Frasier's different levels of performance on these tasks?

A)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
B)Spearman's theory of general intelligence
C)Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
D)Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence

Question 36

Which statement best summarizes the research findings of Arthur Jensen regarding racial differences in intelligence?

A)Level II abilities show more heritability than Level I abilities.
B)Performance on Level II tasks tended to decline with age, whereas performance on Level I tasks tended to improve with age.
C)Level I tasks were performed equally well by children from all races, ethnic groups, and social classes.
D)Middle-class and white children outperformed lower-income and African-American children on Level I tasks, but not on Level II tasks.

Question 37

On the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, what does the motor scale assess?

A)adaptive behaviours such as searching for hidden toys and following directions
B)behaviour based on fearfulness and social responsiveness
C)capabilities such as throwing a ball and drinking from a cup
D)visual reaction time and preference for novelty

Question 38

According to recent research, which of the following is the best predictor of IQ test performance and academic competency?

A)family income
B)race
C)age level
D)school attendance

Question 39

What does convergent thinking require of an individual?

A)to generate the one best answer to a problem
B)to generate a variety of solutions to problems for which there is no one correct answer
C)to use abstract reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem
D)to use concrete reasoning skills in determining the solution to a problem

Question 40

Which of the following options meet the criteria that DSM-5 uses to classify an individual with deficits in reasoning, problem-solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience, acquired over the developmental period and causing adaptive functioning deficits?

A)domain-specific deficits in adaptive functioning
B)intellectual developmental disorder
C)conceptual-specific deficits in adaptive functioning
D)cognitive developmental disability

Question 41

According to Scarr and McCartney, what is the main reason that identical twins continue to have similar IQ scores throughout life, whereas the resemblance of IQ scores between fraternal twins decreases with time?

A)Genotype is the primary determinant of IQ.
B)Environment is the primary determinant of IQ.
C)Identical twins actively select more similar environments than do fraternal twins.
D)Genotype determines an individual's environment in both childhood and adulthood.

Question 42

Which of the following abilities depends on an individual's fluid intelligence?

A)responding accurately to questions testing general information
B)solving complex mathematical problems
C)solving novel problems and thinking creatively in new situations
D)understanding spatial relationships

Question 43

According to Binet's original intelligence test, what was meant by the expression "mental age of 7"?

A)The child had an exceptionally long fetal stage of prenatal development.
B)The child's seven multiple intelligences were within the normal range.
C)The child correctly answered the test items that most 7-year-olds did.
D)The child correctly answered 7 out of 10 of the items on the test.

Question 44

In Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, which component of intelligent behaviour do "street smarts" refer to?

A)contextual
B)experiential
C)componential
D)fluid

Question 45

Why did Cattell and Horn propose that Spearman's g factor, and Thurstone's concept of primary mental abilities should be subdivided into fluid and crystallized intelligence?

A)to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems that depend on school knowledge and life experiences
B)to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and information-processing skills
C)to distinguish between the ability to solve problems requiring flexible and rigid states of thought
D)to distinguish between the ability to solve abstract relational problems and problems requiring "street smarts"

Question 46

Carmen's parents have always taken an interest in her intellectual accomplishments, and they urge her to do the best she can in school.Her parents have a flexible parenting style that is not overly strict, yet not overly permissive.Based on the research of McCall and colleagues, what might you expect about the stability of Carmen's IQ score?

A)It might increase over time.
B)It will fluctuate randomly during middle childhood and adolescence.
C)It will be relatively stable, and show little change once she is past preschool.
D)It might show a slow steady decrease over time.

Question 47

In comparison to their less intelligent peers, which of the following best characterizes the developmental outcome of the gifted children in Terman's study?

A)severe psychological instability
B)difficulty in establishing or maintaining stable relationships
C)general unhappiness and low satisfaction with life
D)more successful emotional adjustment

Question 48

How did Binet and Simon define mental age?

A)the child's current age in years and months
B)the age that best fits the child's current level of intellectual performance
C)the child's ultimate intellectual potential
D)the ratio of a child's current abilities to his or her chronological age

Question 49

According to Charles Spearman, which two factors should be used to conceptualize intelligence?

A)verbal skills and mathematical skills
B)fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence
C)analytic intelligence and creative intelligence
D)general and specific factors

Question 50

Which of the following individual characteristics do intelligence scores best estimate?

A)current intellectual performance
B)intellectual capacity
C)scholastic aptitude
D)crystallized intelligence

Question 51

At what point in Piaget's stages of development does the introduction of compensatory education produce the greatest long-term benefits?

A)during the sensorimotor period
B)during the preoperational period
C)after children reach the concrete operational period
D)after children show evidence of formal operational thought

Question 52

Modern tests of intelligence calculate IQ as a deviation score.When this method of reporting is used, the scores of 68 percent of all individuals will fall within what range?

A)between 100 and 130
B)between 85 and 115
C)between 85 and 100
D)between 75 and 115

Question 53

Which of the following traits would you be most accurate in predicting if you were to use IQ scores?

A)academic achievement
B)employment status
C)life satisfaction
D)psychological adjustment

Question 54

Karlene wants to provide the best home environment she can for her newborn son to maximize his intellectual potential.Based on current research findings, which of the following would you recommend that Karlene do to reach her goal?

A)carefully organize her son's play environment and play time
B)use a nonpunitive disciplinary style
C)be highly involved and emotionally responsive
D)ensure the toys she provides are always just beyond her son's current capabilities

Question 55

Based on contemporary research, which of the following characteristics of infant behaviour is the best predictor of intelligence scores in the preschool period?

A)speed of habituation to repetitive stimuli
B)amount of babbling and other vocalizations
C)developmental quotient
D)performance on tests of object permanence

Question 56

According to Klineberg's cumulative deficit hypothesis, what can be predicted about the intellectual deficits of children who are raised in impoverished environments?

A)Those who start with the most intellectual potential will show the greatest deficits in intellectual performance.
B)The effects of this environment during the first five years will be less detrimental than a comparable exposure that starts during grade school.
C)The older children in a family should score lower on IQ tests than their younger siblings.
D)As the size of a family increases, the average IQ score of all the family members decreases.

Question 57

Which of the following is the best predictor of whether a child will succeed in an academic setting?

A)his or her IQ or aptitude-test scores
B)his or her prior course grades
C)his or her motivation and interests
D)his or her cognitive style

Question 58

Which of the following theorists would endorse the notion that each person's many problem-solving skills mature at different phases of life?

A)Jensen
B)Sternberg
C)Gardner
D)Binet

Question 59

Although all of the HOME subscales are moderately correlated with children's IQ scores, some are better predictors of intellectual performance than others.Which two scales seem to be strong predictors of future scholastic achievement?

A)parental involvement and parental responsiveness
B)parental involvement and the parents' disciplinary style
C)parental organization of the environment and provision of age-appropriate materials
D)parental responsivity and the parents' disciplinary style

Question 60

What do psychometricians mean when they say that intelligence scores are normally distributed?

A)Most scores fall in the centre of the distribution.
B)Most scores fall to the far right in the distribution.
C)Most scores fall to the far left in the distribution.
D)Most scores fall above the upper extreme of the distribution.

Question 61

Which of the following best characterizes the long-term outcome of individuals that were characterized as gifted in Terman's longitudinal study of intelligence?

A)a higher-than-normal rate of ill health, alcoholism, and delinquent behaviour
B)high productivity in their chosen occupations
C)an increased risk for suicide
D)a decline in intellectual achievement and accomplishment

Question 62

Researchers found that African-American adolescents performed poorly when they thought their abilities would be assessed, but performed as well as their European-American peers when the same test was presented as a nonevaluative exercise.Based on this result, what can be concluded with respect to cultural biases in IQ testing?

A)A stereotype threat does not influence performance in testing situations.
B)A stereotype threat can influence performance in testing situations.
C)Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of motivational factors.
D)Racial and ethnic group differences in test scores are the result of cultural bias in the testing materials.

Question 63

Which statement best characterizes the abilities of children who have been diagnosed with a mild intellectual disability?

A)They can learn few academic or practical lessons at school.
B)They will be unhappy, unproductive adults.
C)They will be productive as adults and satisfied with their accomplishments.
D)They eventually will be institutionalized because they are incapable of self-care.

Question 64

In Sternberg and Lubart's investment theory of creativity, what are three of the factors that tend to converge in creative individuals?

A)divergent thinking, extrinsic motivation, and a higher-than-average IQ
B)knowledge within a given area, intrinsic motivation, and a supportive environment
C)intrinsic motivation, convergent thinking, and self-confidence
D)extrinsic motivation, a supportive environment, and a willingness to take sensible risks

Question 65

The PASS theory of intelligence relies on information processing and neuropsychology.What cognitive functions does PASS stand for?

A)preparation, arranging, sequential processing, simultaneous programming
B)projection, awakening, successive programming, simultaneous programming
C)preattention, arousal, simultaneous programming, successive processing
D)planning, attention-arousal, simultaneous processing, successive processing

Question 66

Based on current research, which statement is the most valid conclusion regarding the relationship between IQ and occupational status or success?

A)IQ is the most important predictor of occupational success.
B)High-IQ individuals are not employed in low-status jobs.
C)There is no relationship between IQ and job status or success.
D)Prior job performance and motivation are often better predictors than IQ.

Question 67

Perry Klein at Western University is a critic of Gardner's multiple intelligence theory.Which of the claims below represents one of Klein's arguments?

A)Only multiple intelligence theory can explain the instructional implications suggested by Gardner.
B)Gardner's ideas have no application to the area of creative thought.
C)The patterns of strengths and weaknesses observed in individuals diagnosed with learning disabilities do not match perfectly with a specific intelligence, as Gardner maintains.
D)Activities such as dancing are not associated with more than one type of intelligence, as Gardner suggests.

Question 68

Victor is a feral boy who was rescued from the wilderness.Given his childhood experience, on which type of test of intellectual ability do you predict he will excel?

A)factual knowledge
B)fluid intelligence
C)crystallized intelligence
D)two-generation intervention

Question 69

Bastien is 5 years old, but on intelligence tests he scores at the level typical of 4-year-olds.Based on the intelligence quotient (IQ) formula used by Lewis Terman, what is Bastien's IQ?

A)80
B)99
C)100
D)125

Question 70

Julie and Tiago have had their daughter assessed with the Bayley infant development scales.Based on the score that their daughter receives, what can Julie and Tiago assume with respect to her future intellectual ability?

A)Her future academic ability cannot be predicted with accuracy.
B)Her future IQ score will fall within a range of about three points from her DQ.
C)She will perform better intellectually as she grows older.
D)She will show declines in her intellectual abilities as she grows older due to performance pressures.

Question 71

What have factor-analytic studies demonstrated about intelligence?

A)It is a single attribute.
B)It is made up of three components.
C)It consists of several attributes.
D)It is made up of two distinct components.

Question 72

According to Robert Sternberg, someone who can solve the problems that are unique to a person's culture should score high on tests of which type of intelligence?

A)fluid
B)experiential
C)practical
D)compositional

Question 73

In terms of intelligence, what does the g factor refer to?

A)an individual factor that is unique to a specific type of test
B)acquired knowledge and abilities
C)an underlying intelligence factor that applies to all types of test performance
D)the ability to understand spatial relationships and think in three dimensions

Question 74

Scarr and Weinberg compared the IQs of disadvantaged African-American children adopted into white, middle-class families with those of their white siblings, comparable children raised in the African-American community, and the national norms.Which statement best describes their findings regarding the IQs of the African-American adoptees?

A)They scored far below their white siblings.
B)They scored below the national average.
C)They scored well above their white siblings.
D)They scored well above the national average.

Question 75

Theo never did well in school, but he was always considered "street smart." How would Sternberg label this component of intelligence?

A)as body-kinesthetic
B)as contextual
C)as experiential
D)as componential

Question 76

Helen has been studying music for three years.When she first started her studies she had a hard time playing new pieces accurately, but now she can quickly sight-read most new pieces.According to Cattell, what type of intelligence is responsible for Helen's current ability?

A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)practical
D)creative

Question 77

Veronica is a gifted pianist who has been playing since she was 2, and has been writing her own music since she was 4.On the other hand, Veronica has a difficult time expressing herself with words and often struggles with English assignments.Which theory of intelligence would best explain Veronica's different levels of performance on these tasks?

A)Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
B)Spearman's theory of general intelligence
C)Thurstone's theory of primary mental abilities
D)Sternberg's information-processing theory of intelligence

Question 78

Suppose that a previously disadvantaged child has been placed into a loving adoptive home.The adoptive parents provide an enriching environment.Based upon the cumulative deficit hypothesis, which effect will the transition have on the child's IQ?

A)The effect is initially positive, and this may be enough to bring IQ into the normal or above-normal range.
B)The effect is initially negative, and further losses accrue over time.
C)The effect is initially positive, but gains are temporary and are insufficient to bring IQ into the normal range.
D)The effect is inconsistent, depending on the individual aspects of the new environment.

Question 79

Based on the intelligence quotient formula developed by Lewis Terman, what would be the score of an individual with a mental age greater than his or her chronological age?

A)greater than 100
B)equal to 100
C)less than 85 but greater than 70
D)less than 70

Question 80

Which statement best summarizes the research evidence from studies that were designed to evaluate Sternberg and Lubart's investment theory?

A)Creative resources were moderately to highly correlated with creativity.
B)Measures of convergent thinking were most strongly correlated with creativity.
C)IQ scores and creativity were negatively correlated.
D)Environmental factors were not correlated with overall measures of creativity.