Deck 16: Nutrition Through the Life Cycle: Pregnancy and the First Years of Life

Question 1

From the third month to term, the developing human is called a(n):

A)fetus.
B)embryo.
C)zygote.
D)blastocyst.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The embryo is most vulnerable to teratogens during which stage of pregnancy?

A)1st trimester
B)2nd trimester
C)3rd trimester
D)Teratogens do not affect the embryo.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

A full-term pregnancy lasts ________ weeks.

A)28-30
B)38-42
C)44-46
D)48-52

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An infant was born at 35 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 2 300 g. The infant is:

A)preterm, low-birth-weight.
B)preterm, normal-birth-weight.
C)full-term, low-birth-weight.
D)full-term, normal-birth-weight.

Question 5

Women who are pregnant should limit their intake of fresh tuna, sword fish, and canned (white)albacore tuna to avoid ________ contamination.

A)mercury
B)lead
C)arsenic
D)nitrogen

Question 6

Amanda is a healthy adult with a BMI of 23 kg/m². She has just found out she is pregnant and her doctor estimates that she is at 6 weeks gestation. Amanda decides to increase her energy intake by 400 kcal/day. Amanda's decision is:

A)incorrect; she only requires an additional 200 kilocalories per day in her first trimester.
B)incorrect; no change in energy intake is required in the first semester.
C)correct; she should consume an additional 350-400 kilocalories per day in her first trimester.
D)incorrect; Amanda is overweight and should decrease her energy intake by 150 kilocalories per day.

Question 7

Inadequate intakes of ________ during pregnancy are associated with neural tube defects in the fetus.

A)protein
B)iron
C)folate
D)calcium

Question 8

Which of the following fatty acids is critical to fetal brain and eye development?

A)stearic acid
B)oleic acid
C)docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
D)palmitic acid

Question 9

Shauna has just found out she is pregnant. Her prepregnancy BMI was 24 kg/m². How much weight would her doctor recommend she gain during her pregnancy?

A)5-9 kg
B)7-11.5 kg
C)11.5-16 kg
D)12.5-18 kg

Question 10

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate the MOST important?

A)during the first four weeks
B)during the middle trimester
C)during the last trimester
D)immediately prior to parturition (delivery)

Question 11

During the second and third trimesters, the energy needs of a pregnant woman increase by ________ kilocalories per day.

A)100-200
B)350-450
C)450-550
D)750-850

Question 12

Spina Bifida and anencephaly may result from an inadequate ________ intake prior to or during pregnancy.

A)niacin
B)folate
C)vitamin C
D)iron

Question 13

A substance that causes a birth defect is called a:

A)teratogen.
B)parturition.
C)blastocyst.
D)fetotoxin.

Question 14

A preterm infant is one that is born:

A)weighing less than 2 500 g.
B)less than 44 cm long.
C)before 38 weeks gestation.
D)prior to the full development of the respiratory system.

Question 15

The recommended protein intake during the 9 months of pregnancy is:

A)0)8 g/day per kg body weight.
B)1)1 g/day per kg body weight.
C)1)4 g/day per kg body weight.
D)2)0 g/day per kg body weight.

Question 16

________ is the point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm.

A)Implantation
B)Conception
C)Parturition
D)Gestation

Question 17

Women with a pre-pregnancy body mass index ________ have the lowest risk of a complicated pregnancy and delivery.

A)< 18.5 kg/m²
B)between 19.8 and 26.0 kg/m²
C)between 26.5 and 30.0 kg/m²
D)> 30.0 kg/m²

Question 18

An undernourished mother is most likely to give birth to:

A)a low birth weight infant.
B)a high birth weight infant.
C)an extended term infant.
D)a healthy infant.

Question 19

During the first trimester, women are advised to gain:

A)0)5-2.0 kg.
B)1)0-3.0 kg.
C)1)5-3.5 kg
D)2)0-4.0 kg

Question 20

How many kilograms lighter can a woman expect to be immediately after birth?

A)3)0-4.0
B)4)5-5.5
C)6)0-7.0
D)6)5-8.0

Question 21

Ramona is three months pregnant and has been experiencing severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (morning sickness). One strategy she can use to reduce the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy is to:

A)avoid eating within the first 2 hours of waking.
B)ensure she consumes a glass of water with every meal.
C)eat a small amount of food every couple of hours during the day.
D)eat only very hot foods to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

Question 22

Breanne is a 28 year-old female who is sexually active. According to the RDA she should consume ________ of folate per day.

A)200 µg.
B)300 µg.
C)400 µg.
D)600 µg.

Question 23

Why is it crucial for the fetus to store adequate iron during gestation?

A)Breast milk is low in iron.
B)Iron from breast milk and formula is poorly absorbed.
C)The fetus loses a great deal of iron during delivery.
D)During the first month of life, the infant is unable to store iron.

Question 24

The current recommendation to avoid fetal alcohol syndrome is:

A)less than four alcohol containing drinks per day.
B)avoiding distilled liquors during pregnancy.
C)only one beer or glass of wine per day.
D)complete abstinence.

Question 25

Which of the following individuals would have the LOWEST risk of developing gestational diabetes?

A)a 23-year-old female with a BMI of 34 kg/m²
B)a 31-year-old female with a BMI of 20 kg/m²
C)a 38-year-old female of Aboriginal origin
D)a female who has previously given birth to a large-for-gestational-age infant

Question 26

Fetal demand for iron is highest during the:

A)first trimester.
B)second trimester.
C)third trimester.
D)entire gestational period.

Question 27

The absorption of calcium increases during pregnancy because:

A)high levels of the active form of vitamin D enhance calcium absorption.
B)low levels of estrogen enhance calcium absorption.
C)pregnant women crave more calcium during this time.
D)more calcium is excreted.

Question 28

A sudden increase in maternal blood pressure with the presence of swelling, rapid weight gain, and protein in the urine is characteristic of a condition called:

A)preeclampsia.
B)gestational diabetes.
C)gestational hypertension.
D)cardiovascular distress.

Question 29

Janine is four months pregnant and has been craving laundry starch. Janine has a disorder called:

A)amylase cravings.
B)pica.
C)post conception cravings.
D)food aversion.

Question 30

Which of the following is likely to occur in a fetus if the mother has well-controlled gestational diabetes?

A)increased risk of trauma during delivery
B)increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes
C)increased risk of obesity
D)There will be no ill effects.

Question 31

During lactation, the energy needs of the mother increase by ________ kilocalories a day above her prepregnancy energy needs.

A)140-200
B)330-400
C)450-580
D)700-800

Question 32

Macrocytic anemia results from a deficiency of:

A)folate and vitamin B_12.
B)vitamin B₆ and vitamin C.
C)vitamin B₁₂ and vitamin D.
D)niacin and folate.

Question 33

The primary cause of heartburn during pregnancy is:

A)increased stress.
B)overeating by the mother.
C)intolerance to prenatal vitamins.
D)relaxation of the smooth muscles in the lower esophageal sphincter.

Question 34

Which hormone stimulates breast milk production?

A)estrogen
B)prolactin
C)lutein stimulating hormone
D)cortisol

Question 35

When breastfeeding, it is important to let the infant suckle for at least 20 minutes to ensure:

A)the infant gets the hindmilk high in fat.
B)the mother will metabolize enough fat for weight loss.
C)the infant gets the watery milk to satisfy their thirst.
D)the mother will continue to produce milk.

Question 36

What percentage of pregnancies in Canada are complicated by some form of hypertension?

A)4%
B)6%
C)8%
D)10%

Question 37

Leandra is a new mom, who has been breastfeeding for 8 weeks. In order to reduce the risk of dehydration and optimize milk production she should consume ________ litres of total water per day.

A)2)3
B)2)7
C)3)2
D)3)8

Question 38

The AI for fluid intake during pregnancy is ________ litres per day.

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4

Question 39

Zinc absorption from supplements is inhibited by:

A)calcium supplements.
B)iron supplements.
C)vitamin D supplements.
D)excessive carbohydrate.

Question 40

Unpasteurized milk and cheeses should be avoided during pregnancy because they may contain:

A)salmonella.
B)trichonosis.
C)Listeria monocytogenes.
D)mercury.

Question 41

Baby Lilly is six months old and she has been breastfeeding since birth. Identify two nutrients for which she is MOST likely to be deficient and would require fortification and or supplementation.

Question 42

Baby Billy is currently five months old. Since birth, Billy's weight and height have been in the 90th percentile on the growth charts. What does this tell you about Billy's growth and development?

A)Billy is underweight and is not growing well.
B)Billy is overweight and is consuming too many calories.
C)Billy is growing consistently; he may grow to be a larger, but healthy, adult.
D)Billy has gone through a growth spurt; his growth will taper off soon.

Question 43

Jiao is concerned about her immune health during pregnancy and is considering taking an antioxidant supplement that contains medicinal herbs, vitamin E, and vitamin A. Would you recommend that she consume the antioxidant supplement? Explain why or why not.

Question 44

While watching TV, you see an advertisement that states that women should take flax seed oil as a source of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy because fish contains too much mercury. Do you agree or disagree with the advertisement? Justify your response.

Question 45

Sylvia has begun to introduce new foods into her eight-month-old daughter's diet. Which of the following should she avoid because it is a common allergen for infants?

A)rice
B)tofu
C)cow's milk
D)raw carrots

Question 46

Neema has just registered for a prenatal yoga class and a prenatal water aerobics class. Her mother-in-law is very concerned and argues that physical activity during pregnancy will be harmful. What information could you provide Neema with to help her convince her mother-in-law that it is safe for her to exercise during pregnancy.

Question 47

The stimulus that is needed for continued and sustained production of breast milk is:

A)high fluid intake by the mother.
B)high protein intake by the mother.
C)infant suckling.
D)ovulation.

Question 48

Baby Patrick is 10 months old and weighs 12 kg. Approximately how many kilocalories should he consume each day?

A)960
B)1 080
C)1 345
D)1 440

Question 49

Pamela's doctor has just explained to her that her four-month-old daughter's digestive problems are due to the fact that she is lactose intolerant. What would you recommend Pamela feed her daughter.

Question 50

Caleb is six months old, and his parents have decided it is time to start him on solid foods. Which of the following would be the BEST choice for Caleb's first food?

A)iron fortified rice cereal
B)strained mixed vegetables
C)a dry wheat based cereal
D)calcium fortified cheese

Question 51

The brain grows the most rapidly in the:

A)first year of life.
B)first three years of life.
C)fourth year of life.
D)first year of puberty.

Question 52

In the first couple of days, the breasts release ________, that is rich in protein and includes antibodies.

A)hindmilk
B)colostrum
C)meconium
D)prolactin

Question 53

Nilaya's pre-pregnancy protein requirement was 48 grams per day. Nilaya gave birth to a baby girl two months ago and is breastfeeding. What should her protein intake be to support lactation?

A)48 g/d
B)66 g/d
C)73 g/d
D)128 g/d

Question 54

Caterina tells you that she is pleased to have given birth to her baby because she can now enjoy a glass of wine with dinner. She also explains that she is enjoying bonding with her son through the breastfeeding experience. What advice would you provide Caterina with respect to her nutrition while breastfeeding?

Question 55

Rena is a 35-year-old woman who has been trying to get pregnant for 3 years. She currently has a BMI of 32 kg/m². She knows being obese can be harmful to the fetus; however, her response to the stress of trying to become pregnant and the disappointment of not conceiving each month is to overeat. She decides that trying to lose weight now is too complicated and that she will lose some weight once she conceives. Do you agree with her plan? Explain why or why not.

Question 56

Raymond is looking after his newborn son Edward while his wife is out for coffee with some of her friends. Edward has been crying for quite a while and Raymond thinks he is hungry. He knows his wife will not be home for another 30 minutes to breastfeed and considers heating up some cow's milk from the fridge to feed Edward in the meantime. He asks you if this is a good idea. How would you respond?

Question 57

Corn syrup and honey may be dangerous for infants because they may contain:

A)Salmonella.
B)Clostridium botulinum.
C)sucrose.
D)fructose.

Question 58

Desiree has been consuming a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet for the past seven years. She has recently found out she is pregnant. Her husband tells you he is concerned about her nutrition and would like her to consume meat products during her pregnancy. Explain to her husband the concerns, if any, about following a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet during pregnancy.

Question 59

Which of the following are cues that an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

A)The infant can stand without support.
B)The infant's tongue extrusion reflex has begun to abate.
C)The infant is at least three months old.
D)The infant can talk.

Question 60

Tracy has been breastfeeding her son for several months now. Recently he has developed colic and has been crying for hours at a time. She is considering switching to formula feeding to see if that will help. Do you agree or disagree with this decision? Why or why not?

Question 61

Nikki has decided to return to work after 6 months maternity leave and her husband Randy will stay home with their new daughter. They are concerned about switching from breast milk to formula, however, acknowledge that switching their daughter to formula might be more convenient. How would you advise Nikki and Randy? Include information on the benefits of breastfeeding and the challenges. Provide them with practical advice on how to solve their dilemma.

Question 62

A doctor is concerned about baby Olivia. Olivia is 8 months old and has a weight-for-height below the third percentile. At her last visit she appeared to be growing normally; however, now does not seem to be growing as expected based on the growth charts. When the doctor asks the mother what she is feeding baby Olivia she replies "a small amount of breast milk every day." What is wrong with baby Olivia? What nutritional recommendations should the doctor provide the mother. Consider the recommendations for introducing solid foods in your response.

Question 63

Imagine you have been asked to facilitate a nutrition session to provide nutrition information to healthy, adult women who are pregnant. Outline the nutrient recommendations you would provide including: macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluid intakes. Highlight any areas where supplements may be required to meet nutrient needs.