Deck 1: Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870

Question 1

The Argentine constitution of 1853 strongly reflected the ideas of

A) Bartolomé Mitre.
B) Juan Bautista Alberdi.
C) Justo José de Urquiza.
D) Santiago Derqui.

Answer 1

Juan Bautista Alberdi.

Question 2

One cause of economic stagnation that plagued the new states was the

A) chronic balance-of-trade problem.
B) exodus of Spanish merchants and capital.
C) poor quality of Latin American exports.
D) drain of gold and silver as a result of foreign smuggling.

Answer 2

chronic balance-of-trade problem.

Question 3

A major factor in the transformation of the Argentine economy after 1870 was

A) the passage of a homestead law.
B) state-subsidized immigration from Italy.
C) the introduction of barbed-wire fencing and alfalfa ranges.
D) the salting process for preserving meat.

Answer 3

the introduction of barbed-wire fencing and alfalfa ranges.

Question 4

The triumph of Porfirio Díaz was also the triumph of

A) idealistic principles of natural law.
B) positivism.
C) clerical ideology.
D) relativism.

Question 5

The new Latin American republican constitutions

A) provided for universal suffrage.
B) contained literacy and property qualifications that barred lower-class people from voting.
C) promoted social mobility by declaring the equality of all before the law.
D) guaranteed unrestricted rights of speech, press, and assembly.

Question 6

A turning point in the War of the French Intervention came in 1865 as a result of

A) a major liberal victory at Puebla.
B) the Union triumph over the Confederacy in the U.S. Civil War.
C) Maximilian's refusal to return confiscated lands to the church.
D) the Franco-Prussian War.

Question 7

The primary aim of the Mexican Reforma was to

A) establish honest and fair elections.
B) eradicate feudal vestiges and implant capitalism.
C) defend the rights of peasants and workers.
D) regain territory lost to the United States through the Mexican War.

Question 8

Latin American liberals usually favored

A) radical land reform.
B) a federal form of government.
C) protection of indigenous communal landholdings.
D) special privileges for the church.

Question 9

The leading spokesman for Mexican liberalism in the 1830s was

A) Lucas Alamán.
B) José María Luis Mora.
C) Vicente Guerrero.
D) Antonio López de Santa Anna.

Question 10

A large political role for the military in the post independence period was ensured by the

A) need to prevent or crush slave and indigenous revolts.
B) danger of renewed Spanish efforts to reconquer its former colonies.
C) militarization of the new states as a result of years of destructive warfare.
D) legacy of military values inherited from Spain.

Question 11

The Banco de Avío was

A) an ambitious government effort to modernize Mexican industry.
B) an effort to promote Mexican agricultural exports through government subsidies.
C) an effort to revive Mexican mining through collaboration of foreign and domestic capital.
D) a private bank that extended mortgage loans to distressed landowners.

Question 12

The colonial elite that emerged from the wars of independence with the greatest power was

A) the merchant class.
B) the mine owners.
C) the church hierarchy.
D) the wealthy landowners.

Question 13

The great architect of Chile's conservative system of economics and politics was

A) Bernardo O'Higgins.
B) Diego Portales.
C) Ramón Freire.
D) Manuel Bulnes.

Question 14

The principal beneficiaries of Juan Manuel Rosas' program for Argentina were

A) the estanciero class.
B) the merchant class.
C) artisans and industry in general.
D) the caudillos of the interior provinces.

Question 15

The Carrera era in Guatemala was characterized by

A) diversification of the Guatemalan economy.
B) revival of colonial social and political arrangements.
C) separation of church and state.
D) adoption of the Livingston legal code.

Question 16

The rise of caudillismo reflected, among other things,

A) typical Latin American individualism and machismo.
B) intensified tendencies toward regionalism as a result of economic stagnation.
C) the Spanish tradition of rejection of central authority.
D) a reaction against Bolívar's efforts to impose firm control over Latin America.

Question 17

The leader in the struggle to unite Central America under liberal auspices was

A) Augustín de Iturbide.
B) Manuel José Arce.
C) Francisco Morazán.
D) Mariano Gálvez.

Question 18

A novel feature of Paraguay's early postcolonial economic program was the

A) heavy stress on production of export crops.
B) encouragement of the influx of foreign capital.
C) establishment of state farms and ranches.
D) promotion of heavy industry.

Question 19

Bernardino Rivadavia's program for Argentina included

A) a plan to encourage formation of a small-farmer class by redistributing public lands.
B) a strong central government to promote national economic development.
C) nationalistic legislation to limit foreign investment and economic influence.
D) the recall of the Jesuits from exile in order to promote education.

Question 20

A large-scale influx of foreign capital into Latin America did not occur in the first half of the nineteenth century because

A) severe depressions in Europe restricted export of capital from that area.
B) political disorder in Latin America discouraged foreign investment.
C) European capitalists preferred to send their capital to Africa and Asia.
D) Latin American nationalistic legislation discouraged foreign investment.

Question 21

The conservative regime inaugurated by Diego Portales in Chile had some specific characteristics that set it apart from other conservative regimes in Latin America. What were they?

Question 22

What roles did class, race, and region play in shaping the early 19^th century conflicts between Liberals and Conservatives in Central America?

Question 23

The radical democrat who founded the Society for Equality in Chile was

A) Bernardo O'Higgins.
B) Diego Portales.
C) Manuel Montt.
D) Francisco Bilbao.

Question 24

The reform agenda in early postcolonial Uruguay included

A) reconstruction of latifundios.
B) restoration of the Catholic Church's power.
C) redistribution of royalist lands to the landless poor.
D) nationalization of foreign companies.

Question 25

Summarize in broad outline the nineteenth-century liberal and conservative political programs and the group interests these programs represented.

Question 26

How equitably did the United States comply with the provisions of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?

Question 27

The intellectual leader of Mexico's Conservative Party in the early 19^th century was

A) Augustín de Iturbide.
B) José María Luis Mora.
C) Guadalupe Victoria.
D) Lucás Alamán.

Question 28

Paraguayan prosperity and its novel program of national development were destroyed by the

A) War of the Triple Alliance.
B) military intervention of Great Britain.
C) decision to end the nation's historic tradition of isolation.
D) invasion of Argentina's conservative dictator, Juan Manuel Rosas.

Question 29

Paraguay prospered during the first half of the 19^th century under the leadership of

A) José Gáspar Rodríguez de Francia.
B) José Artigas.
C) Antonio José de Sucre.
D) Mariano Gálvez.

Question 30

Traditionally, Paraguay under Francia and the López, father and son, has had a poor reputation. Recently, however, some scholars have sought to rehabilitate those leaders and their political and economic program for Paraguay. Drawing on material in the text, suggest the nature of this rehabilitation.

Question 31

Why did the Ley Lerdo and the Ley Juárez provoke a counterrevolution in Mexico?