Deck 3: The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900

Question 1

The father of Chilean socialism and communism was

A) Jorge Montt.
B) Manuel Baquedano.
C) Luis Emilio Recabarren.
D) Domingo Santa María.

Answer 1

Luis Emilio Recabarren.

Question 2

A characteristic of the neocolonial order was that

A) one or a few products became the basis of each country's prosperity.
B) railroad networks arose that integrated each country's regions.
C) modern wage systems replaced debt peonage in agriculture.
D) the small-farmer class grew rapidly at the expense of the hacienda.

Answer 2

one or a few products became the basis of each country's prosperity.

Question 3

Growing middle-class unrest late in the Díaz era is illustrated by the Mexican Liberal party headed by

A) Justo Sierra.
B) the Flores Magón brothers.
C) Manuel González.
D) Manuel Romero Rubio.

Answer 3

the Flores Magón brothers.

Question 4

The Brazilian constitution drafted after the revolt of 1888 represented

A) a victory for the coffee interests.
B) a compromise tilted in favor of federalism.
C) a victory for the military.
D) a victory for the radical wing of the abolitionist movement.

Question 5

A major objective of the late-nineteenth-century liberal program in Guatemala was to

A) achieve economic independence from the United States.
B) replace debt peonage with free wage labor.
C) make large expanses of land available to coffee growers.
D) reach an understanding with the church.

Question 6

The settlement at Canudos was intolerable to the Brazilian elites because it was

A) colored by messianic, religious beliefs.
B) a focus of social and political unrest.
C) a center of banditry.
D) the center of a movement to restore the empire.

Question 7

The Conquest of the Desert by General Julio Roca was followed by

A) sale of the pampa area in huge tracts to army officers, politicians, and foreign capitalists.
B) establishment of foreign agricultural colonies in the area.
C) conscription of vanquished indigenous peoples to live as peons on large estates.
D) passage of a homestead law to create a small-farmer class in the area.

Question 8

The so-called politics of the governors gave

A) the Northeast a virtual monopoly on federal politics and the choice of presidents.
B) São Paulo and Minas Gerais a virtual monopoly on federal politics and choice of presidents.
C) the central government the right to intervene in the affairs of the states.
D) a guarantee of fair and honest presidential elections.

Question 9

Following the Argentine revolt of 1880, the victors

A) federalized Buenos Aires and made it the capital of the nation.
B) moved the national capital to La Plata.
C) moved the national capital to Córdoba.
D) proclaimed Buenos Aires both the national and the provincial capital.

Question 10

An ideology that figured significantly in the fall of the Brazilian Empire was

A) romanticism.
B) positivism.
C) laissez-faire economics.
D) Marxism.

Question 11

The North American adventurer, William Walker, attempted to establish an empire in

A) Mexico.
B) Nicaragua.
C) El Salvador.
D) Guatemala.

Question 12

The Brazilian republic was dominated by

A) the coffee interests.
B) urban capitalist groups.
C) the military.
D) the sugar interests.

Question 13

Usurpation of indigenous lands under Díaz accelerated as a result of the

A) vigorous enforcement of the Ley Lerdo.
B) inability of small indigenous farmers to compete with the great landowners.
C) rise of agrobusinesses employing modern techniques and equipment.
D) passage of the land laws of 1883, 1890, and 1894.

Question 14

Under Porfirio Díaz, the most favored groups were

A) peasants and workers.
B) intellectuals and professionals.
C) important landowners and foreign investors.
D) army officers.

Question 15

By the Treaty of Ancón ending the War of the Pacific,

A) Tacna and Arica reverted to Peru.
B) Peru ceded the province of Tarapacá to Chile.
C) a plebiscite would settle the future of the province of Antofagasta.
D) Chile agreed to pay an indemnity to Peru for the loss of Tarapacá.

Question 16

During the revolt against Balmaceda, English interests

A) strongly supported Balmaceda.
B) sided with the rebels.
C) displayed a strict neutrality.
D) gave aid to both sides.

Question 17

The main demand of the Argentine Radical party was

A) electoral reform.
B) currency reform.
C) nationalization of foreign companies.
D) establishment of the 8-hour work day.

Question 18

Central to Balmaceda's nationalistic program was the desire to

A) prevent foreign domination of the nitrate industry.
B) curb the power of the church.
C) strengthen the trade-union movement.
D) create a strong modern navy.

Question 19

The Mexican científicos got their name from their

A) scientific backgrounds or training.
B) belief in the need for scientific administration of the state.
C) inclusion of science courses in Mexican public education.
D) belief that history was ruled by scientific laws that government must respect.

Question 20

In politics, the rise of the neocolonial order was accompanied by the

A) intensification of the old federalist-centralist cleavage.
B) rise of Social Darwinism and racism as dominant ideologies.
C) growth of conflict between the landed aristocrats and more capitalist-oriented groups.
D) rapid growth of a middle class increasingly hostile to neocolonialism.

Question 21

Cipriano Castro's rise to power reflected the growing influence of

A) Anglo-German investors and their government representatives.
B) recent black and Asian immigrants.
C) the United States.
D) the Andean coffee-growing region.

Question 22

In El Salvador, Fourteen Families refers to

A) a tiny elite of uncertain number who dominate the Salvadoran economy and state.
B) the fourteen families of colonial origin who dominate the Salvadoran economy and state.
C) a secret society, uniting the landed oligarchy and military, who monopolize power.
D) a group of landowners, military officers, and industrialists responsible for "death squads."

Question 23

What was the role of nitrates in the political and economic history of Chile from 1870 to 1910?

Question 24

Compare and contrast the policies of Antonio Guzmán Blanco and Rafael Núñez in late 19th century Venezuela and Colombia. How did they seek to promote national development and how did this affect indigenous communities, peasants, workers, and foreign investors?

Question 25

A popular saying during the Porfiriato ran: "Mexico, mother of foreigners and stepmother of Mexicans." Explain its significance.

Question 26

Describe the ideology and objectives of nineteenth-century Central American liberalism as illustrated by Justo Rufino Barrios and his reform program.

Question 27

A major innovation of the Núñez "Regeneration" was

A) abolition of the standing army.
B) creation of a national bank.
C) abolition of property qualifications for voting.
D) disqualification of the president to run for a second term.

Question 28

What was the economic, political, and psychological impact of the War of the Pacific on Peru? Why did it create a new and intense interest in the indigenous problem?

Question 29

Compare and contrast the policies of José Santos Zelaya and Rafael Zaldívar in late 19th century Nicaragua and El Salvador. How did they seek to promote national development and how did this affect indigenous communities, peasants, workers, and foreign investors?

Question 30

Antonio Guzmán Blanco's program included

A) public works designed to improve transportation and communication.
B) decentralization of political power.
C) a decree giving the church control over marriages.
D) a decree prohibiting foreign ownership of natural resources.

Question 31

The national unification effort during the "Regeneration" era in Colombia is comparable to

A) Mexico's unification under Porfirio Díaz.
B) Venezuela's program under Antonio Guzmán Blanco.
C) Bismarck's project for German national unification.
D) the liberal reform program in Guatemala.

Question 32

Compare the Mexican Porfiriato and the Argentine unicato in the 1880-1910 period.

Question 33

Defenders of the Díaz dictatorship credit him with the creation of a modern Mexican state and economy. Evaluate this argument.

Question 34

How "radical" was the Radical party of Leandro Além and Hipólito Yrigoyen?