Deck 7: Visual Images

Question 1

A keyword method for learning foreign vocabulary words occurs

A)before the English word.
C)after the foreign word.
B)between the English and foreign word.
D)None of these.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Paivio's dual coding theory depends on which of the following assumptions?

A)A visual code (image) is independent of a verbal code.
B)A visual code decays more slowly than a verbal code.
C)A visual code is less affected by interference than a verbal code.
D)All of these

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Visual imagery was not studied for many decades until it was revived in the

A)1950s
C)1970s
B)1960s
D)1980s

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Evidence for the use of imagery in mental scanning is more convincing when people

A)use their knowledge of the relation between time and distance.
B)can predict the outcome of the experiment.
C)cannot predict the outcome of the experiment.
D)guess when they should have reached their destination.

Question 5

Which one of the following books had a negative influence on the study of imagery?

A)Bartlett's Remembering
B)Broadbent's Perception and Communication
C)Paivio's Imagery and Verbal Processes
D)Watson's Behaviorism

Question 6

Mnemonic techniques

A)are often visual.
C)can be very elaborate.
B)improve memory.
D)All of these

Question 7

People have the most difficulty on a recognition memory test when the items consist of

A)ordinary pictures.
C)words.
B)vivid pictures.
D)All are equally difficult.

Question 8

A criticism of dual coding theory is that it

A)focuses on memory.
B)it focuses on only relational information.
C)it cannot be applied to situations where learning associations is important.
D)All of these

Question 9

Which of the following does not belong?

A)truth
C)serenity
B)ambulance
D)stoic

Question 10

A good keyword for learning foreign vocabulary words should

A)sound like the English word or some part of the English word.
B)be different from other keywords.
C)be easy to form an interactive image with the English translation.
D)All of these

Question 11

Nielsen and Smith found that the number of relevant features influenced the time required to match a picture of a face to a preceding stimulus when the preceding stimulus consisted of

A)a picture of a face.
C)Both of these
B)a verbal description of a face.
D)Neither of these

Question 12

Paivio's dual coding theory suggests that

A)some words are easier to remember than others.
B)concrete words can be coded as an image as well as a word.
C)apple is easier to remember than faith.
D)All of these

Question 13

Which paired-associate should be the easiest to learn according to the results of imagery experiments?

A)quality-necessity
C)letter-effort
B)juggler-dress
D)duty-hotel

Question 14

A disadvantage of learning mnemonic techniques is that they

A)require effort.
C)both a and b
B)are ineffective.
D)neither a nor
B)

Question 15

Which paired-associate should be the most difficult to learn according to the results of imagery experiments?

A)quality-necessity
C)letter-effort
B)juggler-dress
D)duty-hotel

Question 16

The emphasis on the descriptive characteristics of images, rather than their sensory characteristics, is the central theme of

A)dual coding theory.
C)propositional theory.
B)imagery theory.
D)reality monitoring.

Question 17

Pylyshyn's propositional theory of knowledge emphasizes

A)the sensory qualities of a word.
C)the descriptive qualities of a word.
B)the sensory qualities of an image.
D)the descriptive qualities of an image.

Question 18

Recall of brand names is best when the picture combining the name and product is

A)bizarre
C)ordinary
B)interactive
D)noninteractive

Question 19

Propositional theory states that

A)all knowledge can be expressed as either a visual, spatial, or verbal type proposition.
B)all knowledge can be expressed as semantic-based propositions.
C)all knowledge can be expressed as sensory-based propositions.
D)None of these

Question 20

Visual imagery can be characterized as

A)a form of rehearsal.
C)a form of verbal coding.
B)a form of elaboration.
D)a form of phonological coding

Question 21

In their studies on imagery, Chambers and Reisberg found that

A)people were good at reinterpreting drawings but not their images.
B)people were good at reinterpreting their images but not the actual drawing itself.
C)people were good at reinterpreting their drawings only if they had not previously labeled them.
D)None of these

Question 22

It is easier to recall a string of 6 consonants and 5 spatial positions than a string of 11 consonants because

A)spatial positions are easier to rehearse.
B)spatial positions and consonants do not interfere with each other.
C)a person's memory span is greater for spatial positions.
D)All of these

Question 23

For which of the following tasks would good imagery be a liability?

A)using the method of loci
B)mentally rotating a complex form
C)discriminating between seeing and imagining pictures
D)scanning an image of a pattern

Question 24

Which of the following studies does not provide support for the notion of visual representation?

A)visual scanning
C)parallel processing
B)mental rotation
D)All of these provide support.

Question 25

Evidence that spatial location and object recognition occur in the same area of the visual cortex occurs for

A)visual perception only.
B)visual imagery only.
C)both visual perception and visual imagery.
D)neither visual perception nor visual imagery.

Question 26

Patients who suffer visual neglect because of an injury to the right side of their brain fail to perceive objects in the

A)top half of the visual field.
C)left half of the visual field.
B)bottom half of the visual field.
D)right half of the visual field.

Question 27

Which of the following helpful cues is not mentioned in Johnson and Raye's theory of reality monitoring?

A)psychiatric advice
C)contextual information
B)sensory information
D)memory for cognitive operations

Question 28

Reality monitoring is aided by all but which of the following?

A)sensory information
C)cognitive operations
B)contextual information
D)sensory store

Question 29

Hegarty proposed that people judge the direction of rotation of the last pulley in a causal chain by

A)logically deducing the answer by beginning with the last pulley.
B)logically deducing the answer by beginning with the first pulley.
C)mentally animating the pulleys by beginning with the last pulley.
D)mentally animating the pulleys by beginning with the first pulley.

Question 30

Brooks discovered that people could better perform a memory task by pointing to answers on an answer sheet rather than overtly responding when the task was

A)classifying the corners of a block diagram.
B)classifying the words in a sentence.
C)Both of these
D)Neither of these

Question 31

Research shows that the repeated use of guided imagery significantly increases

A)the recall of accurate memories.
C)performance on mental scanning tasks.
B)the recall of illusory memories.
D)performance on mental rotation tasks.

Question 32

Which is a major cause of forgetting?

A)visual scanning
B)parallel processing
C)interference
D)shifting between verbal and visual material

Question 33

People are unable to reinterpret their image of the duck/rabbit figure because their image lacks details about

A)the front of the initially perceived face.
B)the back of the initially perceived face.
C)Both the front and the back of the initially perceived face
D)Neither the front nor the back of the initially perceived face

Question 34

A study of psychiatric patients revealed that they reported

A)more visual images than control patients.
C)more vivid images than control patients.
B)fewer visual images than control patients.
D)less vivid images than control patients.

Question 35

Which of the following is true with regards to mental rotation?

A)The angle of rotation is linearly related to reaction time to respond.
B)The data suggest that people are rotating the object in their mind.
C)The data suggest that imagery behaves like perception.
D)All of these

Question 36

Research in cognitive neuroscience suggests that

A)when you engage in mental imagery, the pattern of brain activation is similar to when you are actually engaged in perception.
B)when you engage in mental imagery, your frontal cortex is very active.
C)Both a and b
D)Neither a nor
B)

Question 37

Bahrick and Boucher found that people who were good at recalling the names of pictures

A)did not use visual imagery because their images lacked detail.
B)had detailed images, but did not use them.
C)used images that lacked detail.
D)used detailed images.

Question 38

Measures of cerebral blood flow and event related potentials show increased activity in the occipital lobes when people perform a

A)visual perception task.
B)visual imagery task.
C)Both visual perception and visual imagery task
D)Neither visual perception nor visual imagery task

Question 39

When people store information in STM from two different sensory modalities, memory span

A)decreases.
C)increases.
B)remains the same.
D)fluctuates randomly.

Question 40

Evidence supporting the hypothesis that people use mental animation in some scientific reasoning problems includes

A)using mental animation plays an important role in people's evaluation of static statements about diagrams of pulleys.
B)using mental animation plays an important role in people's evaluation of kinematic (motion-based) statements about diagrams of pulleys.
C)evaluation of statements about the end of the causal chain was faster for those who used mental animation than physical animation.
D)evaluation of statements about the end of the causal chain was faster than evaluation of statements about the beginning of a causal chain.

Question 41

In what ways are images limited in their cognitive representations? Provide specific research results.

Question 42

Discuss Paivio's dual coding theory. What evidence is there to support it?

Question 43

Visual neglect usually results from right parietal lobe damage.

Question 44

High imagery words paired with other high imagery words are difficult to remember.

Question 45

Research has shown that it is very difficult to create false memories in children.

Question 46

The mnemonic technique known as the keyword method is useful for learning foreign languages.

Question 47

Our visual memory is very detailed and accurate.

Question 48

The ability to distinguish between external and internal sources of information is call reality monitoring.

Question 49

Design a study strategy for encoding large amounts of information quickly. The details of the information are less important than the over-arching concept.

Question 50

Concrete words are easier to remember because they are usually shorter in length.

Question 51

Why is the lack of the memory of details of common objects, such as a penny, usually not a problem in everyday life? How is it, in fact, an advantage?

Question 52

"A picture is worth a thousand words." Offer arguments both for and against this statement.

Question 53

Research by Hyman and Pentland (1996) found that repeated use of guided imagery increased illusory memory of childhood events.

Question 54

People can make fast (parallel) judgments when matching schematic faces, regardless of the initial presentation format and number of relevant features.

Question 55

Discuss our ability to remember pictures. Is it different from our memory for verbal information, and if so how?

Question 56

You have just landed your dream job in advertising. Apply the concept you learned about imagery to develop an ad campaign for a new toothpaste called "Organic Gleam." Be creative in your response.

Question 57

Patients with certain types of brain damage have demonstrated a dissociation between knowing what an object is and knowing where an object is.

Question 58

Explain the steps of the mnemonic keyword method for learning vocabulary. Demonstrate the method with a word that is difficult for you to remember.

Question 59

What evidence is there for the importance of images in performing cognitive tasks? Please provide specific research studies.

Question 60

Use the dual coding theory and the concrete-abstract dimension to develop a study system that will enhance people's ability to remember information.