Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

Broadbent's original filter model was proposed to explain

A)why you can walk, talk, and chew gum at the same time.
B)why you can't watch all three rings of a three-ring circus at the same time.
C)why you can listen and see at the same time.
D)why you can't listen to your professor at the same time as to the friend sitting beside you.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Cognition can be simply defined as

A)the study of memory.
B)the acquisition of knowledge.
C)the relationship between a stimulus and a response.
D)the relationship between cognition and brain function.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

What is the correct order of stages in an information-processing model?

A)pattern recognition-sensory store-filter
C)sensory store-filter-pattern recognition
B)sensory store-pattern recognition-filter
D)pattern recognition-filter-sensory store

Answer 3

C

Question 4

What is the function of the sensory store?

A)It is a new website that sells sensory information.
B)It extends the amount of time we have to recognize a pattern for a fraction of a second after the event has happened.
C)It compiles our memories so that our most stimulating experiences are easiest to recall.
D)It keeps a permanent, exact impression of the physical energy that produced every experience we've ever had.

Question 5

Which term was not included in Neisser's definition of cognitive psychology?

A)transformation
C)elaboration
B)passive registration
D)storage

Question 6

Which of the following were not considered important in the development of cognitive psychology?

A)Miller
C)Broadbent
B)Chomsky
D)Franklin

Question 7

A book that had a major negative impact on the growth of cognitive psychology was

A)James' Principles of Psychology.
C)Watson's Behaviorism.
B)Kohler's The Mentality of Apes.
D)Bartlett's Remembering.

Question 8

The information processing approach reflects ideas from

A)the computer metaphor.
C)the evolutionary metaphor.
B)the cultural metaphor.
D)the brain metaphor

Question 9

Top down processing is

A)the use of pattern recognition in identifying objects.
B)the use of sensory information in identifying objects in the world.
C)the processing that occurs when you scan in information (e.g., a chair) by beginning at the top of the object and scanning downward.
D)the use of stored information to aid in processing sensory input.

Question 10

Short-term memory has the following limitations:

A)single sensory modality and duration.
C)capacity and single modality.
B)duration and capacity.
D)there are no substantial limitations.

Question 11

The stimulus-response approach was encouraged by

A)Watson's Behaviorism.
C)Bartlett's Remembering.
B)James' Principles of Psychology.
D)Neisser's Cognitive Psychology.

Question 12

Which of the following does not belong?

A)long-term memory
C)artificial intelligence
B)semantic networks
D)S-R

Question 13

In the information processing model, the role of the filter and the role of selection

A)reflect aspects of attention.
B)are components of the processes supporting the transfer of information from short-term into long-term memory.
C)reflect aspects of concept formation.
D)are components of the sensory store.

Question 14

The "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon is an example of a failure of

A)attention.
C)storage.
B)recognition.
D)retrieval.

Question 15

The dominant theoretical approach to cognitive psychology today is

A)behaviorism.
C)psychoanalysis.
B)learning theory.
D)the information processing approach.

Question 16

Which of the stages represent attention according to the information-processing model presented in Chapter 1?

A)sensory store and filter
C)filter and selection
B)filter and pattern recognition
D)selection and STM

Question 17

Sensory processing is to _____ as meaning-based processing is to _____.

A)top-down processing; bottom-up processing
B)bottom-up processing; top-down processing
C)lateral processing; lateral inhibition
D)lateral inhibition; lateral processing

Question 18

Where do higher-order cognitive processes, such as solving problems, happen in the information-processing model described in Chapter 1?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)selection
D)higher-order processes, such as solving problems, do not have a separate stage in this model.

Question 19

When you use only sensory information to read/recognize a word, you are using

A)top-down processing.
C)lateral processing.
B)bottom-up processing.
D)None of these

Question 20

The sensory store

A)is where all sensory information is permanently placed for future use.
B)is where all sensory information is located allowing us to use together information from the different senses into a coherent whole.
C)maintains sensory information in its original form for a brief time.
D)maintains sensory information for a brief time after it has been pattern recognized.

Question 21

TOTE stands for

A)Test-Operate-Test-Exit.
C)Transform-Organize-Test-Evaluate.
B)Test-Organize-Test-Evaluate.
D)Think-Out-Total-Event.

Question 22

Which brain imaging technique uses radioactive tracers to measure blood flow?

A)magnetic resonance imaging
C)event related potentials
B)positron emission tomography
D)CAT scans

Question 23

Which two fields had the greatest impact on how cognitive psychologists thought about higher cognitive processes in the late 1950s?

A)biology and artificial intelligence
C)linguistics and artificial intelligence
B)biology and economics
D)linguistics and economics

Question 24

Which of the following does not belong with regard to cognitive science?

A)linguistics
C)chemistry
B)anthropology
D)philosophy

Question 25

The idea of semantic networks was originally proposed in the field of

A)artificial intelligence.
C)chemistry.
B)geology.
D)anthropology.

Question 26

Programming computers to perform intellectually demanding tasks occurs in a field of study called

A)artificial intelligence.
C)natural intelligence.
B)computer intelligence.
D)network intelligence.

Question 27

Cognitive psychologists study a variety of different areas. Which would not be an area of study for a cognitive psychologist?

A)language
C)reasoning
B)perception
D)All are areas of cognitive psychology.

Question 28

Which of the following brain areas is paired correctly with the behaviors controlled by it?

A)occipital lobe - pattern perception, awareness of visual information
B)parietal lobe - understanding language and recognizing faces
C)temporal lobe - sensory information, planning motor movements, and memory
D)frontal lobe - when damaged, results in impaired sense of touch and clumsiness in the side of the body opposite the side of the brain that has been damaged

Question 29

Miller, Galanter, and Pribram proposed the TOTE (Test-Operate-Test-Exit) unit to explain how people

A)recognize patterns.
C)construct sentences.
B)search memory.
D)construct plans.

Question 30

Cognitive science is

A)the idea that cognition consists of information-processing stages.
B)the study of the contingencies between observable physical stimuli in the environment and observable behaviors of organisms.
C)the science of using systematically organized logical methods for thinking precisely.
D)the study of intelligence in humans, computer programs, and abstract theories, with an emphasis on intelligent behavior as computation.

Question 31

The study of the relation between cognitive processes and brain activities is called

A)artificial intelligence.
C)cognitive neuroscience.
B)cognitive science.
D)psychobiology.

Question 32

The four lobes of the brain are

A)frontal, ventral, dorsal, and occipital.
C)frontal, occipital, thalamus, and central.
B)frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
D)frontal, occipital, thalamus, and parietal.

Question 33

Why did behaviorism have a negative impact on the growth of cognitive psychology?

A)Behaviorism stated that it was unscientific to explain behaviors in terms of what the person did (internally) with the information presented in the stimulus before they responded.
B)Behaviorists' results were difficult to replicate and thus gave the field a bad reputation in the scientific community.
C)Behaviorism caused people to focus on applied psychotherapy instead of pure research.
D)Behaviorism was seen by the public as cruel, and thus fell out of favor with the politicians who funded scientific research.

Question 34

The frontal lobe is thought to participate in

A)motor and memory tasks.
B)motor tasks and visual information processing.
C)memory tasks and visual information processing.
D)body sensations.

Question 35

Obtaining precise temporal information about the time course of mental operations is achieved by using

A)magnetic resonance imaging.
C)event-related potentials.
B)positron emission tomography.
D)radioactive tracers.

Question 36

Currently, cognitive psychology is contributing to the development of

A)research methods.
C)chemistry.
B)applied psychology.
D)personality.

Question 37

Who among the following does not belong?

A)Miller
C)Galanter
B)Watson
D)Pribram

Question 38

Which is not a way of measuring brain cognition relationships?

A)PET
C)ERP
B)fMRI
D)AFT

Question 39

Which of the following does not belong?

A)frontal
C)temporal
B)lateral
D)occipital

Question 40

Neisser defined the field of cognitive psychology.

Question 41

Cognitive psychology is the second-most popular perspective within psychology, following behind the behavioral school.

Question 42

Describe a possible result of damage occurring to each of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.

Question 43

There is no need to study the brain in order to fully understand cognition.

Question 44

Behaviorism logically evolved into cognitive psychology.

Question 45

The sensory store is the first step in the stages of the information-processing model.

Question 46

"Cognitive psychology refers to all processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used." Discuss the implications of this statement. How does it differ from the behavioral position?

Question 47

Compare and contrast the underlying suppositions from behaviorism and cognitive psychology.

Question 48

Generate a TOTE for making a peanut-butter-and-jam sandwich.

Question 49

PET refers to positive empathy therapy.

Question 50

Cognitive science is the interdisciplinary approach to studying knowledge acquisition.

Question 51

Explain the problems with Watson's approach to cognitive psychology.

Question 52

Draw and label the stages of the information-processing model. Describe each stage. Give an everyday example of how information might be processed based on this model.

Question 53

Artificial intelligence is the study of how to produce computer programs that can perform intelligent tasks.

Question 54

Define bottom-up and top-down processing. Provide an everyday example of these two types of processing that were not given in your textbook or class. Do you think one type of processing is utilized more than the other? Explain your position.

Question 55

Cognitive psychology has been influenced by developments in other disciplines. Elaborate on this statement, providing specific examples.

Question 56

Event-related potentials allow scientists to link mental operations recorded in a reaction time task to brain activity.

Question 57

Discuss the major contributing factors to the development of cognitive psychology.

Question 58

Discuss the following statement: The brain is essential in understanding cognition. Provide examples to support your position.

Question 59

TOTE is a plan used by humans (similar to a computer program) to control the sequence of operations that need to be performed in order to carry out a behavior.