Deck 1: What Is Corrections

Question 1

Probation is the most frequently used form of correctional punishment in the United States.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as a means of , forcing people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.

A) public awareness
B) social control
C) social ritual
D) public spectacle

Answer 2

B

Question 3

During the past few years the prison population has continued to increase.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Evidence-based corrections is a movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works."

Question 5

The New York system of corrections, implemented first in the Auburn State Prison, was founded upon the idea of complete solitary confinement of inmates.

Question 6

Probation and parole officers frequently reported that their original decision to work in these jobs stemmed from their desire to punish people for criminal acts.

Question 7

Since 1980, the greatest proportion of correctional growth has occurred in _________.

A) prisons and probation
B) prisons and jails
C) jails and probation
D) probation and parole

Question 8

The positivist school of criminology is centered upon the idea that an individual freely chooses to commit crime; thus, the act, not the actor, is the most important factor in understanding the causes of crime.

Question 9

Until the early 1800s in the United States, correctional officials followed the European practice of corporal punishment to reprimand criminal behavior.

Question 10

Most prisoners in the United States are housed in federal correctional facilities.

Question 11

Roughly 70% of those under correctional control in the United States are currently serving the sentence in what ways?

A) Prison and jails
B) Probation and parole
C) Jails and parole
D) Prison and house arrest

Question 12

Nearly of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control.

A) one-third
B) one-half
C) one-fourth
D) one-sixth

Question 13

Correctional officers often report that the aspect of their work they like best is working with people who are in trouble and who want to improve their lives.

Question 14

The religious group known as the Puritans was primarily responsible for the creation and implementation of the Pennsylvania system of corrections.

Question 15

Today, pretrial drug treatment, work center, electronic-monitored home confinement, and restitution are activities found under the heading of corrections.

Question 16

One of the major issues that has plagued corrections has been goal conflict. This conflict centers on the different and conflicting views of how and why correctional functions should be carried out.

Question 17

The United States has such a huge prison system, compared with other countries, because it has much more crime.

Question 18

The community model of corrections continues to dominate how we punish most felony offenders in the United States.

Question 19

Communism is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are split between individual state governments and one national government.

Question 20

The correctional system has no significant relationship to the outside community in which it functions.

Question 21

Approximately how many Americans are currently incarcerated in a jail or prison?

A) 2 million
B) 5 million
C) 7 million
D) 8 million

Question 22

Corrections can be viewed as a series of processes that are ________ , meaning that each process affects another part of the criminal justice system in some way.

A) retributive
B) interconnected
C) conflicting
D) punitive

Question 23

Which of the following is NOT a corrections subunit?

A) halfway house
B) prison
C) probation office
D) law enforcement

Question 24

A ________ is a correctional facility used to house pretrial detainees and those sentenced for minor offenses.

A) prison
B) reformatory
C) halfway house
D) jail

Question 25

Much of the ideas, practices, and principles that are the foundation of the American Criminal Justice System were adopted from what country?

A) France
B) Spain
C) England
D) Ireland

Question 26

In the United States, jails are operated mainly by what level of government?

A) federal
B) state
C) county
D) city

Question 27

Nearly one-fifth of all offenders are under the correctional control of four states (i.e., the Big Four of corrections). Which of the following is NOT one of these states?

A) Texas
B) Oklahoma
C) Florida
D) New York

Question 28

In the United States today, more felons are being sentenced to ________ instead of ________.

A) parole; prison
B) probation; prison
C) parole; probation
D) prison; probation

Question 29

The central purpose of corrections is to .

A) determine guilt or innocence
B) incarcerate offenders
C) carry out the criminal sentence
D) rehabilitate offenders

Question 30

When most Americans think of corrections, they think of _______.

A) prison and jails
B) probation and jail
C) parole and jail
D) prison and parole

Question 31

__________ is a system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between one national government and multiple state governments.

A) A monarchy
B) A democracy
C) Federalism
D) Communism

Question 32

_________ budgets are by far the most expensive part of the penal system.

A) Jail
B) Prison
C) Probation and parole
D) Rehabilitation and treatment

Question 33

The opening of the ________ State Penitentiary in 1829 in Cherry Hill, Pennsylvania, marked the full development of the penitentiary system based on the philosophy of separate confinement.

A) Western
B) Eastern
C) Auburn
D) Sing Sing

Question 34

In 1790, the first recognized penitentiary was created in which U.S. city?

A) Washington, DC
B) Boston
C) New York
D) Philadelphia

Question 35

According to your authors, which of the following is NOT one of the three "P's" of corrections?

A) parole
B) prisons
C) punishment
D) probation

Question 36

The twin goals of corrections are punishment and _______.

A) protection
B) retribution
C) rehabilitation
D) deterrence

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a basic concept of Western criminal law?

A) offense
B) guilt
C) punishment
D) death

Question 38

The majority of correctional activity takes place at the level.

A) federal
B) state
C) local
D) county

Question 39

Your authors refer to corrections as a(n) _________, a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and is directly influenced by its environment.

A) structure
B) system
C) organism
D) organization

Question 40

During the colonial period, jails were mainly used to house those ________.

A) serving time for misdemeanors
B) held pending a court appearance
C) convicted of felonies
D) convicted of capital murder

Question 41

The system where inmates were held in isolation at night but worked together during the day is known as the ________.

A) congregate system
B) separate and together system
C) interaction system
D) public system

Question 42

The first reformatory took shape in 1876 at________.

A) Pennsylvania State Penitentiary, Philadelphia
B) Walnut Street, Philadelphia
C) Auburn, New York
D) Elmira, New York

Question 43

Based on the information in the scenario, in which state did Ike serve his time?

A) Florida
B) California
C) Minnesota
D) New York

Question 44

In 1870, the National Prison Association held its historical meeting in what U.S. city? It was during this meeting that the famous Declaration of Principles was proposed.

A) Philadelphia
B) New York
C) Boston
D) Cincinnati

Question 45

The ________ model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be decreased by greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

A) due process
B) community
C) medical
D) crime control

Question 46

What type of facility will Eva serve her sentence in?

A) jail
B) prison
C) day reporting center
D) mental hospital

Question 47

Placement in a halfway house is an example of the use of _______.

A) intermediate sanctions
B) sentence disparity
C) parole services
D) discrimination

Question 48

Based on the scenario about Eva, what corrections model was used when her sentence was imposed?

A) the community corrections model
B) the crime control model
C) the medical model
D) the Auburn system

Question 49

Which of the following events was instrumental in the move toward the community corrections movement in the United States?

A) The inmate riot that occurred in September 1971 at the Attica State Prison in New York
B) Research findings in the 1980s that indicated that only 5% of state correctional budgets were allocated for rehabilitation
C) Research findings in the 1950s that disputed the use of medicine and science to treat the offender's behavior
D) The advancements in the field of social work that had been achieved by the 1960s

Question 50

Prior to individual statehood, the very first prison facilities in the West were operated by ________.

A) the Mexican government
B) the U.S. military
C) tribal authorities
D) private businesses

Question 51

What model of corrections was used at the time Josh was sentenced?

A) the crime control model
B) the medical model
C) the community corrections model
D) the Auburn system

Question 52

Which of the following is NOT a principle of the Penitentiary Act of 1779?

A) Charging offenders fees for their food
B) A secure and sanitary building
C) Inspection to ensure that offenders followed the rules
D) A reformatory regime

Question 53

As community corrections evolved, prisons were to be avoided because they were artificial institutions that interfered with the offender's ability to develop ________.

A) a crime-free lifestyle
B) friendships
C) social skills
D) an interest in treatment

Question 54

Josh is released due to good behavior after 15 months of his sentence was served. What type of supervision is Josh now on?

A) Parole.
B) Probation.
C) Shock probation.
D) None, his entire sentence was served.

Question 55

What system was Ike sentenced under?

A) congregate system
B) community corrections
C) medical model
D) segregation system

Question 56

What level of government runs the facility Josh is housed in?

A) state
B) city
C) national
D) international

Question 57

The congregate system, which emphasized the isolation of inmates in individual cells at night but permitted them to work together in silence during the day, was first adopted in which U.S. state?

A) Maryland
B) New York
C) Pennsylvania
D) Massachusetts

Question 58

What type of facility will Josh serve his sentence in?

A) mental hospital
B) jail
C) prison
D) day reporting center

Question 59

What type of supervision is Eva on?

A) probation
B) parole
C) none
D) pretrial diversion

Question 60

Which system involved contractors who provided prisoners with food and clothing in exchange for their labor?

A) congregate system
B) Southern system
C) lease system
D) rent system

Question 61

Most jails are administered by ________ governments.

Question 62

In addition to protecting society, _________helps define the limits of behavior so that everyone in the community understands what is permissible.

Question 63

An institution designed to isolate offenders from society and one another so they can reflect on their misdeeds, repent, and undergo reformation is called a .

Question 64

A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works"
is known as ___________________ corrections.

Question 65

Corrections can be viewed as a series of ____________________.

Question 66

A facility authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for periods longer than 48 hours is known as a ________.

Question 67

The most often used punishment in the United States is .

Question 68

_________ is a movement in which money saved by reducing prison populations is used to build up crime- prevention programs in the community.

Question 69

The social and political climate of the 1980s gave rise to the model of corrections.

Question 70

__________ is a system of supervision of those who have been released from confinement, sometimes including the option of early release from confinement before the expiration of their sentence.

Question 71

A prison is an institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, called ________.

Question 72

In the system, penalties would be graded according to the severity of the crime and offenders would be released from incarceration according to their performance.

Question 73

refers to the actions and practices of individuals and institutions designed to induce conformity.

Question 74

Systems learn, grow, and improve according to the ________ they receive.

Question 75

_________ are a variety of punishments used by the courts that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration.

Question 76

The twin goals of corrections are ________ and protection.

Question 77

A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and individual state governments is known as _________.

Question 78

Most criminal justice and correctional activity takes place at the ________level.

Question 79

During the colonial period, little thought was given to offenders.

Question 80

The model of corrections is based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment.