Deck 5: Problems and Solutions in Modern Policing

Question 1

DNA fingerprinting emerged in the:

A) 1970s.
B) 1980s.
C) 1990s.
D) 2000s.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Because of_______ , police officers are limited in what they can do to convince the target of an undercover operation to participate in an illegal activity.

A) duress
B) entrapment
C) necessity
D) self-defense

Answer 2

entrapment

Question 3

tThe term "clearance rate" refers to:

A) the percentage of reported crimes.
B) the percentage of crimes that result in arrest and prosecution.
C) the percentage of crimes that result in a criminal conviction.
D) the percentage of stolen goods that are returned to victims of crime.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The most common way for someone to become a detective is to:

A) attend graduate school in criminal justice.
B) attend specialized training in the field.
C) earn an undergraduate college degree.
D) be promoted from patrol officer.

Question 5

Aggressive investigation strategies include:

A) crackdowns.
B) undercover operations.
C) roadblocks.
D) increased patrol of hot spots.

Question 6

The establishment of a connection between a suspect and a crime, often through the use of DNA evidence, in the absence of an ongoing investigation is a:

A) proactive solve.
B) clearance rate.
C) random hit.
D) cold hit.

Question 7

A database containing the DNA of more than 4.5 million people is:

A) CODIS.
B) AFIS.
C) IBIS.
D) NCVS.

Question 8

What is the smallest stretch of area that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol?

A) beat
B) district
C) station
D) zone

Question 9

A hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions is a:

A) bureaucracy.
B) delegation.
C) chain of command.
D) strategy.

Question 10

Today, most undercover officers are used to infiltrate large-scale _________operations.

A) burglary
B) car theft
C) narcotics
D) serial killer

Question 11

Which crime is investigated most thoroughly and thus results in the highest clearance rates?

A) burglary
B) computer theft
C) murder
D) stolen vehicle

Question 12

What is the ultimate goal of a bureaucratic organization, such as a police department?

A) administration development
B) efficiency
C) low employee turnover
D) work satisfaction for the employee

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of police patrol listed in the text?

A) deterrence of crime
B) maintenance of public order
C) improvement of public attitudes toward the police
D) provision of services that are not crime related

Question 14

For more than a century, the most important piece of trace evidence has been:

A) DNA.
B) the human fingerprint.
C) human hair.
D) blood evidence.

Question 15

After a crime has been committed and the patrol officer has gathered preliminary information from a crime scene, the responsibility of identifying the offender is delegated to the:

A) detective.
B) internal affairs unit.
C) patrol officer.
D) police chief.

Question 16

The majority of a patrol officer's time is spent on:

A) preventive patrol.
B) calls for service.
C) administrative duties.
D) officer-initiated activities.

Question 17

Ballistics is the study of:

A) DNA.
B) fingerprinting.
C) firearms.
D) response time.

Question 18

Which is NOT an example of trace evidence?

A) ballistics
B) blood
C) fingerprints
D) hair

Question 19

Studies have suggested that only _________calls to the police involve the report of criminal activity.

A) one in two
B) one in three
C) one in four
D) one in five

Question 20

Paperwork takes up to ____of a patrol officer's time.

A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%

Question 21

The use of force by police officers occurs in about ____% of all police-public encounters.

A) 9
B) 4
C) 1
D) 6

Question 22

In____ , the U.S. Supreme Court set the limits for the use of deadly force by law enforcement officers.

A) Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
B) Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
C) Graham v. Connor (1989)
D) Roviaro v. United States (1957)

Question 23

_______can be defined as an approach that promotes community-police relations.

A) Directed patrol
B) Random patrol
C) Proactive patrol
D) Community policing

Question 24

The Kansas City Experiment showed that decreasing preventive patrol:

A) had little or no impact on crime.
B) decreased crime.
C) increased crime.
D) increased the number of reported offenses.

Question 25

is the degree of force that is appropriate to protect the police officer or other citizens and is not excessive.

A) Deadly force
B) Reasonable force
C) Sufficient force
D) Minimal force

Question 26

Who operated the National Combined DNA Index System?

A) ATF
B) DEA
C) FBI
D) ICE

Question 27

When police officers accept free gifts from citizens (a passive form of corruption), this is called:

A) a shakedown.
B) a payoff.
C) mooching.
D) bribery.

Question 28

A reactive approach to policing that emphasizes a speedy response to calls for service is:

A) community policing.
B) directed policing.
C) problem-oriented policing.
D) incident-driven policing.

Question 29

In which type of patrol do officers make the rounds of a specific area with the purpose of carrying out the various patrol functions?

A) directed
B) incident-driven
C) general
D) scattered indirect

Question 30

The______ is a division within a police department that receives and investigates complaints of wrongdoing by police officers.

A) Administrative Department
B) Citizen Oversight Committee
C) Ethics Department
D) Internal Affairs Unit

Question 31

The "broken windows theory" is based on the theory that by cracking down on crimes, police can significantly reduce all crime in an area.

A) felony
B) property
C) quality-of-life
D) violent

Question 32

A policing philosophy that moves beyond responding to incidents and attempts to solve the root causes of criminal behavior is:

A) problem-oriented policing.
B) community policing.
C) incident-driving policing.
D) proactive policing.

Question 33

What type of technology is utilized by police departments to locate and identify hot spots?

A) arrest rates
B) crime mapping
C) preventive patrol
D) rapid response

Question 34

_______is when an officer actively demands payment from an individual or a business in return for certain services.

A) Gleaning
B) Mooching
C) A payoff
D) A shakedown

Question 35

Police officers often have high levels of______ , otherwise known as the stress hormone.

A) dopamine
B) cortisol
C) proposol
D) adrenaline

Question 36

Which one is NOT an internal pressure of police officers that causes stress?

A) the need to comply with the law
B) limited opportunities for career and advancement
C) excessive paperwork
D) low wages and benefits

Question 37

Which of the following is defined as "a metaphorical term used to refer to the value placed on secrecy and the general mistrust of the outside world shared by many police officers"?

A) blue curtain
B) police sarcasm
C) police cynicism
D) police subculture

Question 38

A broad term used to describe the basic assumptions and values that permeate law enforcement agencies and are taught to new members of a law enforcement agency as the proper way to think, perceive, and act is called:

A) the blue curtain.
B) police cynicism.
C) the police subculture.
D) socialization.

Question 39

An area that is concentrated with high criminal activity to which there is a directed police response is a:

A) depressed spot.
B) heavy spot.
C) hot spot.
D) crime spot.

Question 40

Time elapsed between the instant a call for service is received and the instant a police officer arrives on the scene, otherwise referred to as_______ , has become a benchmark for police efficiency.

A) differential response
B) directed patrol
C) incident-driven policing
D) response time

Question 41

Case 5-1
Officer Richards was driving his beat when he saw a man running down the street at the same time that he received a radio dispatch that a convenience store was robbed and the cashier shot. Officer Richard jumps out of his car and chases the man down. He arrested the man because he believed this was the man that just committed an armed robbery at the local convenience store. In the robbery, the cashier was shot three times. There were also bullet holes in the wall. When arresting the suspect, Officer Richards did not find a gun on the suspect's person.
What category of routine patrol activity was Officers Richards participating in when he was driving down his beat attempting to prevent crime from occurring?

A) preventive patrol
B) calls for service
C) administrative duties
D) officer-initiated activities

Question 42

Case 5-2
Officer Torres is new to the police force. She was the top of her class in the police academy and received positive feedback from her field training officer. She has been on the job for approximately 1 year and has soon realized that working as a police officer is very different from what they learned in the police academy.
Officer Torres is having a difficult time because many of her fellow officers are trying to "teach" her the way to think, perceive, and act. This is known as:

A) proactive policing.
B) reactive policing.
C) police subculture.
D) police use of force.

Question 43

Officer Torres believes that she is suffering from burnout and feels that there are many stressors that are causing this. Which would NOT be considered a common stressor for law enforcement officers?

A) fear of being a victim of violent crime
B) the need to comply with the law in nearly every job action
C) lack of community support
D) positive media coverage

Question 44

Officer-initiated activities account for the least amount of time.

Question 45

The vast majority of patrol shifts are completed without a single arrest.

Question 46

According to Sherman, in the first stage of moral decline of a police officer, the officer:

A) accepts minor gratuities.
B) may force another party to pay for unwanted police services.
C) no longer passively accepts bribes.
D) takes in large amounts of money through involvement in drugs, gambling, or prostitution organizations.

Question 47

In large police departments, as many as two-thirds of all employees are sworn officers.

Question 48

In most police departments the police responsibilities are divided according to zones as well as by time.

Question 49

The first goal of policing is to provide services to the community that are not crime related.

Question 50

Officer Richards was patrolling this particular area because there had been multiple reports of robberies and illegal narcotics transactions in this area at this time of day. Officer Richards was most likely participating in:

A) general patrol.
B) directed patrol.
C) crime mapping.
D) community policing.

Question 51

Officer-initiated activities account for the most amount of patrol time.

Question 52

Delegation of authority is a critical component of the chain of command, especially in large departments.

Question 53

Case 5-1
Officer Richards was driving his beat when he saw a man running down the street at the same time that he received a radio dispatch that a convenience store was robbed and the cashier shot. Officer Richard jumps out of his car and chases the man down. He arrested the man because he believed this was the man that just committed an armed robbery at the local convenience store. In the robbery, the cashier was shot three times. There were also bullet holes in the wall. When arresting the suspect, Officer Richards did not find a gun on the suspect's person.
When crime scene investigators respond to the convenience store, what trace evidence will they immediately protect from contamination?

A) blood
B) fingerprints
C) hair
D) all of these

Question 54

Crime scene investigators will also study the ballistics at the crime scene. Ballistics is:

A) the study of firearms, including the weapon and the flight of the bullet.
B) the identification of a person based on a sample of her or his DNA.
C) the comparison of the number of crimes cleared compared to the number of crimes committed.
D) the time that passed between the call to report the robbery and when police arrived on the scene.

Question 55

While placing the suspect under arrest, there was no resistance. What level of force would Officer Richards appropriately be able to use?

A) officer presence
B) verbal commands
C) intermediate weapons like a baton or taser
D) deadly force

Question 56

Officer Torres was recently in a situation where she was apprehending a burglary suspect. The suspect was actively resisting by pulling away from Officer Torres and even attempted to punch her in the stomach. Which weapon would Officer Torres not be allowed to use to subdue the offender?

A) baton
B) gun
C) strikes
D) taser

Question 57

Officer Torres' fellow officers are very secretive with outsiders about the police department and generally mistrust the outside world. This is known as the:

A) blue curtain.
B) green curtain.
C) red curtain.
D) yellow curtain.

Question 58

Confidential informants are generally police officers who are working undercover to infiltrate criminal organizations.

Question 59

Officer Torres is also stressed because her partner, Officer Williams, often coerces money from local drug dealers and keeps the money for himself. Officer Williams is using which type of police corruption?

A) bribery
B) extortion
C) mooching
D) shakedowns

Question 60

Because there are more stolen vehicles than murders in most jurisdictions, law enforcement agencies use more resources and time to investigate stolen vehicles than murders.

Question 61

Police response time is a benchmark used for police efficiency.

Question 62

Directed patrol strategies are also known as preventive patrol.

Question 63

Police officers use physical force in about 25% of police-public encounters.

Question 64

According to the Kansas City Experiment, increasing or decreasing random patrol had little or no impact on the crime rate.

Question 65

Duty is the obligation to act in a certain manner.

Question 66

Tennessee v. Garner (1985) outlawed the use of deadly force by police officers.

Question 67

Police officers are generally considered trustworthy and therefore assumed to make honest decisions.

Question 68

One problem for police is that standard 911 systems cannot pinpoint a location of a mobile phone or computer.

Question 69

Rookies begin the process of socialization from the first day on the job.

Question 70

Community-oriented policing is a philosophy that requires police to identify potential criminal activity and develop strategies to prevent or respond to that activity.

Question 71

The "broken windows theory" proposes that cracking down on violent crime will allow police to reclaim
neighborhoods.

Question 72

The most pressing shortcomings of America's 911 services are organizational.

Question 73

Reactive arrests are associated with general patrol activities.

Question 74

A ________is the smallest stretch that a police officer or group of police officers regularly patrol.

Question 75

Police departments are only using DNA to solve murders and rapes.

Question 76

________________ are those officers authorized to make arrests and use force.

Question 77

Police officers are allowed discretionary powers because they may find themselves in danger of physical harm and must be allowed to take reasonable steps to protect themselves.

Question 78

A "hot crime" will receive attention as "time permits."

Question 79

________is a hierarchically structured administrative organization that carries out specific functions.

Question 80

DNA taken from a crime scene may soon be able to provide law enforcement with a physical description of a suspect.