Deck 13: The Family and Other Contexts for Socialization

Question 1

Humans, as a species, form biparental families and

A)familiar families.
B)extended families.
C)alternate families.
D)social families.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The practice of one man having several wives is

A)monogamy.
B)polygamy.
C)polyandry.
D)serial monogamy.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Authoritative parents have parenting styles that are

A)high warmth, high control.
B)low warmth, high control.
C)high warmth, low control.
D)low warmth, low control.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Families do not exist in isolation but are part of a larger, intertwined community and must be viewed as

A)open systems.
B)fluid systems.
C)external systems.
D)dynamic systems.

Question 5

All of the following changes over the latter part of the 20th century had an initially gradual but eventually profound effect on families except

A)birth control became readily available.
B)people became parents at younger ages.
C)divorce rates increased.
D)women entered the workforce in greater numbers.

Question 6

Adolescent single mothers are most likely to

A)be single mothers by choice.
B)have a relatively high socioeconomic status.
C)have realistic expectations of their children.
D)provide a restrictive environment.

Question 7

Which of the following has not been found to be associated with single fathers?

A)They are more likely to be criticized for their parenting skills than single mothers.
B)They are viewed with suspicion as potential child predators.
C)They use their extended family and girlfriends for social support.
D)They are more likely than single mothers to be seen as "noble."

Question 8

Psychologists typically describe parenting style in terms of two dimensions: the degree of warmth a parent shows toward a child, and

A)the degree of expectations a parent has for a child's achievements.
B)the degree of control a parent attempts to exert over a child's behavior.
C)the degree of advantages a parent can give to a child.
D)the degree of love a parent expresses toward a child

Question 9

The practice of one woman having several husbands is

A)monogamy.
B)polygamy.
C)polyandry.
D)serial monogamy.

Question 10

In 2005, what percentage of all births in the United States was to unwed mothers?

A)12%
B)28%
C)36%
D)52%

Question 11

Research has found all of the following to be associated with children with gay or lesbian parents compared with children of heterosexual parents except

A)they express more liberal attitudes toward sexuality.
B)they have more sexual partners from puberty to young adulthood.
C)they are more likely to be gay or lesbians as adults.
D)they are more likely to have experimented with same-sex relationships.

Question 12

Lerner's model of the developmental contextual view of development includes all of the terms except

A)family.
B)marriage network.
C)community.
D)school network.

Question 13

The birthrate for unmarried women is highest for

A)African Americans.
B)Hispanics.
C)Whites.
D)Asian/Pacific.

Question 14

Permissive parents have parenting styles that are

A)high warmth, high control.
B)low warmth, high control.
C)high warmth, low control.
D)low warmth, low control.

Question 15

Among societies where polygamy is accepted, most marriages are

A)polygamous.
B)polyandrous.
C)monogamous.
D)biparental.

Question 16

Which of the following statistics is correct?

A)Gay and lesbian parents are raising 25% of all adopted children in the United States.
B)More than half of lesbians have given birth.
C)One out of every three gay men have fathered or adopted a child.
D)More than 50% of gay men want to have a child.

Question 17

Mothers with low socioeconomic status tent to rate all of following as a goal for their children except

A)independence.
B)obedience.
C)respect.
D)conformity to social rules.

Question 18

Compared to two-parent families, all of the following tend to be associated with solo mothers except

A)they received more emotional support for their parenting efforts.
B)they worked longer hours
C)they had greater financial difficulties.
D)they reported more stressful life events.

Question 19

About what percentage of single-parent homes in the U.S. is single-father families?

A)6%.
B)10%.
C)19%.
D)40%.

Question 20

Which of the following is not a way in which families have changed over about the last 50 years?

A)Women are postponing childbirth until later ages.
B)There are more single-gender families (gay and lesbian parents).
C)Women with young children are less apt to work out of the home.
D)Families are smaller; couples are having fewer children.

Question 21

Children who are insecurely attached, have difficult temperaments as infants, react negatively to stress, are likely to display poor school performance, and have fewer interpersonal skills
When interacting with peers most likely have

A)a single mother by choice.
B)a depressed mother.
C)an older mother.
D)no mother in their lives.

Question 22

Chinese parents' highly authoritarian parenting style, in which they rarely seek their children's opinions, consider their wishes, or offer them alternatives is

A)a form of maltreatment.
B)similar to the parenting styles experienced by successful children in the U.S.
C)applicable to Western ideals as well as Chinese ideals.
D)a loving and caring approach to childrearing that is well suited to their culture.

Question 23

The concept that high-quality parenting is not necessary for children's survival proposes that children need

A)any kind of parents.
B)good-enough parents.
C)no parents.
D)teachers more than parents

Question 24

Which of the following is a direct neighborhood influence on children?

A)parents' having friends in the neighborhood who will keep an eye on their children
B)parents in the neighborhood who are role models for the children's parents
C)the parenting styles of other parents in the neighborhood
D)drug sales on the corner

Question 25

Which of the following is the last method to be used to change a toddler's misbehavior?

A)childproofing the home
B)removing the child from the unwanted situation
C)telling the child "no"
D)putting the child in a time-out

Question 26

Research has found that restrictive parenting, which emphasizes parental authority, control, and close monitoring of children, was especially detrimental for

A)European American children in high-risk neighborhoods.
B)African American children in high-risk neighborhoods.
C)Latino American children in high-risk neighborhoods.
D)Native American children in high-risk neighborhoods.

Question 27

Children of which type of parents fare best in middle-class culture?

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive
D)uninvolved

Question 28

Which of the following tends to characterize children with uninvolved parents?

A)They are withdrawn; discontented; distrustful of others.
B)They are lacking in self-reliance, self-control, and explorative tendencies.
C)They are independent; socially responsible; self-controlled, explorative; self-reliant.
D)They have disruptions of attachment and peer relationships; behavioral problems.

Question 29

The concept that constitutional differences in children influence their behavior, which in turn affects how parents perceive and respond to them is called

A)internal working model of attachment.
B)interactional synchronicity.
C)the cooperative breeding hypothesis.
D)evocative genotype ? environment effects.

Question 30

Flinn's research showed that high levels of what substance in the brain were associated with children's poor psychological and health outcomes after undergoing stress?

A)cortisol
B)dopamine
C)prolactin
D)adreneline

Question 31

Which of the following pairs of groups tend to be most similar in having relatively high rates of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and marijuana and hard-drug use?

A)teens from impoverished homes and teens from homes with a median income of about $30,000
B)teens from homes with a median income of about $30,000 and teens from homes with a median income of $100,000 or higher
C)teens from impoverished homes and teens from homes with a median income of $100,000 or higher
D)homes with a median income of about $30,000 and teens from homes with a median income of about $50,000

Question 32

Which of the following is the least common form of maltreatment of children?

A)neglect
B)filicide
C)emotional abuse
D)sexual abuse

Question 33

Which of the following involves a parent persistently rejecting, ignoring, belittling, and criticizing a child?

A)neglect
B)filicide
C)emotional abuse
D)physical abuse

Question 34

Which of the following is the most common form of maltreatment of children?

A)neglect
B)filicide
C)emotional abuse
D)sexual abuse

Question 35

Parents who believe that the best way to raise and educate children is to give them as much freedom as possible are

A)authoritative.
B)authoritarian.
C)permissive.
D)uninvolved.

Question 36

Children are more affected by parents' arguing when they argue about

A)their marriage.
B)money.
C)the children.
D)work.

Question 37

Although spanking has been officially outlawed in many countries, about ____ of American parents have reported spanking their children.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)65%

Question 38

Which of the following is an indirect neighborhood influence on children?

A)the peers children interact with
B)the schools children attend
C)the crime rate
D)the opportunities for nonfamily activities

Question 39

Which of the following was probably the reason for the lack of long-term successful outcomes for children who participated in the Moving to Opportunity Program?

A)The children continued to live in high-crime areas.
B)The children had a hard time making new friends in the new neighborhoods.
C)The children were not attending better schools.
D)The children could not adjust to the changes in their neighborhoods.

Question 40

Parents who expect absolute obedience, establish the rules, and expect their children to obey them without question are

A)authoritative.
B)authoritarian.
C)permissive.
D)uninvolved.

Question 41

Which of the following has been found to be associated with birth order?

A)older children end up with lower levels of higher education.
B)younger children have jobs with higher occupational status.
C)older children tend t be less successful.
D)older children have higher IQs

Question 42

Scarr's principal concern is how children become functioning members of their species, whereas her critics emphasize

A)that active genotype ? environment effects cause children to seek environments consistent with their temperaments.
B)that children in all parts of the world become productive members of their societies despite substantial differences in child-rearing practices
C)similarities between children in a culture.
D)individual differences among children within a culture.

Question 43

Which of the following often characterizes the behavior of a child when a new sibling is born?

A)internalization
B)aggression
C)regression
D)suppression

Question 44

It is ______for parents to be closer or more supportive of one child over others.

A)quite common
B)somewhat common
C)relatively uncommon
D)quite rare

Question 45

The One-Child policy has resulted in all of the following except

A)the so-called singleton children having a sense of entitlement.b gender-selective abortion.
B)parents' making less sacrifices for their children.
C)a distinct change from the former tradition of families having many children.

Question 46

In polygamous families in the American Southwest, siblings express more solidarity toward their full than their half siblings, something that is promoted by

A)the fathers.
B)the mothers.
C)the full siblings themselves.
D)the half siblings.

Question 47

When do siblings typically become the closest?

A)in early childhood
B)in adolescence
C)in young adulthood
D)in middle and late adulthood

Question 48

Research has shown that which of the following had particularly strong negative reactions to a new brother or sister?

A)preschool girls who had a positive relationship with their fathers
B)preschool boys who had a positive relationship with their fathers
C)preschool boys who had a positive relationship with their mothers
D)preschool girls who had a positive relationship with their mothers

Question 49

What percentage of people in the U.S have siblings?

A)25%
B)45%
C)60%
D)80%

Question 50

About what percentage of divorced mothers remarry?

A)25%
B)65%
C)75%
D)85%

Question 51

About what percentage of divorce fathers remarry?

A)25%
B)65%
C)75%
D)85%

Question 52

About what percentage of U.S. children born to married parents will experience divorce over the course of childhood?

A)10%
B)25%
C)40%
D)60%

Question 53

As siblings become older, they tend to

A)drift apart.
B)become more alike.
C)become less alike.
D)retain their old relationship dynamics.

Question 54

Unlike in most Western societies, in most traditional societies, parents

A)have little concern for how their children turn out.
B)take full credit r blame for hw their children turn out.
C)take little credit or blame for how their children turn out.
D)give their children full credit or blame for how they turn out.

Question 55

Research has demonstrated that full siblings compared to half-siblings are ____ to invest in one another.

A)more likely
B)just as likely
C)somewhat less likely
D)very unlikely

Question 56

All of the following are characteristics that Dunn proposes typify sibling relationships except

A)emotions are often extreme between siblings.
B)there is substantial intimacy between and personal knowledge of siblings.
C)emotions are often hidden from siblings.
D)there are substantial individual differences in the nature of sibling relationships across childhood and adolescence.

Question 57

What percentage of their genes do siblings share with one another?

A)25%
B)50%
C)75%
D)100%

Question 58

Siblings spend about how much time interacting with one another compared with their parents?

A)about the same amount
B)more
C)less
D)sometimes more and sometimes less

Question 59

In 1979, which country enacted its One-Child Policy, limiting the number of children to one per family, enforced through heavy fines and pressure from employers and government officials?

A)Japan
B)China
C)India
D)Russia

Question 60

Which of the following is an example of a sibling learning directly from a sibling?

A)an older sibling playing the role of a teacher to a younger sibling
B)learning through play
C)a younger sibling learning while an older sibling is caring for the younger one
D)a younger sibling imitating an older sibling

Question 61

One reason for the initial need of formal schooling was

A)additional sources of incomes for families with many children.
B)laws that made such schooling mandatory.
C)the invention of new technologies that could not easily be acquired on the job.
D)the need for children to learn to read contracts and other business documents.

Question 62

Which of the following has the highest rate of graduation from high school in the U.S.?

A)Whites
B)Asians.
C)Hispanics.
D)Native Americans.

Question 63

Later in life, children whose parents divorced are

A)less likely to get married.
B)more likely to get divorced.
C)less likely to get divorced.
D)equally likely to get divorced as children whose parents did not divorce.

Question 64

All of the following constitute advice to stepparents from exerts except

A)Many children blame themselves for their parents' divorce.
B)Children are adversely affected by witnessing their parents fighting.
C)Children adjust best during divorce when the other parts of their lives remain relatively stable.
D)Many children know that their parents will not reunite, that divorce is permanent.

Question 65

After the invention of moveable print in the 1400s, what differentiated adults from children most was

A)skill in crafts.
B)literacy.
C)the ability to earn an income.
D)knowledge.

Question 66

What is the best strategy for stepfathers in gaining the acceptance of their stepchildren?

A)trying to establish a loving relationship with the stepchildren
B)taking control of family discipline and decision-making early on
C)establishing positive relationships with stepchildren before discipline and decision-making
D)spending as much time as possible with the stepchildren

Question 67

Which of the following has the lowest rate of graduation from high school in the U.S.?

A)Whites
B)Asians.
C)Hispanics.
D)Native Americans.

Question 68

Most parents and children show signs of good adjustment

A)immediately following a divorce.
B)about 1 year after a divorce.
C)about 2 years after a divorce.
D)about 3 years after a divorce.

Question 69

What appears to be the single most important factor in determining a child's long-term response to divorce and remarriage?

A)quality of parenting
B)adequate financial resources
C)the number of full siblings
D)a child's personality type

Question 70

Concerning remarriage, adjustment seems to be most difficult for

A)toddlers.
B)children in early grades.
C)children entering adolescence.
D)older adolescents.

Question 71

For children with easy temperaments, what level of stress leads to the best adjustment of divorce?

A)no stress
B)a low level of stress
C)an intermediate amount of stress
D)a high level of stress

Question 72

Americans who have a high school diploma or GED typically have annual incomes how much greater than those who do not graduate from high school?

A)18% greater
B)42% greater
C)74% greater
D)91% greater

Question 73

Why do girls typically display poorer adjustment to remarriage than boys?

A)Girls see remarriage as a threat to their independence and their relationship with their mothers.
B)Boys are less invested in relationships with their mothers.
C)Stepfathers try to get along with stepsons than with stepdaughters.
D)Girls are more worried about the stepfather's intentions.

Question 74

The most important institution for socialization outside of the family is

A)church.
B)school.
C)organized sports.
D)the neighborhood.

Question 75

In today's information-age societies, how many years of education seem to be the bare minimum for economic success?

A)8 years
B)12 years
C)14 years
D)16 years

Question 76

Despite the importance of education beyond high school in developed countries, approximately what percentage of American adolescents never graduates from high school?

A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%

Question 77

All of the following are guidelines to parents in blended families from exerts except

A)Love is necessary.
B)Children have no choice.
C)Establish a coalition.
D)Appreciate the importance of children's relationship with their natural parent.

Question 78

What is the risk of a girl from a divorced home becoming a teenage mother compared to a girl who is not from a divorced home?

A)about the same
B)double
C)triple
D)quadruple

Question 79

The patterns of psychological adjustment are similar for children of divorce in single-parent families and for children

A)in nondivorced families.
B)who are adopted.
C)in foster care.
D)in stepfamilies.

Question 80

The length of formal schooling a society requires of its children is associated with how much core cultural knowledge needs to be acquired for people to become successful adults, including all of the following except

A)social skills.
B)technological skills such as reading, writing, basic mathematics.
C)the ability to use the Internet.
D)the major values and accomplishments of one's culture.