Deck 2: Theories and Contexts of Development

Question 1

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, which of the following was the unconditioned stimulus?

A)food
B)bells and buzzers
C)the dogs' salivating
D)the dogs' behavior

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Applied behavioral analysis is widely used for treating ______ in the United States.

A)dyslexia
B)autism
C)antisocial behavior
D)giftedness

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In terms of how it is used, a theory is best compared to a(n)

A)experiment.
B)computer.
C)roadmap.
D)brain.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

An important aspect of a scientific theory is that

A)it explains something newly discovered.
B)it can be proved.
C)it can be disproved.
D)is it subjective.

Question 5

Which of the following key cognitive capabilities that Bandura described is the ability to learn new behavior and the consequences of one's actions by observing others?

A)forethought
B)vicarious reinforcement
C)self-reflection
D)self-regulation

Question 6

Which of the four following subprocesses of Bandura's observational learning purports that children must have the physical ability to reproduce an observed behavior?

A)attentional processes
B)retention processes
C)production processes
D)motivational processes

Question 7

Children are viewed as playing an active role in their own development, influenced as much by internal as by external forces in

A)information processing approaches.
B)organismic theories.
C)behaviorism theories.
D)mechanistic theories.

Question 8

Which of the following do mechanistic theories not include?

A)learning theories of development
B)Bandura's social learning/social cognitive theory
C)information-processing approaches to development
D)Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a successful use of behaviorism?

A)giving children who misbehave time-outs
B)allowing children to help with daily chores
C)helping children put together puzzles
D)having children observe others who model good behavior

Question 10

______ emphasizes that psychological development is primarily the result of changes brought about by classical or operant conditioning.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Cognitive development
C)The information-processing approach
D)Behaviorism

Question 11

The theories of both Pavlov assumed which of the following?

A)Human behavior has little in common with animal behavior.
B)Human behavior reflects animal behavior.
C)Principles of animal learning can be applied to human behavior.
D)Principles of animal learning cannot be applied to human behavior.

Question 12

In the 1960s, behaviorism was replaced with

A)social cognitive theory.
B)psychoanalysis.
C)the dynamic system approach.
D)operant conditioning.

Question 13

Bandura's basic theory is that _______

A)behavioral changes are caused by operant conditioning.
B)only behaviors that can be observed should be studied.
C)children learn important social behaviors from observing others.
D)the behavior of teenagers is very difficult to change.

Question 14

The following statement describes experimental results of which of the following: "Behaviors that are reinforced by positive outcomes increase in frequency, whereas behaviors that are followed by negative outcomes decrease in frequency"?

A)Vygotsky
B)Erikson
C)Skinner
D)Bronfenbrenner

Question 15

Older theories of development

A)are not useful today.
B)are just as useful today as they were when they were first developed.
C)are useful today only when they are kept up-to-date.
D)are useful today only when they explore new ideas.

Question 16

Which of the following four key capabilities that Bandura described involves the adoption of standards of acceptable behavior for oneself?

A)symbolism
B)forethought
C)self-regulation
D)self-reflection

Question 17

Which of the following give us a "forest versus the trees" view of a topic?

A)experiments.
B)theories
C)surveys
D)contexts

Question 18

Who proposed that there are four subprocesses involved in observational learning: attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, and motivational processes?

A)Vygotsky
B)Bandura
C)Piaget
D)Erikson

Question 19

Many educators believe that positive reinforcement can be more effective than punishment because

A)positive reinforcement make children feel special.
B)punishment can diminish the possibility of undesirable behavior.
C)punishment does not direct children to what they should be doing.
D)punishment is considered to be a form of abuse.

Question 20

Applied behavioral analysis is based on

A)Pavlov's research on classical conditioning.
B)Skinner's research on operant conditioning.
C)Piaget's research on the concept of conservation.
D)Freud's research on the id and ego.

Question 21

Erikson's psychological stage of infancy includes_________.

A)the oral stage.
B)the latency stage.
C)basic trust versus mistrust.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 22

Which of the following is the best example of a dynamic system?

A)the sucking reflex
B)the stepping reflex
C)the blinking reflex
D)the flinching reflex

Question 23

The theories of all of the following are organismistic except

A)Bandura.
B)Freud.
C)Erikson.
D)Piaget.

Question 24

Piaget described children's behavior as being consistent at any one time, or

A)flexible.
B)plastic.
C)homogeneous.
D)stabe

Question 25

The final stage in Piaget's theory of the stages of environment, in which children are able to apply abstract logical rules, is the

A)sensorimotor period.
B)preoperational period.
C)formal operational period.
D)concrete operational period.

Question 26

Which theorist was primarily concerned with how people develop a sense of identity?

A)Skinner
B)Erikson
C)Vygotsky
D)Freud

Question 27

Which of the following is true of meta-theories?

A)They are rooted in classical theories.
B)They are broad in scope.
C)They are the most widely accepted theories today.
D)They have very specific focuses.

Question 28

A set of elements that undergoes change over time as a result of interactions among the component elements is a(n)

A)closed system.
B)open system.
C)isolated system.
D)dynamic system.

Question 29

The preoperational period in Piaget's theory occurs between the ages of ______.

A)0-2 years of age
B)2-7 years of age
C)7-11 years of age
D)11-16 years of age

Question 30

Although Freud was Erikson's mentor, Erikson believed that Freud's theory had a shortcoming in that it

A)did not have a progression of psychosexual development.
B)did not have a progression of psychosocial development.
C)did not put enough emphasis on the unconscious.
D)did not consider the three-part structure of the mind.

Question 31

Who proposed that humans' main source of pleasure satisfaction is in erogenous zones?

A)Vygotsky
B)Freud
C)Erikson
D)Brofenbrenner

Question 32

Most theories of cognition and cognitive development are best compared with a

A)sponge.
B)computer.
C)dynamic system.
D)telephone.

Question 33

Theories that consider how biologic and environmental factors interact over time to produce any particular outcome are ______

A)information-processing approaches.
B)mechanistic approaches.
C)developmental contextual approaches.
D)ecological systems approaches.

Question 34

Whose psychosexual ideas about child development are generally not in favor with developmental theorists?

A)Piaget's
B)Erikson's
C)Freud's
D)Luria

Question 35

Which of Piaget's stages of development are characterized by intelligence being symbolic and logical?

A)the sensorimotoral period
B)the preoperational period
C)the concrete operational period
D)the formal operational period

Question 36

Children's ability to hold increasing amounts of information in their minds at once affects

A)the short-term memory.
B)IQ.
C)the ability to perform more complicated tasks.
D)the ability to perform automatic processes.

Question 37

A basic concept of physics that Piaget showed is intuitive is

A)gravity.
B)conservation.
C)motion.
D)velocity.

Question 38

Freud believed that the ways in which parents handle their children's ____ impulses have significant consequences for their later development.

A)social
B)aggressive
C)emotional
D)sexual

Question 39

What belief did Piaget, Freud, and Erikson have in common?

A)children's thinking is of primary importance
B)children's feelings are of primary importance
C)development progresses in stages
D)development continues throughout the entire lifespan

Question 40

In Erikson's developmental stages, the early childhood stage of initiative versus guilt is followed by the middle childhood stage of

A)identity versus identity confusion.
B)intimacy versus isolation.
C)generativity versus stagnation.
D)industry versus inferiority.

Question 41

The history of human cultural inventions

A)has continued at a steady pace for 10,000 years.
B)has increased most dramatically over the past two centuries.
C)began with the agricultural age.
D)was most rapid during the period of the invention of stone tools.

Question 42

Vygotsky was a(n)

A)sociocultural theorist.
B)psychiatrist.
C)behaviorist.
D)evolutionary developmentalist.

Question 43

Which of the following would Vygotsky not consider a psychological tool of intellectual adaptation?

A)works of art
B)computers
C)algebraic symbols
D)maps

Question 44

Which two theorists were most alike in their way of thinking about development?

A)Skinner and Piaget
B)Freud and Vygotsky
C)Vygotsky and Brofenbrenner
D)Erikson and Skinner

Question 45

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development, and therefore how adults think, eventually changes when

A)children continue to interact with more competent members of their society.
B)new toils of intellectual adaptation are invented.
C)adults scaffold children's problem-solving skills.
D)higher psychological processes are sustained over many generations.

Question 46

The focus of both Vygotsky and Bronfenbrenner's theories is

A)emotions.
B)human evolution.
C)culture.
D)biological factors.

Question 47

One aspect of human culture that is not shared by animal cultures, such as those of dolphins and chimpanzees, is forms of

A)grooming.
B)foraging.
C)values.
D)greetings.

Question 48

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, a culture's tools guide its members'

A)thinking and problem-solving skills.
B)emotional development.
C)socialization.
D)evolution to higher-level processes.

Question 49

___ prepares children's minds for thinking.

A)Imitation
B)Guided learning
C)Neonatal reflexes
D)Language

Question 50

Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky's approach to development is considered to be contemporary. When did he die?

A)in the 1930s
B)in the 1950s
C)in the 1980s
D)in the early part of this century

Question 51

The advent of humans' settling in places and adopting a sedentary lifestyle based on agriculture, about 10,000 years ago, allowed people to

A)specialize in various skills.
B)hunt more often.
C)socialize more often.
D)have more children.

Question 52

In the social mediated nature of child development, the mediation figures are

A)the developing children.
B)adults and older peers.
C)objects of knowledge.
D)child behaviorists.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a cognitive process?

A)language
B)memory
C)attention
D)emotions

Question 54

Who proposed ecological systems theory?

A)Bronfenbrenner
B)Skinner
C)Vygotsky
D)Erikson

Question 55

Research has shown that English-speaking children lag behind children of some other cultures in learning to count

A)from 1 to 10.
B)from 10 to 20.
C)from 20 to 100.
D)from 100 upwards.

Question 56

In Vygotsky's theory, the difference between a child's actual level of ability and the level of ability that he or she can achieve when working under the guidance of a more qualified instructor is called

A)the mesosystem.
B)contextualism.
C)guided learning.
D)the zone of proximal development.

Question 57

The complexity and diversity of humans increased most drastically as a result of

A)a hunter-gatherer lifestyle.
B)the development of stone technologies.
C)their interest in art.
D)a sedentary lifestyle

Question 58

Vygotsky believed that the main source of development is

A)culture.
B)evolution.
C)biology.
D)the environment.

Question 59

Infants lose their stepping reflex as a result of

A)maturation of the brain.
B)interaction among maturation, the increasing weight of an infant's body, and gravity.
C)maturation of an infant's body
D)preparation to begin crawling, which occurs before walking

Question 60

Vygotsky thought that scientific psychology should focus primarily on

A)a person's environment.
B)the evolution of humans.
C)lower psychological processes.
D)higher psychological processes.

Question 61

Routine interactions between children and adults in which the children improve their skills and understanding through participation with more skilled partners in culturally organized activities is called

A)scaffolding.
B)apprenticeship in thinking.
C)adaptive thinking.
D)learned behavior.

Question 62

Which of the following is not one of the three main features of children's microsystems, as described by Brofenbrenner?

A)roles
B)communities
C)relationships
D)activities

Question 63

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, which of the following represents the time dimension, or the fact that the other four levels of ecology change over time?

A)the mesosystem
B)the chronosystem
C)the exosystem
D)the macrosystem

Question 64

The theory of natural selection applies

A)to physical traits and behavior.
B)to physical traits only.
C)to behavior only.
D)to neither physical traits nor behavior.

Question 65

A mother teaching her daughter how to put together a puzzle by making suggestions and asking leading questions is an example of

A)a collaborative dialogue.
B)a narrative.
C)guided participation.
D)a cohort effect.

Question 66

Bronfenbrenner emphasized that a child's objective environment is not as important to development as is his or her

A)subjective environment.
B)support systems.
C)cognitive abilities.
D)role models.

Question 67

In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, all the social systems that children are not regularly part of, but that still influence their lives are part of the

A)exosystem.
B)macrosystem.
C)mesosystem.
D)chronosystem.

Question 68

Mothers who engage in shared remembering in which they expand on what their children say and confirm or negate their children's statements are described as being

A)elaborative.
B)compulsory.
C)emergent.
D)repetitive.

Question 69

Which of the following is an example of a cohort effect?

A)Hurricane Katrina
B)a war-torn country
C)the invention of DVDs
D)the financial crisis of 2008

Question 70

American mothers talk about the past with their 3-year-old children more often than Korean mothers do, American children speak about past events more than Korean children do, and American adults remember earlier childhood events than Korean adults do. What does this suggest?

A)Early language experience contributes to the onset of autobiographical memory.
B)Early language experience contributes to adults' being more talkative.
C)Listening and speaking skills develop in a parallel manner.
D)Americans consider past events to be more important than Koreans do.

Question 71

The macrosystem In Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory includes

A)all of the social systems that a child is not part of but is influenced by.
B)all the possible microsystems in action.
C)all the laws, values, attitudes, etc. of the society in which a child lives.
D)all the social systems in which a child is an active participant.

Question 72

Which of the following does shared memory not promote?

A)social solidarity
B)children's learning about memory processes
C)children's learning memorization techniques
D)children's learning about their social and cultural history

Question 73

The following statement is a definition of which of the following: "Individuals with traits that fit well with the local environment are more likely to survive or have more offspring than individuals whose traits do not fit as well with the local environment"?

A)superfecundity
B)natural selection
C)variation
D)plasticity

Question 74

Ways of processing information shaped by natural selection during environments of evolutionary adaptedness to deal with specific and recurrent problems are

A)evolved cognitive mechanisms.
B)guided learning behaviors.
C)behavioral variations.
D)bidirectional gene-environment interactions.

Question 75

Which of the following is more representative of American culture than Japanese culture?

A)cooperation among family members and peers
B)stress on academic excellence very early in school
C)moving up in one's profession by changing jobs
D)remaining loyal to a single company during one's career

Question 76

Rogoff's concept of guided participation is an extension of

A)Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory.
B)Freud's psychosexual stages.
C)Vygotsky's zone of proximal development.
D)Piaget's cognitive stages.

Question 77

Who was an active proponent of the Head Start Program, the most ambitious compensatory preschool education program ever run in the United States?

A)Vygotsky
B)Skinner
C)Piaget
D)Brofenbrenner

Question 78

Experts' being sensitive to the abilities of a novice and responding to the novice's responses in a learning situation so that he or she gradually increases understanding is called

A)scaffolding.
B)conditioning.
C)collaboration.
D)internalization.

Question 79

Which of the following theorists' ideas is described by the following statement "Development is the result of a progressive and continuous interaction between an active and changing child and the active and changing environments in which that child is embedded"?

A)Darwin
B)Erikson
C)Piaget
D)Brofenbrenner

Question 80

Learning that occurs when children participate in and engage in interactions with adults while performing routine activities of everyday life is called

A)guided participation.
B)shared memories.
C)operational conditioning.
D)evolutionary adaptedness.