Deck 5: Trait Theory

Question 1

Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolution.​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins than between criminal behavior and fraternal twins.​

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.​

Question 5

According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the ego.​

Question 6

Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.​

Question 7

The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.​

Question 8

Both extroverts and introverts are at risk for antisocial behaviors.​

Question 9

Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.​

Question 10

The research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior.​

Question 11

The "Twinkie defense" brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.​

Question 12

Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, or androgens, produce aggressive behavior.​

Question 13

Research has shown that children suffering from conduct disorders (CD) are frequently involved in bullying and sexual assaults, as well as cruelty to animals.

Question 14

There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.​

Question 15

Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers.​

Question 16

Psychopaths are the product of a destructive home environment.​

Question 17

Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior.​

Question 18

The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality.​

Question 19

According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime.​

Question 20

Nature theory argues that environmental stimulation from parents, relatives, social contacts, and peer groups account for a child's IQ level and low intelligence.

Question 21

The major premise of the biochemical theory is that ______.

A) ​as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime
B) ​the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
C) ​criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
D) ​crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Question 22

The major premise of the neurological theory is that ______.

A) ​as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime
B) ​the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
C) ​criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
D) ​crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Question 23

Biological explanations of crime reemerged in the early _______ with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond O. Wilson.​

A) ​1950s
B) ​1970s
C) ​1980s
D) ​1990s

Question 24

Primary prevention programs provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law.

Question 25

__________ theory reflects the view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits.​

A) ​Rational choice
B) ​Trait
C) ​Social structure
D) ​Labeling

Question 26

Locations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of ______.

A) ​suicide
B) ​ADHD
C) ​mercury
D) ​homicide

Question 27

Many children with ADHD also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood.​

A) ​conduct disorder
B) ​schizophrenia
C) ​hypoglycemia
D) ​behavior modeling

Question 28

Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as __________, do in fact produce aggressive behavior.​

A) ​antigens
B) ​androgens
C) ​estrogens
D) ​peptides

Question 29

Surgical procedures used to alter the brain structure of convicted sex offenders are known as psychosurgeries.

Question 30

What is the study of brain activity?​

A) ​Psychology
B) ​Neurophysiology
C) Pathology​
D) ​Evolutionary criminology

Question 31

Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________ perspective.​

A) ​biochemical
B) ​neurophysiological
C) genetic​
D) ​evolutionary

Question 32

__________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.​

A) ​Testosterone
B) ​Estrogen
C) ​Serotonin
D) ​Monoamine

Question 33

Police are more likely to arrest the mentally ill, giving the illusion that they are crime-prone.​

Question 34

Biologically oriented therapy is seldom used because it has no beneficial treatment in the criminal justice system.

Question 35

Which of the following is not considered to contribute to a healthy diet, and thus to good mental health and well-adjusted behavior patterns?​

A) ​Polyunsaturated fatty acids
B) ​Minerals
C) ​Vitamins
D) Heavy metals, such as lead and mercury

Question 36

According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression.​

A) ​diet
B) divorce​
C) ​menstruation
D) ​pregnancy

Question 37

Socio-biologists view all of the following factors as being mutually interdependent except​ .

A) ​biology
B) ​environment
C) learning
D) ​ecology

Question 38

Evidence exists indicating that abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated with violent behavior.​

A) ​Electrolytes
B) ​chemical "straightjackets"
C) ​chemical restraints
D) ​neurotransmitters

Question 39

Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest that which of the following statements is true?​

A) ​All criminals have low levels of testosterone.
B) Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.
C) ​Female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men.
D) ​Latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-Latinos.

Question 40

Bipolar disorder has failed to be correlated with delinquency or criminality, which leads many opponents of psychological crime to use disorders such as this as just another failed attempt at justifying criminal behavior.

Question 41

Studies conducted on twin behavior have detected a significant relationship between the criminal activities of _____ twins.​

A) ​AZ
B) ​DZ
C) ​MZ
D) ​QZ

Question 42

What is known about mental disorders and crime?​

A) ​It is possible that the link between mental illness and crime is spurious and caused by some other factor.
B) Mentally ill offenders are more likely to have low recidivism rates than nonmentally ill offenders.
C) ​Research suggests that people who suffer from mental illness seem to be less antisocial than members of the general population.
D) ​Male offenders seem to have more serious mental health disorders than do female offenders.

Question 43

Genetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits are passed ______.

A) ​from generation to generation
B) ​from fathers to sons but not fathers to daughters
C) ​from mothers to sons but not mothers to daughters
D) ​from one generation, but then skip the next generation

Question 44

In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child's criminal behavior?​

A) ​A criminal biological mother
B) ​A criminal adoptive mother
C) ​A criminal biological father
D) ​A criminal adoptive grandfather

Question 45

__________ theory is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.​

A) ​Cognitive
B) Social learning ​
C) ​Information-processing
D) ​Nurture

Question 46

Which of the following is not one of the three principal sources of behavior modeling?​

A) ​Genetic predispositions
B) ​Family interactions
C) Environmental experiences​
D) ​Mass media

Question 47

A significant criticism of biosocial theory has been that it ______.

A) ​is the product of flawed methodology
B) ​is based on outdated research
C) ​is racist
D) ​fails to explain gender differences in the crime rate

Question 48

Social learning theory states that people ______.

A) ​​are born with aggressive tendencies
B) hold aggressive mental scripts in their subconscious
C) ​learn to be aggressive through their life experiences
D) ​have chemical needs that require violence for stimulation

Question 49

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.​

A) ​id
B) ​ego
C) superego​
D) ​conscience

Question 50

________ theory is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes-how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.​

A) ​Neurophysiological
B) ​Cognitive
C) ​Biosocial
D) ​Evolutionary

Question 51

What do we know about psychopaths and crime?​

A) Psychopaths comprise 65 percent of U.S. prison inmates.​
B) ​Psychopaths tend to continue their criminal careers long after other offenders age out of crime.
C) ​Psychopaths are no more likely to reoffend within a year of release than other offenders.
D) ​Psychopaths who reoffend are more likely to reoffend in nonviolent ways.

Question 52

The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that ______.

A) ​as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime
B) ​the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
C) ​criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
D) ​crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Question 53

What research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught?

A) ​Adolescents with low IQs are more likely to commit crime.
B) ​There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminals.
C) ​Low IQs equally prevail in offenders receiving prison sentences or probation.
D) ​Violent criminals have high IQs.

Question 54

According to the evolutionary theory, over the history of the human species __________ males have had the greatest impact on the gene pool.​

A) ​aggressive
B) ​intelligent
C) ​introverted
D) ​mentally ill

Question 55

If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be _____.

A) ​intraracial
B) ​interracial
C) interbiological
D) ​intergenerational

Question 56

According to ___________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people's brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.​

A) ​excitement
B) ​arousal
C) ​danger
D) ​stimuli

Question 57

Which perspective best supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence, and aggression?​

A) ​Biochemical
B) Neurophysiological​
C) ​Genetic
D) ​Evolutionary

Question 58

__________ was the forerunner of modern learning theorists who believed that people learn from one another through imitation.​

A) ​Albert Bandura
B) ​Charles Goring
C) ​Gabriel Tarde
D) ​Sigmund Freud

Question 59

The major premise of the genetic theory is that _______.

A) ​as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime
B) ​the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children
C) ​criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment
D) ​crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Question 60

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed ________ psychology, which has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since.​

A) ​neurological
B) ​biosocial
C) ​generational
D) ​psychodynamic

Question 61

__________________ assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime from birth.

Question 62

After 20 years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at birth and adopted by different families. John says that he finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant. Which theory would best explain John's predicament?​

A) ​Attachment theory
B) ​Behavior theory
C) ​Information-processing theory
D) ​​Nature theory

Question 63

There are different types of twins. The boys are most likely __________ twins if it is determined that they are very close in such crime-relevant measures as level of aggression and verbal skills.

A) ​dizygotic
B) ​dualgotic
C) ​monozygotic
D) ​polygotic

Question 64

Michael is now 20 years old and a court-ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder.​

A) ​depressive
B) ​personality
C) ​psychotic
D) ​mood

Question 65

Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal behavior?​

A) ​That their adopted mother is criminal
B) ​That their biological father is criminal
C) ​That their biological mother ends up committing crime after the boys are adopted
D) ​That their adopted parents are over 40 years old

Question 66

The _____________ is the part of the personality that helps the individual keep his or her actions within the boundaries of social convention.​

Question 67

The study of brain activity is known as _____________________.​

Question 68

The ________________ is the reasonably stable patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another.​

Question 69

Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures, including teachers and police officers. He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his misbehavior. What mental disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael?​

A) ​Bipolar disorder
B) ​Mood disorder
C) ​Oppositional disorder
D) ​Schizophrenia

Question 70

If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, what would be a likely symptom?​

A) ​Hearing nonexistent voices
B) ​Seeing hallucinations
C) ​Exhibiting inappropriate responses
D) ​Alternating moods

Question 71

___________ twins are fraternal twins who only have half of their genes in common and thus share fewer commonalities when it comes to criminal behavior.​

Question 72

Michael's family checks Michael into a three-month residential treatment center that treats individuals with mental health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a(n) _________________ program.​

A) ​primary prevention
B) ​secondary prevention
C) ​adjudicatory prevention
D) ​alternative sentencing

Question 73

Which biosocial theory would promote that research should be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their father?​

A) ​Biochemical
B) ​Neurological
C) ​Genetic
D) ​Evolutionary

Question 74

______________ is the view that human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species.​

Question 75

Michael was arrested and charged with possession of narcotics and aggravated battery. Michael was offered a plea deal of five years of probation with a condition that he must participate in drug treatment and psychological counseling. When attendance in these programs is a requirement of a probation order, they are considered _________________ programs.​

A) ​primary prevention
B) ​secondary prevention
C) ​adjudicatory prevention
D) alternative sentencing​

Question 76

This condition, _________________, occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning.

Question 77

Male sex hormones are referred to as __________________.
​

Question 78

Studies of ________________ twins have shown much higher rates of criminal activity than compared to the other.

Question 79

Chemical compounds known as _________________, influence or activate brain functions.

Question 80

The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in a large city, is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of ______________ in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his disorder.​

A) ​amino acids
B) ​glucose
C) ​mercury
D) ​neurotransmitters