Deck 4: The Emergence of Thought and Language: Cognitive Development in Infancy and Early Childhood

Question 1

Between early and later childhood, schemes tend to have more ____ properties.

A)functional
B)conceptual
C)object-based
D)abstract

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Piaget described a scheme as a psychological structure that

A)organises experience.
B)is used in language but not thought.
C)we lose as we age.
D)is only found in those with a set of personal values.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

As a Piagetian, Andile would consider ____ the highest accomplishment of the sensorimotor period of development.

A)exercising reflexes
B)egocentrism
C)using symbols
D)experimentation

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Kgatello is actively playing with his toy truck when his mom accidentally drops a towel she is carrying directly on top of the vehicle. As soon as the vehicle is covered, Kgatello turns his head away and calmly begins playing with another toy. Kgatello's reaction best illustrates a lack of

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)reversibility.
D)inner speech.

Question 5

Siya has a scheme for drawing with a crayon that had to be changed in order to learn how to paint a picture with a brush. This adaptation is an example of

A)animism.
B)egocentrism.
C)assimilation.
D)accommodation.

Question 6

Buhle is a normally developing 18-month-old. According to Piaget, Buhle is most likely in the ____ period of cognitive development.

A)formal-operational
B)sensorimotor
C)concrete-operational
D)preoperational

Question 7

To overcome a state of disequilibrium, a child must

A)engage in hypothetical deductive reasoning.
B)become more egocentric.
C)reorganise his or her schemes.
D)develop a strong orienting response.

Question 8

Dr Mokoena has a strong belief that global warming is a theoretical myth. In recent years, however, the increased rate of polar ice cap melt has forced him to alter his theory, and he is now a strong advocate against greenhouse pollutants. A Piagetian would most likely describe Dr Mokoena's theoretical conversion in terms of

A)the one-to-one principle.
B)overextension.
C)equilibration.
D)abstract thinking.

Question 9

When first attempting to learn English as a second language, Olga spent a great deal of time converting similar English sounds into Russian equivalents. Later, she spent more time generating new, non-Russian language ideas. Piaget would describe this change as involving

A)equilibration.
B)the one-to-one principle.
C)habituation.
D)implosion.

Question 10

Thabo waves 'bye-bye' when he leaves the room and pretends to eat imaginary food. In other words, Thabo is

A)using symbols.
B)exhibiting a primary circular reaction.
C)exercising reflexes.
D)exhibiting a secondary circular reaction.

Question 11

Sandile has just learned how to pick up his cat named Fluffy, who likes to be picked up and does not put up any struggle. Later, Sandile tries to pick up another cat named Stripey, who scratches when held. The fact that Sandile learns to leave Stripey alone after he has been scratched provides a good example of

A)animism.
B)habituation.
C)centration.
D)accommodation.

Question 12

Baby Linda has just discovered that banging on a big pot produces a loud sound. He then decides to bang on a small pot to see what happens. A Piagetian would predict that such active experimentation with the environment would be most likely to first emerge in a child who is

A)24 hours old.
B)24 days old.
C)12 months old.
D)24 months old.

Question 13

Piaget argued that the first reactions by newborns were

A)indicators of an innate understanding of appearance as reality.
B)abstract.
C)indicators of an innate understanding of object permanence.
D)reflexive.

Question 14

Piaget saw equilibration as a balance between

A)primary and secondary circular reactions.
B)assimilation and accommodation.
C)thought and language.
D)social and cognitive skills.

Question 15

Six-month-old Dumi is playing with his favourite toy, a stuffed bear. Suddenly a blanket falls off the shelf and covers his bear. According to Piaget, Dumi would most likely

A)both reach for and search for the bear.
B)neither reach for nor search for the bear.
C)reach for but not search for the bear.
D)search for but not reach for the bear.

Question 16

Neli has a scheme for throwing netballs that she can apply successfully to throwing small rocks or other types of balls. This successful application would best be described as

A)assimilation.
B)animism.
C)accommodation.
D)egocentrism.

Question 17

According to Piaget, which statement is true regarding the stages of thinking?

A)Sensorimotor and preoperational thinking must be completed before the concrete-operational stage, but not before formal-operational thinking.
B)Sensorimotor and preoperational thinking must be completed before the formal-operational stage, but not before concrete-operational thinking.
C)Thinking alternates between stages throughout development.
D)All stages must be accomplished in the correct order.

Question 18

The phrase 'out of sight, out of mind' best demonstrates the Piagetian concept of

A)tertiary circular reaction.
B)the one-to-one principle.
C)fast mapping.
D)object permanence.

Question 19

Piaget used the term ____ to describe the process by which new experiences are easily incorporated into existing schemes.

A)accommodation
B)scaffolding
C)assimilation
D)secondary

Question 20

Piagetians believe that an average child would first demonstrate the onset of intentional behaviour when he or she is approximately

A)18 hours old.
B)8 weeks old.
C)8 months old.
D)18 months old.

Question 21

The defining characteristic of centration is ____ thought.

A)abstract
B)narrowly focused
C)a lack of object permanent
D)overextension

Question 22

According to Piaget, which normally developing child would most likely have just begun to engage in preoperational thinking?

A)A 12-month-old
B)A 24-month-old
C)A 36-month-old
D)A 48-month-old

Question 23

One criticism of Piaget's theory is that it

A)overestimates the cognitive abilities of both infants and adolescents.
B)underestimates the cognitive abilities of both infants and adolescents.
C)overestimates the cognitive abilities of infants and underestimates the abilities of adolescents.
D)underestimates the cognitive abilities of infants and overestimates the abilities of adolescents.

Question 24

Preoperational thinker Naledi is looking out of the window on the third floor of an apartment building. Her mother then asks her, 'What do you think someone on the street looking up would see?' Given the egocentric nature of her thought, Naledi's most likely response would be

A)'the sky'.
B)'the same thing I see'.
C)'a bunch of little people looking down at me'.
D)'I have no idea'.

Question 25

In a children's television show, the furniture, house, and appliances can talk and move, and have their own personalities. The fact that many young children view such objects as being 'alive' is consistent with the Piagetian concept of

A)intonation.
B)irreversibility.
C)observational learning.
D)animism.

Question 26

Research with 'possible' and 'impossible' events has led to the conclusion that infants

A)are born with object permanence.
B)develop an understanding of object permanence at a younger age than was predicted by Piaget.
C)develop an understanding of object permanence at the exact age that was predicted by Piaget.
D)develop an understanding of object permanence at an older age than was predicted by Piaget.

Question 27

The conservation of liquid task directly assesses a child's level of

A)intelligence.
B)habituation.
C)animism.
D)centration.

Question 28

The theory that human infants are born with a rudimentary knowledge of the world and they use their experience to expand this knowledge underlies the ____ hypothesis.

A)egocentric
B)overgeneralisation
C)blank slate
D)core knowledge

Question 29

Which child does Piaget's theory have the most difficulty explaining?

A)Ivy, who has mastered the conservation and three-mountain tasks
B)Rose, who fails both the conservation and three-mountain tasks
C)Daisy, who has mastered the conservation task but fails the three-mountain task
D)Mbali, who not only has mastered the conservation and three-mountain tasks but can explain the intricacies of these tasks to others

Question 30

Which is a legitimate criticism of Piaget's theory?

A)Too much emphasis on unconscious thoughts
B)Too much emphasis on children as 'computing machines' (complete with software)
C)Not enough emphasis on sociocultural influences
D)Not enough emphasis on stages of development

Question 31

Piaget used the three-mountain problem to assess a child's level of

A)object permanence.
B)scaffolding.
C)animism.
D)egocentrism.

Question 32

Michael, who is a preoperational thinker, watches as a movie character appears to turn from a nice teenager into a werewolf. What is Michael's most likely reaction?

A)Laughter, since he realises that it is all a fake
B)Nothing, since he would likely not notice the change
C)Terror, since he likely believes that the individual has actually become a werewolf
D)Confidence, since he now realises that, despite the apparent physical change, it is still the same nice individual

Question 33

When asked to describe why storm clouds travel so slowly in the sky, Sadie gives several interesting answers. Which of her answers provides the best example of animism?

A)'They have no legs, so they have to crawl.'
B)'If they were going the other way, they would go faster.'
C)'Because the wind does not blow as high way up in the sky.'
D)'The dark parts of the cloud are heavier and slow it down.'

Question 34

Miriam is visiting her dad's office on a take-your-child-to-work day. Just after they arrive, an executive bursts into the room and screams at Miriam's father about a poorly written report he submitted. All the time that he is being berated, Miriam's dad keeps smiling. Once the executive has left, Miriam turns to her dad and says, 'You really must like it when your boss shouts at you.' Miriam's lack of understanding that one's internal state may not match an external state is best explained by the concept of

A)appearance as reality.
B)egocentrism.
C)expressive style.
D)autobiographical memory.

Question 35

Which is not a Piagetian-based implication for teaching?

A)Teachers should provide answers rather than letting learners find them on their own.
B)The best teaching experiences are those slightly ahead of a child's current level of thinking.
C)In order to promote learning, teachers should provide materials with which learners can make their own discoveries.
D)Letting learners make mistakes is okay, as cognitive development tends to occur when children become aware of errors in their own thinking.

Question 36

Four-week-old Mpho appears to understand that when you push a cup over the edge of a table, the cup will fall to the ground. Such an understanding would provide support for the concept of

A)naive physics.
B)animism.
C)the stable-order principle.
D)overregularisation.

Question 37

When Dikeledi bumps into a table, she says to it, 'You bumped into me because you're mean.' Dikeledi is exhibiting

A)the cardinality principle.
B)animism.
C)irreversibility.
D)egocentrism.

Question 38

Tendai's mother has just poured two glasses of orange juice, one for Tendai and one for his sister. After they are poured, Tendai becomes very upset that he got less juice than his sister. Their mother points out that while Tendai's glass is shorter, it is also wider, and thus both children have the same amount. Tendai continues to protest, arguing that his juice is shorter, so he has less juice. Piaget would explain Tendai's behaviour as being the result of

A)animism.
B)centration.
C)intonation.
D)a primary circular reaction.

Question 39

Which best exemplifies the core knowledge hypothesis?

A)The fact that three-week-old Gugu appears to innately understand that three objects are more than two objects.
B)The fact that 10-year-old Boipelo has the math skills of a 30-year-old.
C)The fact that five-month-old Andile loves to kiss his mother but not his father.
D)The fact that six-year-old Pretty's early music abilities have not improved in spite of intensive training.

Question 40

During load shedding, Ayanda does not want to finish eating her vanilla ice cream because, as she puts it, 'When the lights went out, the ice cream turned black, and I don't like black ice cream!' Ayanda is in the ____ stage of development.

A)concrete-operational
B)formal-operational
C)sensorimotor
D)preoperational

Question 41

How many of the following beliefs would be part of the 'naïve biology' of a typical preschooler: understanding that things grow, understanding realising that children often resemble parents, understanding that some illness can be inherited, understanding that the insides of animals are different than the insides of inanimate objects?

A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four

Question 42

One-year-old Buhle notices that when his dad, Archie, is watching soccer on television, he shouts at the screen. The next time a soccer game come on, Buhle shouts at the screen. Buhle's behaviour best exemplifies

A)a lack of object permanence.
B)operant conditioning.
C)habituation.
D)imitation.

Question 43

Meltzoff and Moore's controversial finding that three-week-olds would stick out their tongues to match an adult performing the same act has been used to support the ______ notion of early life.

A)imitation.
B)centration.
C)orienting response.
D)habituation.

Question 44

Which statement best exemplifies the concept of essentialism?

A)'The purpose of popcorn is to make kids happy when they are at the movies.'
B)'If your parent says "no" then you should not do it.'
C)'A monkey raised by people will become a human.'
D)'Fish have a special "fishiness" that allows them to breathe underwater.'

Question 45

Ahmed is a normally developing one-year-old watching a magic act. The magician he is observing has just rolled a ball into what looks like a solid wall. However, when the ball reached the wall, the ball appeared to roll through it. According to research findings by Baillargeon, one would expect that Ahmed's most likely reaction would involve

A)disinterest and immediate looking away.
B)surprise, yet immediate looking away.
C)disinterest, yet the infant will stare at the spot the ball appeared to go through the wall.
D)surprise, and the infant will stare at the spot the ball appeared to go through the wall.

Question 46

Although the sound is unfamiliar, when six-month-old Hlengiwe sees the flashing lights on the police car, she keeps her eyes locked on the lights. She also begins to show a decrease in heart rate. Which concept best explains Hlengiwe's reaction?

A)Operant conditioning
B)An orienting response
C)Habituation
D)The stable-order principle

Question 47

While visiting a zoo, five-month-old Lebo is frightened by a roaring lion and starts to cry. By the time Lebo is one year old, he appears to have forgotten this event and actually enjoys movies with lions. Based on memory research, how might you get Lebo to exhibit the original fear response?

A)Show him a picture of a lion.
B)Bring him back to the zoo.
C)Have one of his brothers roar like a lion.
D)There is nothing you can do to generate the pervious reaction.

Question 48

Improvements in infant memory that occur around six months after birth may be the result of development in the ____ area of the brain.

A)hippocampus
B)frontal cortex
C)hypothalamus
D)occipital lobe

Question 49

By definition, attention determines

A)general intelligence.
B)the attainment of formal-operational thought.
C)which sensory information receives additional cognitive processing.
D)the belief in animism.

Question 50

Memory research suggests that

A)at three months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before.
B)infants seldom forget past events over time.
C)'reminders' do not enhance infant memory.
D)at six months, infants start to successfully remember events that occurred several days before.

Question 51

Seven-month-old Katleho appears to possess a sense of 'naïve physics'. Which of Katleho's actions would indicate that he does possess this sense?

A)His surprise when he sees a basketball go through a hoop
B)His surprise when he drops a ball and it falls to the floor
C)His surprise when he hears his dad cheering while watching a basketball game on television
D)His surprise when a basketball appears to be hanging in mid-air when it is not attached to a string or other supporting device

Question 52

An information-processing theorist would most likely conceptualise all built-in neural structures that assist the operations of the mind as

A)mental hardware.
B)private speech.
C)mental software.
D)psychodynamic mechanisms.

Question 53

A memory for some significant life event is called a(n) ____ memory.

A)autobiographical
B)general knowledge
C)intonation
D)semantic

Question 54

Which is the best example of a question designed to assess autobiographical memory?

A)What is the capital of South Africa?
B)Who taught you how to ride a bike?
C)Where is the queen initially located on a chessboard?
D)When was Nelson Mandela elected president?

Question 55

Which is the best example of habituation?

A)Turning your head to listen to a passing jet
B)Tasting sushi for the first time and liking it
C)Focusing your eyes on one of those '3-D' art pictures until the 3-D image pops into view
D)Being bothered by the feel of a watch the first time it is on your wrist and then getting so used to it that you forget it's there

Question 56

Most preschoolers believe that

A)both animate (for example, a puppy) and inanimate (for example, a stuffed cat) objects can only be repaired by humans.
B)both animate (for example, a puppy) and inanimate (for example, a stuffed cat) objects can repair themselves.
C)animate objects (for example, a puppy) can heal themselves, but inanimate objects (for example, a stuffed cat) need to be repaired by humans.
D)inanimate objects (for example, a stuffed cat) can repair themselves, but animate objects (for example, a puppy) need to be healed by humans.

Question 57

When five-year-old Mona says, 'Butterflies exist to make the world more beautiful for people to look at,' she is providing a great example of

A)the core knowledge hypothesis.
B)a teleological explanation.
C)an orienting response.
D)intersubjectivity.

Question 58

As an information-processing theorist, Dr Sithole is most likely to conceptualise human cognitive development as a(n)

A)butterfly that evolves from one qualitative level of processing to the next.
B)computer that develops a larger 'hard drive memory' and a 'faster central processing unit'.
C)iceberg in which little processing can be seen, but a great deal is occurring at the unconscious level.
D)mechanical calculator, unaffected by biological factors.

Question 59

____ can be defined as a diminished response to a familiar stimulus.

A)Orienting response
B)Centration
C)Habituation
D)Attention

Question 60

Zola believes that Buddy, her toy robot, does not eat or grow, is made by humans, and can break. Zola's beliefs are characteristic of

A)essentialism.
B)habituation.
C)naïve theories of physics.
D)naïve theories of biology.

Question 61

Shamima does a pretty good job of completing spelling problems but does much better if she is given direction by her teacher. The difference between what Shamima can do alone and with assistance is best defined in terms of her

A)orienting response.
B)animism.
C)one-to-one principle.
D)zone of proximal development.

Question 62

Tumi is asked to count the toes on his left foot and report the total. Tumi says, '1, 4, 5, 2, 3. There are three!' Tumi is demonstrating the ____ principle of counting.

A)one-to-one
B)stable-order
C)organisation
D)cardinality

Question 63

Scaffolding involves a teaching style in which assistance is always

A)from peers.
B)nonverbal.
C)done in informal settings.
D)based on the level of the learner's needs.

Question 64

How did Piaget and Vygotsky view the 'journey' of cognitive development?

A)Both saw children as making the journey alone.
B)Piaget saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Vygotsky saw children as making the journey alone.
C)Vygotsky saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others, while Piaget saw children as making the journey alone.
D)Both saw the journey as involving an apprenticeship driven by collaboration with others.

Question 65

Theory on the emergence of autobiographical memory suggests that in order to improve the autobiographical memory skills of his or her child, a parent would most likely

A)give the child multivitamins that include vitamin B.
B)begin to encourage the child to talk about what happened at school each day.
C)emphasise the importance of the one-to-one principle.
D)teach children how to solve conservation tasks.

Question 66

According to the principle of guided participation, cognitive growth results from

A)biological maturation.
B)interactions with a more skilled individual.
C)independent learning.
D)application of operant conditioning principles.

Question 67

Which of these is not a feature of autobiographical memory?

A)It helps people define themselves in relation to other people.
B)It helps people to define themselves in time.
C)It helps people develop a sense of the order of events in a procedure.
D)It is developed when children share in societal goals as members of a collectivist culture.

Question 68

Dr McCoy is attempting to determine the zone of proximal development for Jabu when Jabu works on complex mazes. In order to do so, Dr McCoy must measure Jabu's personal performance on the maze and

A)Jabu's performance on several other Piagetian tasks.
B)Jabu's maze performance when assisted by a skilled helper.
C)Jabu's peers' performance on the same maze.
D)how well Jabu performed on the same maze earlier in his life.

Question 69

While counting four objects, Lesedi says '1, 2, 4, 8' one time and '2, 1, 4, 8' the next time. This demonstrates that Lesedi has failed to master the ____ principle of counting.

A)stable-order
B)cardinality
C)one-to-one
D)habituation

Question 70

How would a parent use guided participation to improve the maths skills of her child?

A)Encourage him or her to play a math-based computer game.
B)Buy him or her a study guide for maths.
C)Encourage him or her to find and solve maths problems in everyday life (for example, the number of eggs in a carton).
D)Have him or her play a series of maths games with a more maths-skilled sibling.

Question 71

If you believed in the concept of the zone of proximal development, what advice should you give to a child who is attempting to learn how to throw a ball?

A)Tell the child to do it by him- or herself.
B)Tell the child to ask a friend who knows how to throw well to help him or her out.
C)Tell the child how easy the task is (even if it is hard).
D)You would say nothing, as advice will simply confuse the child.

Question 72

Bongani is trying to implement a scaffolding style into his teaching of tennis to Sadie, who is having difficulty, and to Stella, who is doing very well. To do this, Bongani must

A)be sure to praise both students for their effort, not for their successes.
B)discourage private speech in both students.
C)give Sadie more assistance and give Stella less assistance.
D)promote cooperation rather than competition between the two students.

Question 73

The following three-year-olds are asked to count the number building blocks (five each) placed in front of them. Which of the following responses best illustrates the one-to-one principle?

A)Henry, who says, '1, 4, 2!'
B)Junior, who says, '5, 3, 1, blastoff!'
C)Thando, who says, 'One hand has five fingers.'
D)Saleema, who says, '1, 2, C, D, F.'

Question 74

According to the ____ principle of counting, the last number in a counting sequence differs from previous numbers and denotes the total number of objects being counted.

A)stable-order
B)cardinality
C)one-to-one
D)habituation

Question 75

What can be done to improve the credibility of the testimony of a child?

A)Question the child many times to make sure the child is convinced of the events.
B)Convince the child that the people asking her questions are important people who are only trying to help her remember what happened.
C)Use questions that test a number of different explanations concerning the event.
D)There is no need to improve credibility, since the memories of children are actually less fragile than the memories of adults.

Question 76

Which number illustrates the fact that in English, numbers do not all follow a regular naming pattern, thus making learning to count more difficult in English than in some other number systems?

A)1
B)11
C)21
D)31

Question 77

Research shows that infants as young as ____ can differentiate two objects from three objects.

A)one month old
B)six months old
C)one year old
D)two years old

Question 78

Eleven-month-old Marie loves biscuits. One day she sees her mother putting biscuits into cups for a party. As she is watching, her mom puts one biscuit into the first two cups, two biscuits into the next two cups, and three biscuits into the last two cups. If Marie is a normally developing 10-month-old who likes biscuits, she would most likely reach for

A)the cup located nearest her left hand.
B)the first cup in which she saw a biscuit being placed.
C)a cup with three biscuits.
D)the darkest-coloured cup.

Question 79

The ____ principle of counting states that number names must be counted in the same sequence.

A)one-to-one
B)stable-order
C)habituation
D)cardinality

Question 80

Which best demonstrates intersubjectivity?

A)The fact that identical twins sometimes appear to know what the other twin is thinking
B)The fact that most students who are good at maths are also good at English
C)The fact that all members of the soccer team know that the main point is to kick a ball into a goal
D)The fact that culture influences thought and thought influences culture