Deck 8: The Age of the Reformation

Question 1

How did the religious ideas of Zwingli differ from those of Luther? What consequences did they have?

Answer 1

Essays should mention Zwingli's emphasis on a communal reform movement and the role of town governments, as well as his denial of the actual presence of Christ in Communion bread and wine.Zwingli's disagreement with Luther began the fragmentation of Protestantism and prevented formation of a common front against Catholics.

Question 2

Survey the main elements of the Catholic reform movement, the long tradition of moral reform, the new religious orders, mysticism, the development of the baroque, and the importance of the Council of Trent.

Answer 2

The formulation of the question gives students a simple checklist to follow.A more ambitious and intellectually worthwhile question would simply be "Explain the Counter-Reformation."

Question 3

Taking into account the written record of "The Twelve Articles," what was the peasants' understanding of the principle of "by Scripture alone" and how did this influence the way in which they envisioned church life in their villages?

Answer 3

Students should be able to articulate the disconnect between the peasants' hope for the Reformation and its political reality.There should be some appreciation of Luther's role in the revolt as well.

Question 4

The feast of Corpus Christi honors

A)the resurrection of Christ.
B)leaders of civic associations.
C)the body and blood of Christ in the Holy Eucharist.
D)the assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.
E)those who relinquish material possessions as a sign of dedication to their faith.

Question 5

What were some of the distinctive ideas of John Calvin, and what attitude toward business activity did they tend to foster?

Question 6

Discuss the development of Anabaptism and its major figures.What was revolutionary about it?

Question 7

The founder of the Reformation, Martin Luther, originally was

A)a famous Catholic cardinal.
B)an obscure German theology professor deeply troubled about his own salvation.
C)the author of The Institutes of the Christian Religion, confident of his own "election."
D)a revolutionary Anabaptist.
E)a former knight-soldier.

Question 8

Survey the spread of the Reformation to France, eastern Europe, and Scandinavia.

Question 9

Explain Luther's break with the Catholic Church and his construction of an alternative Christian church.

Question 10

Which of the following was fundmental to the religious reform movement of this time?

A)Emphasis was placed on the community of worshippers.
B)Individual belief replaced religious participation.
C)Correct doctrine and orderliness in personal behavior was pursued.
D)State power was the source of religious reform.
E)Inquisitions were organized in the pursuit of reform.

Question 11

Referring to El Greco's The Burial of the Count de Orgaz, how does the painting express the Christian understanding of death?

A)There is no need for a clergy to assist the soul to heaven as he must have lived a good life.
B)The body lies on a podium without any religious symbols.
C)There are no symbols from heaven, meaning the soul is now alone as it rises into heaven.
D)The knight's spirit is seen in a submissive pose in the background as it leaves it earthly realm.
E)Important saints are symbolically acting on the soul's admission into heaven.

Question 12

In the late Middle Ages

A)some women with a reputation for sanctity exercised a profound moral authority in society.
B)convents probably outnumbered monasteries.
C)independent communities of religious women, the Beguines, were suspected of heresy.
D)moralists denounced the dumping of women into convents.
E)All of the above.

Question 13

Discuss the reign of Charles V and the main challenges he had to face.How did he deal with each of his major problems?

Question 14

All of the following are true of the Brothers and Sisters of the Common Life except that

A)they were a sect of flagellants that organized following the Black Death.
B)they were founded by Geert Groote.
C)they copied books and taught in schools.
D)their style of spirituality, the devotio moderna, is embodied by Thomas à Kempis's The Imitation of Christ.
E)they advocated strict control by clerical authorities and broad participation by the laity.

Question 15

Religious brotherhoods

A)were predominately a rural practice.
B)excluded banks and guilds
C)prohibited public displays.
D)required peaceful and charitable relations with fellow members.
E)did not have any formalized religious schedules or attendance policies.

Question 16

Explain the confessionalization of religion during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation.

Question 17

Summarize the course of the Reformation in England, from the matrimonial problems of Henry VIII to the imposition of Protestantism in its Anglican form by Elizabeth.

Question 18

Discuss the political theologies of the various main churches.What were there conceptions of the relation between Church and State?

Question 19

Explain the state of Western Christianity on the eve of the Reformation.

Question 20

Discuss the career of Saint Ignatius Loyola and the work of the Jesuits, including their contribution to Catholic reform.

Question 21

After prolonged conflict and war, the Peace of Augsburg (1555)

A)allowed sovereign princes to choose the religion for their territories.
B)ordered princes to prohibit Jews into their territories.
C)legally recognized reform churches of Zwingli and Calvin.
D)gave the pope the final word as to religion in Germany.
E)did not allow reference to the Augsburg Confession.

Question 22

Charles V was the heir to the kingdoms of

A)the Low Countries.
B)Castile.
C)Aragon.
D)Burgundy.
E)All of the above.

Question 23

Among the differences between Luther and Calvin was the latter's conviction that

A)salvation comes through God's grace, but it is part of progressive sanctification.
B)progressive sanctification exists and requires government enforcement.
C)freedom of the Christian meant freedom from all social, political, and economic constraints.
D)human nature is evil at birth.
E)outward religious behavior of individuals and communities was not evidence of justification.

Question 24

During the sixteenth century the Ottoman Turks were

A)in total retreat.
B)able to capture Vienna.
C)a constant threat to Europe.
D)on the verge of conversion to Christianity.
E)None of the above.

Question 25

The fate of Servetus in Calvin's Geneva shows that reformers

A)strictly followed Jesus' imperative not to judge others.
B)believed that open dialogue could resolve religious differences.
C)could ruthlessly execute other reformers with whom they disagreed.
D)exceeded Catholics in piety, meekness, and charity toward others.
E)would not follow Calvin's plea for religious tolerance.

Question 26

Which of the following was not a challenge facing Emperor Charles V as he attempted to create a universal empire?

A)Spanish rebellion against foreign officials appointed by Charles V
B)the state of German religious reforms
C)direct conflict with the Valois kings of France
D)the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis
E)attacks from the Turks

Question 27

The "dissolution of the monasteries" referred to

A)the lax condition of English monks.
B)the law forbidding priests to marry.
C)the law forbidding appeal to the pope.
D)the granting of monastic lands to the peasantry.
E)the seizure of monastic lands and chapels by the king.

Question 28

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)Luther believed that the cycle of sin, confession, contrition, and penance was too harsh.
B)According to Luther, one is saved only by grace.
C)Luther felt that all believers are priests.
D)According to Luther, penance or charitable acts were not considered important to God.
E)God disregarded faith as entrance into heaven.

Question 29

Charles V abdicated his Spanish and Imperial titles to

A)retire to a monastery.
B)become a priest.
C)put all his attention on fighting the Protestants.
D)to go on crusade against the Turks.
E)None of the above.

Question 30

Referring to the chapter feature, "The Visual Record: A Reformation Woodcut," how is the image of the wife and women not depicted?

A)Overall, the woodcut symbolizes the social, religious, and political turmoil of the time.
B)The woodcut as a whole emphasizes the fears by many who saw women as potentially rebellious.
C)Henpecked husbands were shown doing womanly chores.
D)Symbolically, a religious figure is seen giving special power to the man.
E)Women were depicted carrying purses, swords, and her husband's pants.

Question 31

The Anabaptist movement included

A)mandatory adult baptism.
B)a rejection of "the Abomination," that is, unreformed civil society.
C)the abolition of property and the practice of polygamy in the establishment of a "Kingdom of Righteousness."
D)many who felt that Christians should separate themselves into communities of the truly redeemed.
E)All of the above.

Question 32

Pope Leo X and Emperor Charles V

A)adopted Luther's ideas with growing enthusiasm.
B)encouraged Luther to continue to teach.
C)criticized Luther's enemies.
D)excommunicated Luther and placed him under imperial ban.
E)took opposing positions in regard to Luther and his Theses.

Question 33

Thomas Cromwell was effective in

A)academic debates.
B)reforming monastic life.
C)using politics to maneuver England into schism from the Pope.
D)unifying the Catholics in England.
E)authoring an English Bible.

Question 34

The Augsburg Confession was

A)the Profession of Faith of the Council of Trent.
B)Luther's personal memoirs.
C)Calvin's constitution for Geneva.
D)the basic statement of the Lutheran Faith.
E)a treaty between Charles V and the Pope.

Question 35

Unlike Luther, Zwingli believed

A)that no religious change was necessary.
B)all the teachings of the Catholic Church.
C)that Christ was only spiritually, and not physically, present in Holy Communion.
D)that religious practices should be reformed according to the Bible.
E)that town governments should take the lead in reforming a community.

Question 36

The Act of Supremacy allowed

A)the return of Catholicism to England.
B)the invasion of France.
C)the destruction of the monasteries.
D)the assumption of the title "Head of the Church" by the King.
E)None of the above.

Question 37

All of the following are true of the German peasants' revolt except that

A)the peasants argued against taxes and tithes because they were not mentioned in the Bible.
B)hundreds of thousands of people took part in violent revolts against their overlords.
C)Luther at first was sympathetic to the peasants, and then urged their destruction as "mad dogs."
D)peasants came to hate the preachers for not supporting them.
E)Luther supported the peasants to the end.

Question 38

Thomas More was

A)a humanist bitterly opposed to the Church
B)an early English convert to Luther
C)the Lord Chancellor who was killed for his adherence to Catholicism
D)a bishop who opposed Henry VIII
E)a rival claimant to the English throne

Question 39

Initially dubbed "defender of the faith" for his hostility to Luther, Henry VIII finally broke with the Catholic Church because

A)his wife, Catherine, wanted an annulment so she could marry someone else.
B)he became a convinced Lutheran.
C)the pope excommunicated him for adultery.
D)he was determined to remarry despite papal refusal for an annulment.
E)of his political problems with the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V.

Question 40

Luther rejected Catholic teaching on

A)the Ten Commandments.
B)the priesthood and the interpretation of Scripture.
C)economics.
D)education.
E)purgatory.

Question 41

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, both Catholicism and Protestantism

A)changed the nature of Christianity and its place in public life from what it had been in the Middle Ages.
B)became more concerned with the personal than with the communal.
C)developed increasingly precise and rigid doctrines.
D)represented a broad cultural movement in both traditional values and reform movements.
E)All of the above.

Question 42

Under Queen Mary

A)Protestantism continued to gain power in England.
B)Catholics were persecuted.
C)most people quickly returned to Catholic practices.
D)Catholicism triumphed permanently because her reign was so long.
E)and Cardinal Pole, Protestants were rooted out of the church or fled England.

Question 43

Spiritual Exercises were written by

A)Luther
B)Calvin
C)Teresa of Avila
D)Ignatius of Loyola
E)Thomas Cranmer

Question 44

What sort of music characterized the "Counter-Reformation"?

A)popular songs
B)hymns
C)plainchant and Polyphony
D)battle music
E)None of the above.

Question 45

Eastern European countries that were part of the West (Poland-Lithuania and Hungary)

A)enjoyed the highest religious diversity and tolerance of the time.
B)were mainly Orthodox and Muslim.
C)seemed impervious to the Reformation.
D)established state churches.
E)were involved in the fiercest religious conflicts in all of Europe.

Question 46

What was the "Counter-Reformation"?

A)the infighting between Reformers.
B)the war between Lutherans and Catholics.
C)the response of the Catholic Church to the Reformation.
D)the mystical theology of the Spanish Carmelites.
E)None of the above.

Question 47

In Poland, Protestantism was

A)effectively defeated.
B)completely victorious.
C)approved by Royal decree.
D)quickly accepted by the peasantry.
E)a rallying point for nobles against royal authority.

Question 48

The Book of Common Prayer was the

A)book of worship for recusant Catholics.
B)official prayer book of Henry VIII.
C)standard book of prayer for Anglicans by Cranmer.
D)Catholic text reintroduced by Queen Mary.
E)Calvin's movement for simplifying liturgy.

Question 49

The ease in which Queen Mary of England restored Catholic practices showed

A)the power of the inquisition.
B)the lack of Protestant progress in official circles.
C)the fact that reform was not deeply rooted among the people.
D)the futility of the efforts of Cromwell and Cranmer.
E)None of the above.

Question 50

On the eve of the Reformation

A)Catholics had no interest in correcting abuses in the church.
B)the popes opposed all suggestions for reforms.
C)there was real confusion about what Luther had meant.
D)no new religious orders had been founded for centuries.
E)little had changed religiously since the Middle Ages.

Question 51

While little changed in beliefs and practices under Henry VIII, his son, Edward VI, oversaw the

A)legalization of clerical marriage.
B)combining of Protestant ideas with medieval prayers in the new Book of Common Prayer.
C)completion of the "dissolution of the monasteries."
D)combination of English religious traditions with reform theology.
E)All of the above.

Question 52

Which of the following statements correctly describes the actions of Francis I of France in dealing with religious issues?

A)Francis saw all issues as primarily a religious issue to the core.
B)He was more than willing to allow social disorder to control dangerous religious actions that imperiled his throne.
C)Francis eventually forced many Catholics to emigrate.
D)By the Middle of the sixteenth century, Protestant factions controlled life in France.
E)Continuous wars often distracted Francis from religious issues.

Question 53

The religious sensibilities of Scandinavia tended towards

A)Catholicism
B)Calvinism
C)Anglicanism
D)Orthodoxy
E)Lutheranism

Question 54

Francis I of France interpreted religious issues

A)as excuses to persecute Protestants.
B)in light of royal interests.
C)seeing himself as Defender of the Faith.
D)as an excuse to break from Rome.
E)None of the above.

Question 55

What role did mysticism play in sixteenth-century Catholicism?

A)It increasingly came to be identified with Protestantism.
B)The Catholic Church continued to embrace it as a legitimate form of religious experience.
C)Mysticism almost disappeared during the Counter-Reformation.
D)It had already disappeared during the Renaissance.
E)It was used by reformers through the use of austere prayer and contemplative devotions.

Question 56

Which of the following best describes the religious situation in France in the mid-sixteenth century?

A)The stage was set for destructive factional struggles over religion and political power.
B)Protestantism was making significant gains on all levels of French society.
C)Religious concessions in the Middle Ages had led to nearly complete secularization of French society.
D)There were growing demands to return the papacy to Avignon.
E)German and English Calvinists threatened France.

Question 57

The Society of Jesus was all of the following except

A)a disciplined and effective Catholic reforming order.
B)famous for its work in education of the laity.
C)a military order dedicated to fighting the Turks.
D)successful in reconverting many regions from Protestantism.
E)founded by Ignatius Loyola who vowed absolute authority to the pope.

Question 58

The Scandinavian countries became Protestant as a result of

A)grass-roots action inspired by commercial contacts with Germans.
B)prolonged military struggles.
C)royal action.
D)internal reform guided by disgruntled clergy.
E)English influence.

Question 59

Hardening denominational divisions became apparent

A)in the Catholic development of a new exuberant artistic style, the baroque.
B)in the elimination of all art from Reformed (Calvinist)churches.
C)in the emphasis on congregational singing and the preservation of statuary in Lutheran churches.
D)with the use of bread and wine during Holy Communion passing from Catholic to Protestant.
E)All of the above.

Question 60

The Council of Trent, which helped to define Catholicism in the following four hundred years

A)abandoned previous Catholic teaching.
B)reiterated and clarified traditional Catholic teaching and mandated many reforms.
C)attempted no reforms.
D)adopted some Lutheran doctrines.
E)declared unofficial, the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible.

Question 61

Thomas More was effective in placing a wedge between Henry VIII and the papacy, due to the king's dispute over his divorce.

Question 62

One of the greatest mystics in church history was

A)Teresa of Avila
B)Palestrina
C)Filippo Neri
D)Martin Luther
E)Philip Melanchthon

Question 63

The conservative theologians of the Sorbonne were among Luther's earliest opponents.

Question 64

According to Luther's theology acts of charity were important, but not necessary to salvation.

Question 65

Both Luther and Zwingli believed that the reform should be a communal movement.

Question 66

The feast of Corpus Christi honors the resurrection of Christ.

Question 67

In 1527, the English Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, which named the king to be the "Supreme Head of the Church and the Clergy" in England.

Question 68

The Ottoman Turks were masters of coordinated attacks combining artillery and infantry.

Question 69

In their treatment of the internal lives of individuals, the Catholic and Protestant Churches

A)differed radically; only Protestant churches were concerned with the internal life of the individual.
B)differed radically; Protestants affirmed the total freedom of the individual from outside control.
C)were quite similar; for both the internal life of the individual became a religious concern regulated by the government.
D)were quite similar; in both cases, sins of passion, such as sex and gluttony, became less serious than greed and usury.
E)introduced private confessionals, which allowed confessors to instruct individuals

Question 70

During the time of Calvin, iconoclasts cleansed churches of all paintings and statues which they believed would lead people back to the worship of idols.

Question 71

The Italian Blessed Angela of Foligno was an influential Irish Reformer.

Question 72

The Augsburg Confession was the widely accepted statement on the Calvinist faith.