Deck 6: Learning

Question 1

In which type of learning do organisms learn the association between two stimuli?

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Implicit learning

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

Jack regularly feeds his neighbor's dog,Oscar.He announces his arrival by ringing his bicycle bell and feeds Oscar mouth-watering treats.As Jack has been doing this for two weeks,every time he hears Jack's bicycle bell,Oscar begins salivating with the expectation of being fed.In this scenario,Oscar learns the response to the bicycle bell through _____.

A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)insight learning
D)modeling

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

Millie feels sick every time she travels by air.She associates flying with physical illness and,as a result,hates air travel.She also finds it difficult to watch movies with airplanes or read books about airplanes because they make her feel unwell.In this scenario,Millie is demonstrating learning through:

A)positive reinforcement.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Answer 3

classical conditioning.

Question 4

Which of the following is true of behaviorism as a theory of learning?

A)Behaviorism focuses solely on unobservable behaviors.
B)Behaviorism places primary importance on mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
C)Behaviorism maintains that the principles of learning are the same when talking about animals or humans.
D)Behaviorism maintains that learning occurs through the observation and imitation of behavior.

Question 5

Ryan,a five-year-old boy,receives a pat on the back every time he says "please" or "thank you." This encourages Ryan to use good manners as often as possible.In this scenario,Ryan demonstrates learning through:

A)operant conditioning.
B)classical conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)implicit learning.

Question 6

Matt is visibly excited to see his father when his father comes home from work every evening.Now,he is equally excited when he hears his father's car in the driveway,because he associates this with his father coming home.In this scenario,Matt's behavior can best be explained by _____.

A)classical conditioning
B)observational learning
C)preparedness
D)imitation

Question 7

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

A)Imitation
B)Conditioning
C)Preparedness
D)Insight

Question 8

_____ is the type of learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events.

A)Associative learning
B)Observational learning
C)Preparedness
D)Instinctive drift

Question 9

Which of the following is true of modeling or observational learning?

A)In observational learning, the learner does not reproduce the actions of another person.
B)In observational learning, there is no relatively permanent change in behavior.
C)Observational learning is one way in which human infants acquire skills.
D)Observational learning helps the learner form associations between events.

Question 10

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

A)It is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
B)It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
C)It is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
D)It is a form of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another's behavior.

Question 11

_____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)John B.Watson
C)B.F.Skinner
D)E.L.Thorndike

Question 12

Which of the following is true of learning through operant conditioning?

A)In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between two stimuli.
B)In operant conditioning, organisms learn behaviors implicitly, without being reinforced.
C)In operant conditioning, organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences.
D)In operating conditioning, organisms learn to act by imitating others.

Question 13

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Observational learning
D)Insight learning

Question 14

Tina's eyes water every time she chops onions.Her response is an example of a:

A)habit.
B)reflex.
C)conditioned response.
D)voluntary behavior.

Question 15

The type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another person's behavior is called _____.

A)conditioning
B)preparedness
C)habituation
D)modeling

Question 16

Observational learning occurs _____.

A)when an organism makes a connection between two stimuli
B)when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence
C)through the process of watching and imitating another's behavior
D)through the cognitive processes of reasoning and judgment

Question 17

An unconditioned response is a(n):

A)unlearned reaction.
B)modeled behavior.
C)planned reaction.
D)punishment received for a behavior.

Question 18

Learning is defined as:

A)a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
B)the organization and understanding of sensory information.
C)an individual's awareness of his or her own thoughts.
D)the growth of humans through the lifespan, from conception to death.

Question 19

Which of the following best exemplifies a reflex?

A)A child drinks water after eating spicy food
B)A woman puts her coat on before stepping out into the cold
C)A child runs out to watch a fire engine drive by
D)A man salivates while watching a chef fry sausages

Question 20

Psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.

A)the result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning
B)the relatively stable, observable changes in a person's actions
C)the encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval
D)a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem

Question 21

Rodney suffers severe food poisoning after eating lunch at his school cafeteria.As a result of the experience,every time Rodney walks past the cafeteria and smells the food,he feels nauseated.In the context of classical conditioning,the unconditioned stimulus is the _____.

A)cafeteria
B)bad food
C)nausea
D)smell

Question 22

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,the dog salivated each time the food was presented.The dog's response to the food was a(n)_____.

A)unconditioned response
B)negative reinforcer
C)positive reinforcer
D)conditioned response

Question 23

Alex and his family moved into an apartment on the 98?? floor of a building.The first few times that Alex used the elevator,his ears popped and Alex found the sensation uncomfortable.As a result,whenever Alex enters a building with an elevator,he feels his ears pop before he gets to the elevator.In the context of classical conditioning,which of the following is the conditioned response?

A)Alex's ears popping in the elevator
B)Alex entering his building elevator the first time
C)Alex entering any building with an elevator
D)Alex's ears popping when he enters a building with an elevator

Question 24

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

A)The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
B)The dog's salivation in response to the bell was an unconditioned response.
C)The bell was a conditioned stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.
D)The dog's salivation in response to the meat powder was a conditioned response.

Question 25

John,a six-year-old boy,loves dogs.However,after being bitten by one,he starts to fear dogs.Which of the following is true in the context of classical conditioning?

A)The dog is an innately meaningful stimulus before it bites John.
B)The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a neutral stimulus.
C)The pain that John experiences after being bitten is a conditioned response.
D)The dog becomes a conditioned stimulus after it bites John.

Question 26

Which of the following is true of classical conditioning?

A)It occurs without awareness or effort, based on the presentation of two stimuli together.
B)It allows the learner to learn the association between a behavior and a consequence.
C)It does not pair stimuli together.
D)It occurs when the learner observes and imitates the actions of another person.

Question 27

Which of the following is true of generalization in classical conditioning?

A)It is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
B)It is the tendency of a subject to become more powerfully attracted to the conditioned stimulus than to the unconditioned stimulus it signals.
C)It is the process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
D)It is the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.

Question 28

In the context of classical conditioning,sign tracking is:

A)the process intended to help a subject learn to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
B)the tendency of a subject to become more powerfully attached to the unconditioned stimulus.
C)a phenomenon that helps to understand the vicious cycle of drug addiction and relapse.
D)the tendency of a subject to refrain from approaching or interacting with the conditioned stimulus.

Question 29

_____ in classical conditioning means that the conditioned stimulus must not only precede the unconditioned stimulus closely in time,but it must also serve as a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.

A)Sign tracking
B)Contingency
C)Extinction
D)Renewal

Question 30

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,the dog began to associate the sound of the bell with the food and salivated when it heard the bell because the bell had become a(n)_____.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)conditioned response
D)unconditioned response

Question 31

Jessica loves to travel by air.She enjoys being in an airplane and experiencing the excitement of flying.However,Jessica's last three flights were highly turbulent and made her anxious and physically sick.Consequently,Jessica now fears flying.In this scenario,in the context of classical conditioning,Jessica's fear of flying is a(n)_____.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)conditioned stimulus
D)conditioned response

Question 32

The first part of classical conditioning is called _____.

A)generalization
B)acquisition
C)discrimination
D)habituation

Question 33

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning,prior to associating the sound of the bell with the food,the dog's salivation in response to the food was the _____.

A)negative reinforcement
B)positive reinforcement
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 34

Which of the following is true of acquisition in classical conditioning?

A)During acquisition, the unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented followed by the conditioned stimulus.
B)During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
C)During acquisition, the conditioned stimulus loses its significance once the association between the two stimuli has been formed.
D)During acquisition, the unconditional stimulus loses the ability to elicit any kind of response from the subject.

Question 35

Natalie loves driving and is excited about her upcoming driving test so that she can finally have her license.During the test,her instructor gets so impatient that Natalie loses her confidence.As a result,she fails the test.Since then,Natalie gets nervous every time she thinks of taking the driving test.In the context of classical conditioning,Natalie's nervousness about taking the test exemplifies is a(n)_____.

A)conditioned response
B)positive reinforcer
C)negative reinforcer
D)unconditioned response

Question 36

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days.As a result of the painful experience,she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her.Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)preparedness
B)renewal
C)generalization
D)discrimination

Question 37

Which of the following best exemplifies an innate unconditioned stimulus-unconditioned response connection?

A)A child sneezing after accidently inhaling pepper
B)A child throwing a temper tantrum
C)A girl raising her hand before asking a question in class
D)A boy learning to ride a bicycle by watching his older brother riding his bicycle

Question 38

Dr.Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes.Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students,he walks to the classroom door and closes it.His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr.Meyer closes the classroom door.In the context of classical conditioning,closing the door has become a(n)_____.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)conditioned response

Question 39

In Pavlov's studies on classical conditioning,the bell was a(n)_____ before it was paired with the food.

A)neutral stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)reinforced stimulus

Question 40

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light.He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light.After several such trials,the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial.In the context of classical conditioning,which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?

A)He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.
B)He should intermittently turn the light on and off during feeding time.
C)He should drop something other than food into the tank to alert the fish.
D)He should provide more food than usual during the trials.

Question 41

_____,in classical conditioning,is the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

A)Acquisition
B)Extinction
C)Habituation
D)Discrimination

Question 42

In classical conditioning,the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay,without further conditioning is known as:

A)reinforcement.
B)spontaneous recovery.
C)generalization.
D)acquisition.

Question 43

Tyler's grandmother,Rose,has been receiving e-mails from Tyler every day for many years.In anticipation of his e-mails,she checks her inbox more than once in a day.However,since Tyler has started college,the e-mails have stopped.As a result,Rose checks her e-mail only every few days.If this pattern continues,Rose will completely stop checking her e-mail.In classical conditioning,this is known as _____.

A)acquisition
B)spontaneous recovery
C)renewal
D)extinction

Question 44

In John B.Watson and Rosalie Rayner's demonstration of the role of classical conditioning in the development of fears,little Albert learned to fear a white rat.In this study,the white rat was the _____.

A)unconditioned stimulus
B)conditioned stimulus
C)positive reinforcer
D)negative reinforcer

Question 45

_____ in classical conditioning is the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

A)Generalization
B)Acquisition
C)Discrimination
D)Habituation

Question 46

Which of the following is true of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

A)It only occurs with further conditioning.
B)It becomes stronger as long as the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
C)It results in the weakening of the conditioned response.
D)It occurs after a time delay.

Question 47

Grayson's dog salivates whenever he hears the refrigerator door open because he is accustomed to receiving food each time anyone opens it.Grayson tries an experiment with his dog.Over the next few days,Grayson does not give his dog any food when he opens the refrigerator door,even though he knows the dog expects it.As a result,the dog stops salivating when the refrigerator door is opened.Grayson's dog's behavior best illustrates _____ in classical conditioning.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)extinction
C)contingency
D)discrimination

Question 48

Yolanda dislikes going to the doctor for her illness because every time she does,she is prescribed medicines,which ruin her appetite and make her feel nauseated.She associates doctors with feelings of nausea.However,she is not afraid of visiting dentists.In this scenario,Yolanda's behavior best exemplifies _____ in classical conditioning.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)generalization
C)discrimination
D)extinction

Question 49

Aversive conditioning is:

A)the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay.
B)the process of rewarding successive approximations of desired behavior.
C)the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
D)the form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.

Question 50

_____ in classical conditioning is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

A)Generalization
B)Discrimination
C)Acquisition
D)Habituation

Question 51

Jim feeds his dog the Paws brand of dog food every day.When the dog sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl,he starts to salivate.When Jim switches to a new brand,the food does not suit the dog and makes him sick.The dog no longer salivates when he sees Jim pouring the food into his bowl.In this scenario,the dog's change in behavior can be best explained by learning through _____.

A)observational learning
B)counterconditioning
C)avoidance learning
D)habituation

Question 52

Marcia and John were married for eleven years before John passed away.Following his death,Marcia left her home and city because everything reminded her of John.Many years later,Marcia happened to meet a man,her new colleague,who smelled of the cologne that John always wore.Even after so many years,Marcia was drawn to this man because he reminded her of John.In this scenario,Marcia's reawakened feelings are an example of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)extinction
B)spontaneous recovery
C)reinforcement
D)instinctive drift

Question 53

Electric shocks and nausea-inducing substances are examples of noxious stimuli that are used in aversive conditioning.Which of the following is true with regard to experiments that pair alcohol with nausea-inducing agents to treat alcohol addiction?

A)In the experiments, the nausea-inducing agent represents the conditioned stimulus.
B)In the experiments, nausea in response to alcohol becomes the conditioned response.
C)In the experiments, the nausea-inducing agent is taken several hours after drinking the alcoholic beverage.
D)In the experiments, the alcoholic beverage represents the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 54

As the subject of an experiment for treating cigarette addiction,John is being given a chemical agent that makes him feel nauseated every time he smokes a cigarette.This experiment is most likely a(n)_____ experiment.

A)positive reinforcement
B)habituation
C)aversive conditioning
D)avoidance learning

Question 55

Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae.When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae,Wendell begins to feel anxious,even though he enjoys physics.Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario?

A)Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning
B)Generalization in classical conditioning
C)Discrimination in classical conditioning
D)Negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

Question 56

Manny has been unable to sleep for the past one week.His wife gives him a vitamin pill and tells him that it will help him sleep at night.The next morning,Manny is thrilled because he has slept better than ever before.In this scenario,Manny's response to the vitamin can be attributed to _____.

A)the schedules of reinforcement
B)aversive conditioning
C)spontaneous recovery
D)the placebo effect

Question 57

Extinction in classical conditioning is:

A)the process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
B)the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
C)the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
D)the initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and conditioned stimulus.

Question 58

Ronald was the subject of an experiment for alcoholics.Every time Ronald had a drink,it was mixed with a nausea-inducing agent,which made him sick.After experiencing this pattern for several weeks,Ronald started to dislike alcohol immensely.He did not drink for seven months.However,one day as he was walking past a new bar,Ronald experienced an overwhelming desire to drink.In this scenario,Ronald's sudden desire to drink best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

A)extinction
B)reinforcement
C)acquisition
D)renewal

Question 59

In aversive conditioning experiments to treat alcohol addiction,every time a person drinks an alcoholic beverage,he or she also consumes a mixture that induces nausea.In classical conditioning terminology,the nausea-inducing agent is the _____.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned stimulus
C)neutral stimulus
D)reinforced stimulus

Question 60

Jacob,a police officer,wants to train his new dog,Rover.Jacob buys a "zap collar" that delivers a low intensity shock to the neck of the dog whenever it pulls on the leash.After wearing the collar for a few days,Rover recognizes that the shock is an undesirable result of pulling on the leash.Consequently,Rover stops pulling on the leash.In this scenario,which of the following methods has most likely been used to discipline Rover?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Observational learning
C)Avoidance learning
D)Aversive conditioning

Question 61

Melvin is an elementary-school teacher who rewards his students with extra playing time whenever they do well on a class assignment.In this scenario,which of the following techniques is Melvin using to motivate his students to work harder?

A)Counterconditioning
B)Observational learning
C)Positive reinforcement
D)Insight learning

Question 62

Classical conditioning explains how neutral stimuli become associated with _____.

A)learned behavior
B)instrumental behavior
C)involuntary responses
D)conditioned responses

Question 63

Jenny received a lot of praise in class when she was the only one who did her homework on time.As a result,Jenny has never had to be reminded to do her homework;she always submits it on time.In this scenario,Jenny's behavior illustrates _____.

A)Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning
B)the concept of instinctive drift
C)the phenomenon of the placebo effect
D)Thorndike's law of effect

Question 64

The _____ in psychology states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.

A)law of effect
B)principle of preparedness
C)theory of classical conditioning
D)law of contiguity

Question 65

Identify the accurate statement in the context of operant conditioning.

A)Operant conditioning is unaffected by the contingency factor.
B)Operant conditioning is a form of associative learning.
C)Operant conditioning was first described by Ivan Pavlov.
D)Operant conditioning is a form of learning that is based on the association between stimuli.

Question 66

In a television advertisement,a young man is shown to be the center of attraction for young and attractive models because he drives the luxury car brand,Exotica.The advertisement targets young,single men.In the context of embedded marketing,which of the following statements is true?

A)The Exotica brand in the advertisement is the unconditioned stimulus.
B)The male viewers are unaffected by the appearance of the attractive models in the advertisement.
C)The attractive models in the advertisement are the conditioned stimulus.
D)The advertisement will work best if the Exotica car precedes the appearance of the attractive person.

Question 67

George drinks three glasses of wine at home every evening,but rarely feels its effect.However,he feels the immediate effect of a single glass of wine on the rare occasions that he goes to a bar.Which of the following classical conditioning concepts best explains this discrepancy in George's responses?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Habituation
C)Renewal
D)Generalization

Question 68

Which of the following is true of drug habituation in the context of classical conditioning?

A)The body braces itself for the effects of the drug with a conditioned response that is identical to the unconditioned response.
B)The body braces itself for the effects of the drug with a conditioned response that is the opposite of the unconditioned response.
C)The conditioned stimulus serves as a warning that the drug is coming, and the conditioned response works to increase the effects of the unconditioned stimulus.
D)The conditioned response is no longer paired with the unconditioned response, and this makes the drug experience more intense.

Question 69

Which of the following is true about classical conditioning?

A)It is a form of observational learning.
B)It is also known as instrumental conditioning.
C)It is a form of respondent behavior.
D)It effectively explains voluntary behavior.

Question 70

Kenny ate too many hotdogs at a baseball game.Several hours later,he felt nauseated and spent most of the night being sick.In the context of taste aversion learning,it is likely that Kenny will _____ as a result of this experience.

A)lose interest in baseball
B)not attend another game and will only watch baseball on TV
C)not be able to eat a hotdog at the next baseball game
D)never eat hot dogs again

Question 71

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.

A)focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them
B)explains how neutral stimuli become associated with unlearned, involuntary responses
C)is not effective in explaining voluntary behaviors
D)occurs through the imitation of another person's actions

Question 72

In the context of classical conditioning,_____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

A)habituation
B)generalization
C)discrimination
D)extinction

Question 73

The psychologist who used puzzle boxes in his experiments to establish the power of consequences in determining voluntary behavior was _____.

A)B.F.Skinner
B)Ivan Pavlov
C)E.L.Thorndike
D)John B.Watson

Question 74

Classical conditioning _____.

A)focuses on the association between two stimuli
B)is not a form of respondent behavior
C)is very effective in explaining voluntary behaviors
D)was first described by the American psychologistB.F.Skinner

Question 75

Caleb,the owner of a small garage,is particular about paying his employees more than they ask for.He believes that this action will prevent his employees from leaving the organization due to job dissatisfaction.In this scenario,Caleb is using _____ in operant conditioning to ensure a desired outcome.

A)negative punishment
B)negative reinforcement
C)positive reinforcement
D)positive punishment

Question 76

Which of the following statements about taste aversion learning is true?

A)It requires many pairings of the neutral stimulus with the unconditioned response of nausea.
B)It is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
C)It occurs only when the "taste" is the direct cause of the nausea experienced.
D)It is a special form of negative punishment in which a behavior decreases when a stimulus is removed.

Question 77

Classical conditioning is a form of _____.

A)observational learning
B)voluntary learning
C)associative learning
D)latent learning

Question 78

The sale of a new brand of flavored water,Taste Fun,soared after it was used in many scenes in the latest blockbuster action movie.In the context of classical conditioning,it is likely that the sudden increase in sales is due to:

A)embedded marketing.
B)avoidance learning.
C)negative reinforcement.
D)brand equity.

Question 79

In the context of operant conditioning,_____ refers to rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

A)shaping
B)acquisition
C)modeling
D)habituation

Question 80

Just as it does in classical conditioning,_____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.

A)spontaneous recovery
B)instinctive drift
C)contingency
D)preparedness