Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

In the context of memory processes,which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of retrieving information?

A)Daniel is watching a play in a theater.
B)Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.
C)Vivian is reading a book on insects.
D)Jack is listening to his professor's lecture.

Answer 1

Martha is reciting a poem she learned in school.

Question 2

Ashley is in the habit of listening to music while studying.She usually puts her headphones on when she's reading through a textbook.In this scenario,Ashley is demonstrating _____.

A)divided attention
B)sustained attention
C)vigilance
D)chunking

Answer 2

divided attention

Question 3

Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which _____.

A)physical and perceptual features are analyzed
B)a stimulus is recognized and labeled
C)semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used
D)meaning is assigned to a stimulus

Answer 3

a stimulus is recognized and labeled

Question 4

The first step in memory is _____.

A)encoding
B)retrieval
C)storage
D)priming

Question 5

_____ refers to the process by which information gets into memory storage.

A)Retrieval
B)Recall
C)Encoding
D)Priming

Question 6

_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.

A)Multitasking
B)Divided attention
C)Sustained attention
D)Chunking

Question 7

Albert is listening intently to his principal's lecture on the advancement of scientific research.In this scenario,Albert is most likely _____.

A)retrieving information from his memory
B)encoding information into his memory
C)activating the information in his memory
D)chunking the information in his memory

Question 8

Which of the following is true of shallow processing in memory?

A)Semantic, meaningful, and symbolic characteristics are used in shallow processing.
B)Physical and perceptual features are analyzed in the process of shallow processing.
C)The brain's prefrontal cortex is involved in shallow processing.
D)A stimulus is recognized and labeled in shallow processing.

Question 9

In the context of memory processes,which of the following scenarios best illustrates the process of encoding information?

A)Alex, a five-year-old boy, is reciting his alphabets.
B)Deborah is watching a movie in the theater.
C)Daniel is writing an essay on the dinosaurs he learnt about last week.
D)Mike is painting a picture of a woman he used to know.

Question 10

In the context of the processes involved in memory,storage refers to the process of _____ information.

A)retaining
B)activating
C)retrieving
D)taking in

Question 11

Felix,a record-holder in the area of memory skills,amazed the 150-member audience at his show when he accurately recalled all their names in correct alphabetical order.Which of the following processes of memory has Felix demonstrated in this scenario?

A)Encoding
B)Storage
C)Retrieval
D)Elaboration

Question 12

In the context of the processes involved in memory,which of the following best describes encoding?

A)Storing the information
B)Retaining the information
C)Retrieving the information
D)Taking in the information

Question 13

In the context of memory encoding,sustained attention is _____.

A)the process of dividing attention not just between two activities but among three or more activities
B)the ability to maintain concentration to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
C)especially detrimental to encoding information
D)most likely to make a person less vigilant

Question 14

_____ first suggested that encoding can be influenced by levels of processing.

A)Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
B)Eric Kandel and James Schwartz
C)Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
D)Martin Conway and David Rubin

Question 15

Which of the following is true of divided attention in the context of memory encoding?

A)Divided attention involves concentrating on different activities, one activity at a time.
B)Divided attention is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
C)Divided attention is not likely to impede an individual's ability to pay attention to a specific aspect of an experience.
D)Divided attention can be especially detrimental to the process of encoding information.

Question 16

Moments before his exam,Daniel glances through a chapter on bioreactors in his textbook-a chapter that he has not looked at before.When he starts the exam,he is surprised to find a question on bioreactors.All Daniel can remember is the physical appearance of bioreactors and how they were labeled in the textbook.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Daniel has engaged in while encoding the information on bioreactors?

A)Shallow
B)Intermediate
C)Deep
D)Intimate

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates divided attention?

A)Kyle increases the volume on the television while watching his favorite show.
B)Maria is watching two characters fight with each other in a martial arts program.
C)Kenny is listening to music on his laptop with headphones on.
D)Riley is trying to pay attention to her teacher while talking to her friend in class.

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the term "levels of processing" in memory?

A)It negates the role of deep processing in memory.
B)It emphasizes shallow processing as the key step in memory retrieval.
C)It asserts that deeper processing produces poorer memory.
D)It refers to a continuum of memory processing.

Question 19

Sarah is reading a book on the different species of insects found in the Amazon Basin.In this scenario,Sarah is primarily _____.

A)activating the information in her memory
B)repressing information in her memory
C)retrieving information from her memory
D)encoding information into her memory

Question 20

Roger witnesses a burglary.On being questioned by the police,Roger provides a vague description of the burglar,mentioning his approximate build and height,but he is unable to recall specific details.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that Roger has engaged in while encoding information about the burglar?

A)Intermediate
B)Intimate
C)Deep
D)Shallow

Question 21

_____ refers to the formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding.

A)Connectionism
B)Selective attention
C)Elaboration
D)Priming

Question 22

Short-term memory can store information for a longer period of time than _____ memory.

A)long-term
B)sensory
C)implicit
D)explicit

Question 23

Kevin is studying for a vocabulary test.When he studies the word "braggart," he thinks of how his childhood friend Billy acted whenever Billy was given a new toy.Which of the following is the highest level of processing Kevin has engaged in while encoding the word "braggart"?

A)Shallow
B)Intermediate
C)Deep
D)Impersonal

Question 24

_____ is the system of memory that holds information for time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.

A)Short-term memory
B)Working memory
C)Long-term memory
D)Sensory memory

Question 25

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of the deepest level of processing in memory?

A)It involves analyzing physical and perceptual features.
B)It involves recognizing and labeling a stimulus.
C)It involves thinking about the meaning of a stimulus.
D)It involves mainly using the amygdala of the human brain.

Question 26

_____ were responsible for formulating an early popular theory of memory that acknowledged the varying life span of memories.

A)Eric Kandel and James Schwartz
B)Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
C)Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart
D)Martin Conway and David Rubin

Question 27

Allan Paivio has documented how imagery can improve memory.Which of the following theories proposed by him claims that memory for pictures is better than memory for words?

A)Dual-code hypothesis
B)Frequency theory
C)Opponent-process theory
D)Two-factor hypothesis

Question 28

A person is most likely to store a seven digit phone number in his or her _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)short-term
C)working
D)echoic

Question 29

Jennifer had a very enjoyable time at the amusement park one week ago.Most of the visual and auditory stimuli that she experienced and has now forgotten were initially processed in her _____ memory.

A)sensory
B)implicit
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 30

Jackie walks through her neighborhood park every evening because she finds the experience stimulating.She hears dogs barking,children laughing,and people talking.She smells flowers,trees,and sometimes,rain.She sees couples in love,families together,and nature in full bloom.Which of the following systems of memory is responsible for holding this information from the world in its original form?

A)Semantic memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Explicit memory
D)Long-term memory

Question 31

According to Allan Paivio,in which of the following ways is memory stored in the process of encoding?

A)As a thought or a feeling
B)As a verbal code or an image code
C)As a word or a sentence
D)As a tactile code or a kinesthetic code

Question 32

Jacob is a waiter at Alpines,a five-star restaurant.He is known for his excellent memory with regard to customer orders.He recalls each customer's order perfectly by associating the order with where the customer is seated and with the clothes the customer is wearing.In this scenario,which of the following encoding processes is Jacob most likely using to help him remember his orders?

A)Mental imagery
B)Echoic memory
C)Serial position effect
D)Divided attention

Question 33

Vivian visits the public aquarium in her city.While looking at the fish tank,she notices an apple snail stuck to the glass wall of the tank.She feels nostalgic because she remembers collecting apple snails with her brothers when they were younger.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing Vivian has engaged in to encode her childhood memory about apple snails?

A)Shallow
B)Intermediate
C)Deep
D)Impersonal

Question 34

While preparing for a biology test,Aaron studies the human heart by closing his eyes and forming a picture of it in his mind,just as it is shown in the textbook.He also labels each part in his mind as it is in the textbook.Which of the following encoding processes is Aaron using in this scenario?

A)Divided attention
B)Serial position effect
C)Mental imagery
D)Chunking

Question 35

Which element of sensory memory would be most useful to Stan,who is quickly scanning a map of the United States to learn where each state fits?

A)Echoic memory
B)Implicit memory
C)Iconic memory
D)Procedural memory

Question 36

Fifteen-year-old Matt and his father are in an electronics store,looking at video game systems.Matt gives his father a complete breakdown of the pros and cons of each of the different video game systems on display.Which of the following is most likely the highest level of processing that has enabled Matt to accurately encode all of these details?

A)Deep processing
B)Shallow processing
C)Intermediate processing
D)Impersonal processing

Question 37

Jane loves to read.However,she remembers books only if she can draw comparisons from the stories to her own experiences.If she cannot associate a story with her own life,she is unable to recall it at a later stage.In this scenario,Jane is primarily relying on the process of _____ to encode her memories.

A)divided attention
B)self-reference
C)serial positioning
D)shallow processing

Question 38

Which of the following is true of elaboration in memory?

A)The less elaborate the processing within deep processing, the better the memory.
B)There is no link between brain activity and elaboration during encoding.
C)Elaboration becomes difficult when self-reference techniques are used.
D)Elaboration can occur at any level of processing.

Question 39

Which of the following is a way to improve short-term memory?

A)Chunking
B)Visuo-spatial sketchpad
C)Priming
D)Connectionism

Question 40

Which of the following is true of sensory memory?

A)Sensory memory holds information within time frames of a fraction of a second to several seconds.
B)Sensory memory is brief and without detail.
C)Sensory memory holds information in time frames of 30 seconds or more.
D)Sensory memory processes all the information encountered by a person.

Question 41

Unrehearsed information stored in short-term memory lasts no more than _____.

A)30 seconds
B)3 minutes
C)30 minutes
D)3 hours

Question 42

Which of the following is one of the main reasons that rehearsal does not work well for retaining information over the long term?

A)It involves the unconscious repetition of information.
B)It can only be verbal.
C)It always results in distortion of memories.
D)It often involves mechanically repeating information.

Question 43

Minutes before her biology test,Katie tries to learn the definition of "osmosis" from her class notes.She repeats the definition over and over again in her mind until she is confident that she will remember it.Which of the following methods is Katie using to help her memorize the definition?

A)Chunking
B)Rehearsal
C)Mental imagery
D)Elaboration

Question 44

_____ is the method of improving short-term memory that involves the conscious repetition of information.

A)Chunking
B)Mental imagery
C)Rehearsal
D)Elaboration

Question 45

Which of the following correctly differentiates between sensory memory and short-term memory?

A)Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory is limited in cAPAcity.
B)Compared with sensory memory, short-term memory stores information for a shorter time.
C)Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory retains all information from the environment.
D)Compared with short-term memory, sensory memory can store smaller amounts of information.

Question 46

When asked to memorize the ten letters,D,R,S,S,A,Y,N,R,A,and B,Debbie reorganized them into the words BARNS and YARDS.This helped her remember the letters accurately at a later time.Which of the following tactics has Debbie used in order to simplify the process of memorizing the letters?

A)Priming
B)Chunking
C)Self-reference
D)Rehearsal

Question 47

George Miller's classic paper on "The Magical Number Seven,Plus or Minus Two" refers to a person's _____.

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory memory
D)semantic memory

Question 48

Which of the following is true of the different components of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory?

A)The phonological loop stores visual and spatial information.
B)The phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad function independently.
C)The central executive integrates information only from the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad and not from long-term memory.
D)Unlike the phonological loop and the visuo-spatial sketchpad, the central executive has an unlimited cAPAcity.

Question 49

_____ memory refers to a combination of components that include short-term memory and attention that allow individuals to hold information temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks.

A)Implicit
B)Working
C)Sensory
D)Procedural

Question 50

As Mitch walks through the conference hall before his conference,he greets approximately 50 new people.Based on his short-term association with these people,Mitch will most likely remember the names of _____ individuals.

A)50
B)20
C)15 + 2
D)7 + 2

Question 51

Which of the following is true of short-term memory?

A)It is made up of explicit and implicit memory.
B)It is a relatively permanent type of memory.
C)It holds perceptions of the world for just an instant.
D)It is a limited-cAPAcity memory system.

Question 52

Chunking is the process of _____.

A)activating information that an individual already has in storage to help him remember new information faster
B)packing information that exceeds the 7 + 2 memory span into higher order units
C)repeating the information over and over again in one's head in order to keep it in memory
D)drawing mental links between aspects of one's own life and new information

Question 53

When John was asked to memorize 15 alphabets in a particular order,he organized them into groups of three letters each and memorized them in the same given order.In this scenario,John has used the tactic of _____.

A)self-reference
B)priming
C)rehearsal
D)chunking

Question 54

Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.

A)Short-term memory functions as a passive storehouse, while working memory functions as an active memory system.
B)Short-term memory can be used to solve problems, while working memory can be used to rehearse information.
C)Measures of working memory cAPAcity are not strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, whereas short-term memory cAPAcity is.
D)Working memory has a limited cAPAcity, while short-term memory has a virtually unlimited cAPAcity to store information.

Question 55

Which of the following is true of working memory?

A)Working memory allows individuals to hold information permanently as they perform cognitive tasks.
B)Working memory functions as a passive storehouse with shelves to store information until it moves to long-term memory.
C)Working memory cAPAcity is strongly related to cognitive aptitudes, such as intelligence.
D)Working memory's storage cAPAcity is virtually unlimited.

Question 56

Mary was challenged by her friend,Kate,to memorize 15 letters,C,I,A,C,B,S,A,B,C,F,B,I,I,R,and S,in the same order,within half a minute.Mary arranged these alphabets into groups: CIA,CBS,ABC,FBI,and IRS.This made it easier for her to meet Kate's challenge.In this scenario,Mary has used the tactic of _____.

A)self-reference
B)chunking
C)rehearsal
D)priming

Question 57

After hearing a friend's telephone number for the first time,Harold was immediately able to recite all seven digits of the phone number in perfect order.Harold most likely used his _____ to recite these digits.

A)procedural memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory

Question 58

In the context of short-term memory,which of the following is true of rehearsal?

A)Information stored in short-term memory lasts half a minute or less with rehearsal.
B)Rehearsal can only be verbal, giving the impression of an inner voice.
C)Information can be retained indefinitely if rehearsal is not interrupted.
D)Rehearsal is the best strategy for retaining information over longer periods of time.

Question 59

Jeff is trying to remember a list of 10 letters,grouped into the following chunks: XA BDF TRI UX.In the context of chunking,which of the following is most likely to improve his recollection of the letters?

A)Waiting at least a few hours before trying to recall the letters
B)Reading them only once and trying to recall them later
C)Re-chunking the letters to form meaningful words
D)Removing the chunks and arranging the letters alphabetically

Question 60

Who is responsible for proposing an influential model of working memory featuring a three-part system that allows individuals to hold information temporarily "in mind" as they perform cognitive tasks?

A)Richard Atkinson
B)Alan Baddeley
C)George Sperling
D)Allan Paivio

Question 61

_____ memory is a type of long-term memory in which an individual's behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.

A)Sensory
B)Semantic
C)Implicit
D)Explicit

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT a subsystem of implicit memory?

A)Semantic memory
B)Procedural memory
C)Classical conditioning
D)Priming

Question 63

_____ refers to a person's knowledge about the world,his or her areas of expertise,general knowledge,and everyday knowledge.

A)Semantic memory
B)Episodic memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 64

Recalling the names of the members of a famous football team is an example of _____.

A)iconic memory
B)implicit memory
C)declarative memory
D)procedural memory

Question 65

Jackie is amazed at how fast Eric's fingers move over the keyboard when he plays computer games.Eric doesn't have to look at the keypad to recall the placement of each key.His fingers automatically move to the keys meant for controlling his in-game character while he focuses on game strategies.Which type of memory is primarily responsible for Eric's dexterity with the keyboard?

A)Semantic memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Episodic memory

Question 66

In the context of Alan Baddeley's model of working memory,which of the following is specialized to briefly store speech-based information about the sounds of language?

A)The visuo-spatial sketchpad
B)The phonological loop
C)The central executive
D)The procedural memory

Question 67

Which of the following is true of implicit memory?

A)Implicit memory is related to nonconsciously remembering skills and sensory perceptions.
B)Implicit memory has two subsystems: episodic memory and semantic memory.
C)Implicit memory is also known as declarative memory.
D)Implicit memory does not influence an individual's behavior.

Question 68

Jeremiah,an eight-year-old boy,did not learn to tie his shoelaces until he was six years old.Now,he ties them expertly while talking to others and without looking at his feet.Such skills are associated with _____ memory.

A)flashbulb
B)procedural
C)episodic
D)semantic

Question 69

Jack,a father of two,still remembers how his mother and he shared an entire tub of ice cream whenever Jack did well on a test.In this scenario,Jack's recollection of this memory best exemplifies the use of his _____ memory.

A)semantic
B)flashbulb
C)episodic
D)procedural

Question 70

People adapt very quickly to the procedures and behaviors that are appropriate in a church setting.This preexisting mental framework that tells people how to behave in church is an example of _____.

A)priming
B)a schema
C)a frame
D)vigilance

Question 71

_____ is the conscious recollection of information,such as specific facts or events and,at least in humans,information that can be verbally communicated.

A)Declarative memory
B)Nondeclarative memory
C)Procedural memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 72

David's little brother Jeremy asks him about the Cold War.David recollects what he studied in history and recounts the events of the Cold War to Jeremy in detail.What type of long-term memory has primarily helped David to recount his knowledge of the Cold War?

A)Procedural memory
B)Sensory memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Flashbulb memory

Question 73

_____ refers to the retention of information about the where,when,and what of life's happenings.

A)Semantic memory
B)Procedural memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Implicit memory

Question 74

Which of the following is true of long-term memory?

A)Long-term memory is a temporary type of memory.
B)Long-term memory stores small amounts of information for long periods of time.
C)Long-term memory has a storage cAPAcity that is virtually unlimited.
D)Long-term memory is relatively simple.

Question 75

Best friends Kate and Diana are at the park,watching their children play together.Kate reminds Diana about the time that they had a big fight on the same playground as children and didn't talk to each other for almost a week.In the context of long-term memory,Kate's recollection of this event best exemplifies the use of her _____ memory.

A)implicit
B)semantic
C)episodic
D)procedural

Question 76

Jacob asks his little brother Boris to play a game of chess with him.As Boris has never played chess before,Jacob explains the rules of the game to him.What type of long-term memory has primarily helped Jacob to recount his knowledge of chess to Boris?

A)Semantic memory
B)Flashbulb memory
C)Episodic memory
D)Sensory memory

Question 77

At the top level,long-term memory is divided into the substructures of _____.

A)episodic memory and semantic memory
B)explicit memory and implicit memory
C)phonological loop and central executive
D)sensory memory and short-term memory

Question 78

_____ is an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills.

A)Procedural memory
B)Vigilance
C)Episodic memory
D)Priming

Question 79

While sending her daughter off to her school prom,Eve recollects the events of her own prom.She even remembers the moment that her name was announced as Prom Queen.Eve's recollection of this moment best reflects her _____ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)flashbulb
D)procedural

Question 80

Daisy,a sixteen-year-old,was in a car accident in which she suffered a serious brain injury.Since then,Daisy is unable to remember anything of her past life.She cannot recall what she did last week,how the accident happened,or anything about her childhood experiences.However,she is able to read,write,and speak accurately and remembers the names of countries,things,places,and famous people.In the context of long-term memory,which of the following is most likely true in this scenario?

A)Daisy's sensory memory is completely impaired.
B)Daisy's procedural memory is impaired, but her episodic memory remains intact.
C)Daisy's long-term memory is completely impaired.
D)Daisy's episodic memory is impaired, but her semantic memory remains intact.