Deck 10: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

_____ is the body's tendency to maintain an equilibrium,or a steady state or balance.

A)Homeostasis
B)Self-regulation
C)Hypostasis
D)Self-actualization

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

Whenever a dog falls into a puddle of water,it shakes itself to dry its wet fur.Which of the following best describes the dog's pattern of behavior?

A)Self-regulation
B)Intuition
C)Instinct
D)Desire

Answer 2

Instinct

Question 3

Which of the following concepts best explains the need for a shoal of salmon to return one to four years after being at sea to the fresh waters where they were hatched?

A)Self-regulation
B)Instinct
C)Drive
D)Desire

Answer 3

Instinct

Question 4

Sarah has not eaten a morsel of food in 12 hours.Her body instantly develops a(n)_____ in response to her need for food.

A)drive
B)instinct
C)reflex
D)desire

Question 5

Which of the following best defines an instinct?

A)An aroused state that occurs because of a physiological need
B)A deprivation that energizes a drive to eliminate or reduce the deprivation
C)An innate biological pattern of behavior that is assumed to be universal throughout a species
D)A type of behavior that is inculcated through experience and learning

Question 6

Which of the following is true of the drive reduction theory?

A)Drive pertains to a physiological state, whereas need involves a psychological one.
B)As a drive becomes stronger, an individual is motivated to increase it.
C)Needs and drives are always closely associated.
D)Drives do not always follow from needs.

Question 7

As a person exercises,the oxygen levels in his body begin to drop.Hence,the person begins to breathe more rapidly in order to ensure an adequate supply of oxygen to his cells.This increase in his breathing rate is an attempt to restore:

A)drive.
B)homeostasis.
C)hypostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 8

The feeling of hunger that initiates the act of opening a refrigerator for food best represents a(n):

A)instinct.
B)objective.
C)drive.
D)reflex.

Question 9

Drive pertains to a(n)_____,whereas need involves a physiological one.

A)innate state
B)psychological state
C)physical state
D)biological state

Question 10

After running a marathon,Nick begins to perspire heavily.According to the drive reduction theory,Nick's body will have a(n)_____ for water,which will consequently produce a(n)_____ for water.

A)instinct; need
B)drive; instinct
C)drive; need
D)need; drive

Question 11

After watching an episode of Dr.Alfred's TV show,Shane wonders why anyone would want their dirty laundry to be aired in front of 70 million viewers.Shane is most likely wondering about the _____ of Dr.Alfred's guests.

A)motivation
B)instincts
C)self-esteem
D)intelligence

Question 12

Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground,in sandy beaches.As soon as the eggs hatch,the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea.Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior?

A)Motivation
B)Drive
C)Instinct
D)Desire

Question 13

Veronica dives into a swimming pool on a chilly winter day.Initially,she feels very cold and begins to shiver.However,after a while,Veronica stops shivering as her body begins to use energy to maintain its normal temperature.This phenomenon can be best explained as:

A)self-regulation.
B)homeostasis.
C)hypostasis.
D)self-actualization.

Question 14

_____ is the force that moves people to behave,think,and feel the way they do,resulting in behavior that is energized,directed,and sustained.

A)Intuition
B)Autonomy
C)Apathy
D)Motivation

Question 15

Whenever Olivia watches a television commercial featuring food,she is ridden by a desire to eat.These feelings of hunger stimulate Olivia to go to the kitchen to search for food.Olivia's behavior can be studied by conducting research in the area of:

A)intuition.
B)motivation.
C)sensation.
D)perception.

Question 16

Nate begins to feel very thirsty during an annual sports meet in his college.Since he forgot to carry a bottle of water,Nate decides to go to the cafeteria to get some soda.Which of the following is responsible for urging Nate to walk toward the cafeteria to quench his thirst?

A)Instinct
B)Intuition
C)Drive
D)Reflex

Question 17

Sarah is hungry.She cooks herself a meal and then sits down by herself to eat it.In this instance,Sarah is satisfying her _____.

A)instinct
B)objective
C)need
D)reflex

Question 18

Jenna studies judiciously for three hours every day because she wants to ace her pre-final exams.The force that guides Jenna to engage in such behavior is called _____.

A)motivation
B)instinct
C)apathy
D)intuition

Question 19

Camilla goes out to shop one afternoon on a hot summer day.Her body begins to sweat and releases the excess heat.Which of the following is responsible for this physiological change in Camilla's body?

A)Diastases
B)Self-actualization
C)Self-regulation
D) Homeostasis

Question 20

Dr.Know-it-All hosts a TV talk show.One of his guests,Joe Collins,complains of his intense annoyance with people who talk on their cell phones while driving.Joe asks Dr.Know-it-All to explain why he reacts so strongly to this type of situation.Dr.Know-it-All immediately exclaims that Joe has an instinct for cell phone irritation.Is Dr.Know-it-All correct to assume that instinct is the cause of Joe's behavior?

A)Yes, an instinct is the basis for all human behaviors.
B)Yes, an instinct is a person's primal reaction to all annoying behaviors.
C)No, an instinct can only explain adaptive human behaviors.
D)No, an instinct cannot explain complex human behaviors accurately.

Question 21

Which of the following is true of the optimum arousal theory?

A)When a person is very excited, his arousal levels are low.
B)When a person is bored, his arousal levels are high.
C)Performance is best in the absence of arousal.
D)Performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal.

Question 22

Which of the following is most closely related to blood sugar control?

A)Leptin
B)Epinephrine
C)Insulin
D)Cholecystokinin

Question 23

Gary wants to lose weight by reducing his caloric intake.He eats a candy bar for breakfast instead of a bowl of cereal because the candy bar has fewer calories.Is Gary doing the right thing?

A)Yes, the number of calories is the most important factor in losing weight.
B)Yes, the candy bar will keep Gary from getting hungry longer than if he had eaten the cereal.
C)No, the candy bar contains complex carbohydrates which will make Gary gain more weight.
D)No, the candy bar will make Gary hungry sooner than if he had eaten the cereal.

Question 24

The goal of the drive reduction theory is _____.

A)overlearning
B)self-regulation
C)self-actualization
D)homeostasis

Question 25

_____ is the psychological principle stating that performance is best under conditions of moderate arousal rather than either low or high arousal.

A)Self-regulation
B)Weber's law
C)Homeostasis
D)Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 26

Darrin is a good pianist.However,when he is alone,he becomes lethargic and is not motivated to perform well.At recitals with strangers,Darrin gets very overly aroused and often makes mistakes.His best performance is typically when his family and friends are nearby.In such situations,Darrin isn't nervous and is only moderately aroused.This scenario best exemplifies the principle of _____.

A)Yerkes-Dodson law
B)two-factor theory
C)James-Lange theory
D)self-regulation

Question 27

When a person's blood sugar level falls too low,he feels:

A)energized.
B)hungry.
C)warm.
D)satiated.

Question 28

Jenna is a talented singer.Her singing is commendable when she is well-rehearsed and is performing with her school choir group.In such situations,she is moderately aroused and fairly relaxed.However,when Jenna's friends are around,she gets overly aroused and anxious.In such situations,she finds it hard to focus and often makes mistakes.Which of the following psychological principles can be used to explain the rationale behind Jenna's performance?

A)Cannon-Bard theory
B)Yerkes-Dodson law
C)James-Lange theory
D)Self-regulation

Question 29

A commando is trained to perform tasks so well that he can execute them even under conditions of high arousal,automatically,without giving it much thought.In the context of optimum arousal theory,which of the following terms can be used to describe this type of training?

A)Self-regulation
B)Self-actualization
C)Overlearning
D)Distributed practice

Question 30

In the context of the biology of hunger,which of the following in true of leptin?

A)Leptin increases food intake.
B)Leptin increases energy expenditure.
C)Leptin is associated with weight gain.
D)Leptin is released by the salivary gland.

Question 31

Cannon and Washburn's classic experiment on hunger revealed that when subjects reported:

A)thirst, their stomach muscles were relaxing.
B)satiation, their stomachs were contracting.
C)hunger, their stomachs were contracting.
D)thirst, their stomachs were empty.

Question 32

The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK):

A)signals the brain to stop digesting the food.
B)travels to the brain and triggers hunger.
C)travels to the stomach to aid in digestion.
D)signals a person to stop eating.

Question 33

Paige is a good golfer but has no interest in the upcoming golf tournament.Mary is fairly good at golf,and is somewhat excited,but not overly anxious about the tournament.Sara has only recently learned to play golf but has very high expectations and is really nervous about the tournament.Jenna is also a beginner,but she does not expect to play well.According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,who among the following will perform the best at the golf tournament?

A)Paige
B)Mary
C)Sara
D)Jenna

Question 34

A major criticism of the drive reduction theory is that it does not provide a comprehensive framework for understanding motivation because:

A)all behaviors reduce drives.
B)people often behave in ways that increase drives.
C)there is no behavior that actually reduces drives.
D)the concept of drive reduction has never been proven.

Question 35

Debbie is interested in working on projects that will help fight childhood obesity.She is offered a job in a laboratory where researchers are studying the effects of leptin on weight control.Is the job relevant to Debbie's interest?

A)No, leptin is only relevant to animal weight control.
B)No, leptin is a neurotransmitter that is associated with memory.
C)Yes, leptin is a hormone that is involved in blood sugar regulation.
D)Yes, leptin is a hormone that is linked to human weight loss.

Question 36

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law,optimum performance is achieved:

A)in the absence of arousal.
B)in the presence of a deterrent.
C)when one is moderately aroused.
D)when one is excessively agitated.

Question 37

Learning to perform a task so well that it becomes automatic is referred to as:

A)self-actualization.
B)observational learning.
C)self-regulation.
D)overlearning.

Question 38

Jessica stayed up all night to study for a math exam.After the test,she returned to her dorm room and slept for seven hours to compensate for her lack of sleep.In the context of drive reduction theory,Jessica's sleeping behavior was regulated by her body's tendency to maintain:

A)self-preservation.
B)self-regulation.
C)homeostasis.
D)hypostasis.

Question 39

Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK)are similar in that they are both associated with:

A)decreasing food intake.
B)low blood sugar levels.
C)high levels of insulin.
D)triggering feelings of hunger.

Question 40

Because the brain critically depends on glucose for energy,a sprinter would best be served by eating _____ prior to a race.

A)candy
B)lasagna
C)steak
D)broccoli

Question 41

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder:

A)in which an individual is preoccupied with food but has a strong fear of becoming overweight.
B)in which an individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
C)that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation resulting in a distorted body image.
D)characterized by recurrent episodes of eating more food in a short period of time than most people would eat.

Question 42

_____ influences eating by inhibiting the production of a neurotransmitter in the hypothalamus that induces eating.

A)Adrenalin
B)Insulin
C)Leptin
D)Calcitonin

Question 43

Soon after meeting with a car accident,Sally was rushed to the hospital.The doctors discovered that Sally's ventromedial hypothalamus had suffered some damage as a result of the accident.In the context of the biology of hunger,the doctor should expect that Sally will:

A)lose weight rapidly.
B)lose weight gradually.
C)gain weight rapidly.
D)gain weight gradually.

Question 44

Bianca is very self-conscious about her weight.She indulges in strict dieting and often she skips her meals.As a result,she was recently diagnosed with osteoporosis,an abnormal condition related to the thinning of bones.Bianca is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A)somnambulism
B)anorexia nervosa
C)bulimia nervosa
D)binge eating disorder

Question 45

When Ginny's mother looks at her,she sees an extremely skinny person.When Ginny looks at herself in the mirror,she sees a person who could shed a few more pounds.Ginny is most likely suffering from:

A)obesity.
B)binge eating disorder.
C)schizophrenia.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 46

Which of the following is true of anorexia nervosa?

A)Anorexia nervosa is much more common in boys and men than girls and women.
B)People suffering from this disorder weighs more than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.
C)Most individuals with anorexia nervosa are Latin American female adolescents or young adults from low-income families.
D)Anorexia nervosa is said to have the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder.

Question 47

Which of the following is true of the biology of hunger with regard to the human body?

A)The hormone cytokine helps start the digestion of food, travels to the brain through the bloodstream, and signals a person to stop eating.
B)Galactose is an important factor in hunger, probably because the brain critically depends on it for energy.
C)The lateral hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger and restricting eating.
D)Hunger is triggered by a set of sugar receptors, located in the brain, when sugar levels fall too low.

Question 48

Paris thinks her friend,Nicole,may be suffering from an undiagnosed case of anorexia nervosa.She shares her concerns with Nicole,but Nicole insists that anorexia nervosa is a trivial issue.Which of the following is the most serious consequence of anorexia nervosa?

A)It can cause damage to the thyroid.
B)It can cause extreme changes in personality.
C)It can cause volatile mood swings.
D)It can severely impair logical thinking.

Question 49

Which of the following individuals is most likely at a higher risk of developing anorexia nervosa?

A)Daniel is 20 and works out at a gym.
B)Amelia is 40 and follows a yo-yo diet.
C)Jill is 17 and belongs to the upper middle class of society.
D)Latoya is 25 and lives in a predominately impoverished neighborhood.

Question 50

Harold was involved in a serious motorcycle accident.Harold's lateral hypothalamus was damaged as a result of the accident.Under such circumstances,which of the following is most likely to occur in the context of hunger and eating disorders?

A)Harold will lose interest in eating.
B)Harold will gain weight quickly.
C)Harold will indulge in a binge-and-purge eating pattern.
D)Harold will only eat when he's hungry.

Question 51

Sean is an obese teenager.He has strong cravings for food.He eats large portions of food every day.His mother,Anita,is worried about his eating habits as well as the health hazards that might arise as a result of overeating.Which of the following measures can prove most effective in curbing Sean's obesity?

A)Sean should only eat until he is satiated.
B)Anita should compel Sean to finish all the food in his plate.
C)Anita should serve food to Sean in a small-sized plate and bowl.
D)Sean should follow a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

Question 52

Fat is stored in the _____.

A)stem cells
B)adipose cells
C)dendritic cells
D)keratinocytes

Question 53

Mariah is an adolescent.She idolizes Gisele Bundchen,the famous supermodel.Mariah desires to be skinny like Gisele because she believes that being thin is considered attractive.In her pursuit of losing weight,Maria often refrains from eating for several full days.She begins to fear the thought of gaining weight and is not satisfied even when she loses weight.Mariah is most likely suffering from:

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)obesity.
C)binge eating disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of an individual suffering from obesity?

A)An obese individual can have up to 10 to 20 billion fat cells.
B)An obese individual has to eat more to feel satisfied.
C)An obese individual has an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss.
D)An obese individual weighs less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for age and height.

Question 55

_____ antagonists have been used to treat obesity in humans.

A)Dopamine
B)Serotonin
C)Acetylcholine
D)Norepinephrine

Question 56

Edna loves McDonald's sweet tea.Whenever she sees the famous "golden arches",she drives right in and orders a sweet tea.This best illustrates the effect of _____ on her eating behavior.

A)learned associations
B)negative reinforcement
C)avoidance learning
D)modeling

Question 57

_____ refers to the weight maintained when the individual makes no effort to gain or lose weight.

A)Basal metabolic rate
B)Resting metabolic rate
C)Set point
D)Body mass index.

Question 58

Nikita is an aspiring model.In order to fit into the standards of the fashion industry,she often starves herself.Even though she has a slim build,she never thinks she is thin enough.Nikita is mostly likely to be suffering from:

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)binge eating disorder.
C)bulimia nervosa.
D)somnambulism.

Question 59

Danielle is a woman of normal weight,whereas Ron is an obese man.Whenever they go out to dinner together,Ron always eats more food.Ron,a psychology major,correctly explains this difference in food intake by pointing out that:

A)males release leptin at a slower rate than females.
B)he has more fat cells than Danielle and he is not satiated until all his fat cells are filled.
C)the ventromedial hypothalamus of his brain induces in him an urge to take in large portions of food.
D)males and females have different levels of the hormone cholecystokinin.

Question 60

Which of the following is associated with anorexia nervosa?

A)High blood pressure
B)Thickening of bones and hair
C)Binge-and-purge eating pattern
D)Severe constipation

Question 61

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,the strongest human needs are:

A)physiological needs.
B)the needs for self-actualization.
C)the needs for self-esteem.
D)safety needs.

Question 62

Which of the following health complications is related to binge eating disorder (BED)?

A)Tooth decay
B)Thinning of bones and hair
C)Hypertension
D)Kidney problems

Question 63

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,self-actualization is possible:

A)immediately after the needs for safety and protection have been fulfilled.
B)immediately after the physiological needs have been fulfilled.
C)only after all the other needs in the hierarchy have been fulfilled.
D)once people undergo training on how to attain it.

Question 64

Which of the following is true of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A)The weakest needs are at the base of the hierarchy, and the strongest are at the top.
B)Self-actualization is possible before the other needs in the hierarchy are met.
C)Most people continue moving up the hierarchy after they have developed a high level of esteem.
D)The higher-level needs can only be observed in a person who is relatively satisfied in the most basic needs.

Question 65

Jared is a salesman at a large retail store.Upon meeting his monthly sales target,he is honored with the title of "Star Salesman" by the management.Despite the recognition,Jared is not very happy.He feels that the management should have rewarded him with a bonus instead of a title.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs is Jared seeking to fulfill?

A)Safety needs
B)Physiological needs
C)Esteem needs
D)Self-actualization needs

Question 66

Adam is a teenager with a huge appetite.He has an uncontrollable urge to eat large portions of junk food within very short intervals of time.He is embarrassed by his eating disorder and hence,prefers eating alone.Adam is most likely suffering from:

A)binge eating disorder.
B)anorexia nervosa.
C)bulimia nervosa.
D)bipolar disorder.

Question 67

Consider the following scenario from the perspective of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory: William has volunteered to serve a war-torn country to try to improve the lives of the residents there.Assuming that the citizens have enough to eat and drink,which of their following needs should be fulfilled next?

A)Safety needs
B)Esteem needs
C)Need for belongingness
D)Self-actualization

Question 68

Which of the following is true of binge eating disorder (BED)?

A)BED typically affects women more than men.
B)The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in individuals with BED.
C)Drugs targeting the functioning of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine are ineffective in treating BED.
D)The areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and impulse control show enhanced activity in individuals with BED.

Question 69

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,before a person can feel safe,he needs to:

A)satisfy his physiological needs.
B)find intimacy.
C)achieve self-actualization.
D)develop high self-esteem.

Question 70

At age thirty-three,Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm.He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize.He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life?

A)Ricky's physiological needs are not being met.
B)Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.
C)Ricky has not reached self-actualization.
D)Ricky does not feel safe at home.

Question 71

While free meals provided at schools are an attempt to satisfy one of Maslow's hierarchy of needs,students may still fail to experience a strong sense of acceptance and belonging unless they:

A)reach self-actualization.
B)feel like they are leaders.
C)feel safe at school.
D)have advanced thinking abilities.

Question 72

The highest and most elusive of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is:

A)esteem.
B)self-actualization.
C)belongingness.
D)competence.

Question 73

Which of the following is true of the causes and treatments of bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa?

A)Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa only occur in cultures that emphasize the ideal of thinness.
B)Problems in regulating the neurotransmitter dopamine are related to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.
C)Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa affect the body but do not have any effect on the brain.
D)Although anorexia and bulimia nervosa are serious disorders, recovery is possible.

Question 74

Rachel is a young woman of medium build.On a professional level,she has very high standards but suffers from low confidence.Rachel often engages in impulsive eating.However,after eating,she purges by self-induced vomiting because she has a fear of gaining weight.Rachel is most likely to be diagnosed with _____.

A)bulimia nervosa
B)obesity
C)bipolar disorder
D)anorexia nervosa

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT a basic organismic need identified as part of the self-determination theory?

A)The need to fulfill physiological needs
B)The need to feel competent
C)The need to feel autonomous
D)The need to relate to another person

Question 76

Though her weight is normal,Ashley is terrified of gaining extra pounds.She knows she should stick to a healthy diet,but she often consumes huge servings of junk food-up to 5,000 calories in one sitting.Desperate to keep her weight under control,she then uses laxatives and diuretics to purge the calories.Ashley is suffering from:

A)anorexia nervosa.
B)bulimia nervosa.
C)obesity.
D)binge eating disorder.

Question 77

In accordance with Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,which of the following factors can best explain a person's difficulty in committing to a relationship?

A)He does not have financial security.
B)He has not achieved self-actualization.
C)He likes to be alone.
D)His esteem needs are not fulfilled yet.

Question 78

Dennis works as a salesman at a large retail store.He is happily married and lives in a safe neighborhood.He earns enough of money to eat and provide for his family.According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,which of the following needs is Dennis most likely to fulfill next?

A)Physiological needs
B)Self-actualization
C)Esteem
D)Love and belongingness

Question 79

Brianna has a sweet tooth.She cannot resist the urge to eat fudge brownies and chocolate tarts.She relishes feasting on sugary food items.However,being of a slim build,she wants to maintain her weight.She often gets depressed about her uncontrollable eating urges and consumes emetic,a drug to induce barfing.Brianna is most likely suffering from:

A)bulimia nervosa.
B)obesity.
C)bipolar disorder.
D)anorexia nervosa.

Question 80

BED refers to a(n)_____ disorder.

A)sleep
B)eating
C)movement
D)nervous