Deck 3: The Self

Question 1

As described in the textbook, EFF member wear red berets, jumpsuits and overalls to parliament.Julius Malema, the leader of the party, has commented that the clothes that they choose to wear symbolise the people that they represent and the struggles that they face.This story is used in the textbook to make the point that ____.

A)many people reject colonialism legacies
B)people often become delusional when they enter politics
C)many people care strongly about self-presentation
D)most people have a hard time accepting their own mortality

Answer 1

many people care strongly about self-presentation

Question 2

As discussed in the textbook, the idea of an inner 'true' self (a self that may not be explicitly apparent or reflected in outward behaviour) may have its origins in ____.

A)World War II
B)Buddhism
C)existentialism
D)class prejudices

Answer 2

class prejudices

Question 3

According to the text, without society, the self would ____.

A)not exist in full
B)still exist in full
C)be purely independent
D)be purely interdependent

Answer 3

not exist in full

Question 4

As discussed in the text, one of the gymnasts who competed in the 1968 Olympics dislocated his knee midway through the competition but continued to compete.This story is used to illustrate the notion of ____.

A)intrinsic rewards
B)an interdependent self-construal
C)social comparison
D)the looking-glass self

Question 5

According to the text, the three main parts of the self are ____.

A)self-esteem, self-understanding, and self-action
B)self-knowledge, the agent self, and the interpersonal self
C)the real self, the ideal self, and the future self
D)the conscious self, the preconscious self, and the unconscious self

Question 6

Probably the best account of the origins of selfhood is that the self comes into being at the interface between ____ and ____.

A)inner biological processes; a sociocultural network
B)parents; peer groups
C)infancy; childhood
D)the individual; society

Question 7

As discussed in the text, the increase in social mobility in aristocratic times may help explain how the idea of ____ originated.

A)personality
B)the inner 'true' self
C)the work ethic
D)narcissism

Question 8

Self-knowledge includes ____.

A)self-presentation
B)social roles
C)self-control
D)self-awareness

Question 9

Suppose that you are trying to stop smoking, but that you are having trouble doing so.When you stop to think about why you might be having so much trouble (i.e., when you try to analyse what your resistance is to quitting), you are relying on ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)the interpersonal self
C)the agent self
D)the self-concept

Question 10

In the three-part structure of the self, the interpersonal self involves ____.

A)self-awareness and self-deception
B)self-presentation, social roles, and self as relationship partner
C)self-esteem and self-concept
D)self as decision-maker and active respondent

Question 11

Which part of the self is most concerned with gaining social acceptance and fitting in?

A)the id
B)self-knowledge
C)the agent self
D)the interpersonal self

Question 12

Yolandi tends to think of herself as a unique person, with individual personality traits, interests, and opinions.She tends to make decisions on her own, to look after her own needs, and to think of herself as a 'self-made woman.' It would be safe to say that Yolandi has a(n) ____ self-construal.

A)independent
B)interdependent
C)intrinsic
D)extrinsic

Question 13

In the three-part structure of the self, the agent self serves ____.

A)as a public self
B)as a self-concept
C)an executive function
D)an interpersonal function

Question 14

Which 'self' involves decision-making?

A)interpersonal self
B)self-knowledge
C)agent self
D)public self

Question 15

In cultures that emphasise ____, wedding ceremonies and their legal or religious value are seen as very important; the psychological meaning of weddings and the feelings of the spouses are of secondary importance.

A)self-regulation
B)self-handicapping
C)the self in public roles
D)the self as inner feelings

Question 16

A classic article by sociologist Ralph Turner noted that different cultures, at different times, have defined the true self by placing emphasis on either of two main approaches.These approaches are ____.

A)the self as inner feelings and the self in social roles
B)public self-awareness and private self-awareness
C)the looking-glass self and the generalised other
D)the implicit self and the explicit self

Question 17

Research suggests that ____ tend to have more interdependent self-construals, whereas ____ tend to have more independent self-construals.

A)modern cultures; traditional cultures
B)country-dwellers; city-dwellers
C)Easterners; Westerners
D)Northerners; Southerners

Question 18

Themba is debating between buying a Volvo, a Toyota, and a Honda.What part of his self is he relying upon?

A)self-knowledge, or self-concept
B)the agent self, or executive function
C)the interpersonal self, or public self
D)possible self, or future self

Question 19

According to sociologist Ralph Turner, which of the following would be an example of the self in a public role?

A)Simphiwe wonders whether she will fit in with the sales institution where she is interviewing.
B)Simphiwe feels nervous and insecure about interviewing for a sales position since she classifies herself as an introvert.
C)Simphiwe interviews for a job as a salesperson, and tells the interviewer that she is outgoing and ambitious.
D)Simphiwe thinks about her sales interview and is concerned about whether she will perform well as a salesperson if she gets hired for the job.

Question 20

____ have social roles; ____ are the only animals where individuals take on different roles during the course of a lifetime.

A)Humans are the only animals who; humans
B)Mammals are the only animals who; humans
C)Mammals and some insects; humans and other primates
D)Various animals; humans

Question 21

Jonas, a 19-year-old college student has mild autism spectrum disorder and is acutely aware of the ways in which he is different from others socially, emotionally and intellectually.Jonas has a(n) ____ self-construal.

A)interdependent
B)pathology-based
C)role-based
D)independent

Question 22

Increasing self-awareness tends to make people ____.

A)behave in ways that are more consistent with their attitudes
B)engage in the over-justification effect
C)decrease their normal level of self-regulation
D)feel devalued

Question 23

Research has shown that children are less likely to steal Halloween sweets if there is a big mirror in front of them than if there is no mirror.This finding illustrates the fact that ____.

A)the looking-glass self is similar to public self-consciousness
B)the looking-glass self invokes the generalised other
C)high self-awareness tends to increase moral behaviour
D)moral behaviour is primarily guided by the conscious part of the duplex mind

Question 24

Although same-sex marriage is legal in South Africa, some people still debate the 'true' meaning of marriage.A culture that emphasises public behaviour and commitments is likely to ____.

A)deemphasise the legal significance of marriage
B)celebrate the love that leads to marriage
C)accept changes in feelings as a reason for divorce
D)focus on the role performance of spouses

Question 25

Self-awareness is typically ____ because people tend to ____.

A)pleasant; compare themselves against low standards
B)unpleasant; compare themselves against high standards
C)pleasant; not compare themselves against any standards
D)unpleasant; not compare themselves against any standards

Question 26

Drinking alcohol and using drugs are common means that people use to escape ____.

A)the duplex mind
B)the phenomenal self (working self-concept)
C)self-awareness
D)the self-enhancement motive

Question 27

When they are not keeping track of how much they are eating (e.g., when they are intoxicated or emotionally absorbed in a television show), ____.

A)both dieters and non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
B)dieters eat more than they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat the same as they would otherwise
C)dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise, but non-dieters eat more than they would otherwise
D)both dieters and non-dieters eat the same amount as they would otherwise

Question 28

Nearly all children start talking about standards at age ____, which is the age at which ____.

A)one; they first learn to speak
B)two; self-awareness blossoms
C)five to six; they begin to form a clear gender identity
D)eleven to twelve; puberty usually sets in

Question 29

In the television series Dexter, blood spatter evidence expert and serial killer Dexter has public roles of forensic technician, brother, husband, and father.These roles correspond to Dexter's ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 30

____ tends to make people more aware of positive, culturally desirable standards and tends to make them try harder to behave in positive, culturally desirable ways.

A)Basking in reflected glory
B)The over-justification effect
C)The self-reference effect
D)Self-awareness

Question 31

Mandla is 64 and facing mandatory retirement.As he considers his future, he thinks about how he has mentored new co-workers the way he was once mentored and how co-workers often come to him for advice and to share their triumphs.He thinks about how his work friendships have often become mutually supportive personal friendships and he wonders how those relationships will change when he retires.Mandla has a(n) ____ self-construal.

A)role-based
B)independent
C)functional
D)interdependent

Question 32

Social psychologists generally refer to two types of self-awareness: ____.

A)independent self-awareness and interdependent self-awareness
B)intrinsic self-awareness and extrinsic self-awareness
C)public self-awareness and private self-awareness
D)interpersonal self-awareness and agentic self-awareness

Question 33

Suppose that Thembi and Themba are both very high in public self-awareness.This means that they tend to ____.

A)pay a lot of attention to how they are perceived by others, and what others might think of them
B)see themselves in the same way that other people see them (i.e., their self-perceptions tend to be in line with the perceptions that other people have of them)
C)think that they are generally better than other people
D)become nervous and uncomfortable in social situations

Question 34

Suppose that you are a research participant in a study, and a researcher asks you to work on a puzzle while sitting in front of a mirror.He also mentions that your performance will be recorded.Given these two pieces of information, you would be wise to suspect that the researcher is trying to increase ____.

A)the self-reference effect
B)self-awareness
C)interdependent self-construal
D)the consistency motive

Question 35

The process by which one monitors, controls, and modifies the self is known as ____.

A)self-referencing
B)self-regulation
C)the working self-concept
D)public self-consciousness

Question 36

Dexter, the television serial killer who is also a blood spatter evidence expert, devotes a great deal of effort to controlling himself and to controlling his victims.In terms of the three components of the self, this reflects Dexter's ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 37

The television series Dexter features a blood spatter evidence expert who is also a serial killer of individuals who kill others but escape justice.The show often begins and ends with voice-overs of Dexter reflecting on who he is and what his characteristics are.In terms of the three components of the self, Dexter is reflecting on ____.

A)self-knowledge
B)interpersonal self
C)agent self
D)true self

Question 38

After several politicians made comments about 'legitimate' rape and even argued that, when it resulted in the birth of a child, rape could have positive outcomes, many wondered if the politicians had any idea how others perceived them and the statements they made.In social psychological terms, their ____ self-awareness was questioned.

A)interpersonal
B)public
C)private
D)intrapersonal

Question 39

In the 1980s, there was an anti-drug television commercial that showed a businessman in a seedy public restroom getting prepared to snort cocaine.The man drops the cocaine on the floor and needs to bend down to try to retrieve it.He then catches a glimpse of himself in the restroom mirror, and appears - having seen himself in this act - to feel suddenly shocked by himself, and ashamed of what he is doing.Seeing himself in the mirror seems to heighten the man's ____.

A)interdependent self-construal
B)self-presentation
C)self-awareness
D)independent self-construal

Question 40

The notion of private self-awareness is similar to the idea(s) of ____.

A)the self-enhancement motivation
B)self-knowledge and introspection
C)implicit or nonconscious thoughts
D)nervousness or self-consciousness

Question 41

When Xolani starts university, he comes from a very conservative religious background.He strongly feels that homosexuality is 'wrong' and 'immoral', although he has never actually met anyone who is a homosexual.At university, he meets lots of new friends, a few of whom are homosexual.He really enjoys them, and as he spends more time with them he decides, 'I must not really think homosexuality is wrong.After all, several of my best friends are gay and I don't think they are immoral.' Which theory can BEST explain Xolani's change in attitude about homosexuality?

A)social comparison theory
B)the self-reference effect
C)self-perception theory
D)self-handicapping theory

Question 42

Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) research was an attack on what concept?

A)self-regulation
B)self-esteem
C)narcissism
D)introspection

Question 43

Is introspection a source of self-knowledge?

A)Yes, and it is the only true source of self-knowledge.
B)Yes, it is one source of self-knowledge, but there are also other sources of self-knowledge.
C)Yes, but only for people who are self-actualised (less than 1% of people).
D)No, it is not a source of self-knowledge for anyone.

Question 44

The term 'looking-glass self' was coined to refer to the idea that ____.

A)we learn about ourselves from watching ourselves in the mirror
B)we learn about ourselves from other people
C)we tend to see parts of our own personalities in other people
D)we tend to judge ourselves rather positively compared to how other people judge us

Question 45

According to the text, Mead's notion of the generalised other elaborated upon ____.

A)Freud's notion of the superego
B)the neo-Freudian notion of the object
C)Cooley's notion of the looking-glass self
D)Turner's notion of self as institution

Question 46

Doing an activity for its own sake involves ____.

A)intrinsic motivation
B)extrinsic motivation
C)self-handicapping
D)narcissism

Question 47

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) studies on consumers' awareness of purchasing decisions, ____.

A)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on product color or softness
B)people made choices based on the product softness or colour, but thought they made the choice based on when they saw the product
C)people made choices based on whether they saw the product last, but thought they made the choice based on product color or softness
D)people were able to articulate accurately that they made their choice based on when they saw the product

Question 48

The overjustification effect occurs when ____.

A)there are no extrinsic rewards associated with an activity
B)people do not intrinsically enjoy an activity
C)people are extrinsically rewarded for something they intrinsically enjoy doing
D)people are punished for an extrinsically rewarding activity

Question 49

Introspection refers to the process by which a person ____.

A)compares himself or herself to cultural standards of morality
B)takes stock of his or her strengths or weaknesses
C)seeks to regulate, control, or modify his or her behaviour
D)examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states

Question 50

Suppose that, for a period of one month, you are given R20 every time that you work on a fun and interesting word game.Research suggests that, as a consequence, ____.

A)the word game will be easier for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded)
B)the word game will be harder for you (than for someone who had not been rewarded)
C)later, when the month is up and you are no longer given R20 to work on the word game, you will be less likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded)
D)later, when the month is up and you are no longer given R20 to work on the word game, you will be more likely to work on it (than would someone who had not been rewarded)

Question 51

Keitumetse loves her job as a stockbroker.She also loves how well it pays.Social psychologists would say that Keitumetse's job is ____.

A)both intrinsically rewarding and extrinsically rewarding
B)underjustified
C)intrinsically rewarding only (not extrinsically rewarding)
D)poorly justified

Question 52

Consider the following passage from The Adventures of Tom Sawyer: 'There are wealthy gentlemen in England who drive four-horse passenger coaches twenty or thirty miles on a daily line, in the summer, because the privilege costs them considerable money; but if they were offered wages for the service that would turn it into work then they would resign.' This passage illustrates the concept of ____.

A)self-handicapping
B)overjustification
C)the looking-glass self
D)self as institution

Question 53

How does the self-concept relate to others' perceptions? Research suggests that the self-concept ____.

A)is very much in line with both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them
B)is very much in line with how people think others regard them, but is very different from how others actually do regard them
C)is very different from how people think others regard them, but is very much in line with how others actually do regard them
D)is different from both how people think others regard them and how others actually do regard them

Question 54

Lebo lives in a middle class neighborhood.It really isn't anything special, but most of Lebo's friends live in smaller homes in lower class neighborhoods, so Lebo thinks of herself as well-off.When Lebo compares her home to the homes of her friends, she is making a(n) ____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)internal attribution
D)external attribution

Question 55

In Nisbett and Wilson's (1977) studies, when people made choices about which stockings to buy, the people said that they made their choice based on ____.

A)whether the stocking was presented first or last
B)the color or softness of the stocking
C)how much the stocking cost
D)the stocking size

Question 56

George loves to play soccer because of all the attention it gets him from his peers, parents, and teachers.He also likes that it might provide a way to pay for university.George is ____ motivated to play soccer.

A)intrinsically
B)extrinsically
C)publicly
D)privately

Question 57

Thandi is a really good staff member.She works hard and is happy to receive good evaluations and raises from her boss.She finds out, though, that the other staff members in her department receive better evaluations and higher raises than she does.According to social comparison theory, when Thandi compares her evaluations and raises to her peers in her department, she is making a(n) ____.

A)upward social comparison
B)downward social comparison
C)lateral social comparison
D)intrinsic social comparison

Question 58

Zinzi wonders how she is doing in her class.At first, she thinks she is doing well because she is getting a 'B.' Then she finds out that nearly every other person in the class is getting an 'A' and she feels less happy.The theory of ____ explains why Zinzi feels less happy once she finds out how others are doing in the class, too.

A)social perception
B)social comparison
C)self-presentation
D)impression management

Question 59

Social psychologists have found that there is usually a very good match between ____.

A)your self-concept and your perception of what others think of you
B)your self-concept and the true opinions that others have of you
C)your perception of what others think of you and the true opinions that others have of you
D)your self-concept and others' self-concepts

Question 60

Research has shown that men tend to like cars more when car ads feature sexy women than when they don't.Furthermore, men ____ aware that they like the cars more, ____ aware that the sexy women probably influenced their opinion.

A)are; and
B)are; but are not
C)are not; but are
D)are not; and are not

Question 61

Automatic egotism refers to ____.

A)the tendency for people with narcissistic personalities to assume that people have more positive opinions of them than they really do
B)the tendency for people with narcissistic personalities to assume that other people are paying more attention to them (noticing them more) than they really are
C)the tendency for most people to assume that other people are paying more attention to them (noticing them more) than they really are
D)the tendency for the automatic system (in most people) to favour self-enhancing thoughts and actions

Question 62

Kevin is taking a course on women's literature, and is the only male student in the class (all of the other students are female).Research suggests that, as a result, he will be ____.

A)especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would
B)especially aware of his maleness, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would
C)especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform worse in the class than he otherwise would
D)especially aware of his female qualities, and somewhat more likely to perform better in the class than he otherwise would

Question 63

The consistency motive is sometimes also called the ____.

A)appraisal motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-verification motive
D)justification motive

Question 64

Tumi is preparing to take a big entrance exam that contains an English portion and a Mathematics portion.Tumi is convinced that she is strong in English, and that she will perform well on the English part of the exam.But she is equally convinced that she is bad at maths, and that she will bomb the Mathematics portion.If Tumi has a strong consistency motive, then ____.

A)she will probably try especially hard on the Mathematics portion so that her English and Mathematics scores will end up being as similar as possible
B)she will probably spend most of her time practising the English portion, and may not even try that hard on the Mathematics portion so that her expectations will be confirmed
C)she will probably spend most of her time practising the English portion in order to feel good about her score and herself
D)she will probably practise both portions of the exam under strict time limits so that she can get as accurate a sense as possible of what her true score will be

Question 65

Oscar has just completed his first week of student teaching high school mathematics.Overall, the teachers he is working with have positive comments to make; even the students seem to think he is doing well.However, one teacher has some oddly sarcastic comments.Oscar's colleagues urge him to focus on the comments as a whole, combining what everyone has said rather than focusing on the single negative commenter.Oscar's colleagues are urging him to focus on the ____ other.

A)average
B)group
C)generalised
D)combined

Question 66

Sarah is taking an African history class, and she is the only white person in her class (everyone else is black).Research suggests that, because she is the only white person, she will be ____.

A)more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), though her performance in the class should not be affected
B)more aware than usual of her whiteness (because it will stand out), and may well perform worse in the class than she would otherwise
C)less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the black people in her class), though her performance in the class should not be affected
D)less aware than usual of her whiteness (because she will identify more with the black people in her class), and may well perform better in the class than she would otherwise

Question 67

Which scenario is the best example of self-handicapping?

A)Musi is a cigarette smoker.He does not like to hear about the health risks of smoking.He therefore ignores such information, or dismisses it as invalid, and continues to smoke.
B)Neither Zanele nor her friends ever study very much for school.Since Zanele does not know anyone who studies very hard, she assumes that in fact no one ever studies hard.As a consequence, she continues to have terrible study habits.
C)Jacques has a big boxing match coming up, but he fears that he will lose.The week before the match, he claims that he is 'really busy with other studies,' and does not practise at all.Even though he may not realise he is doing this, he is setting himself up so that he will have an 'excuse' in case he loses the match.
D)Sometimes, when Olivia has a long day, she yells at her children when she gets home.She usually feels very bad about this right after doing it.But then she realises that she can 'justify' her behaviour ('I am the parent here,' she thinks, 'and I have the right to discipline my children.') In other words, she is able to rationalise, or excuse, a not-so-good behaviour.

Question 68

Naledi has an important presentation coming up at work, but she fears that she will do a poor job.The week before the presentation, she claims that she is feeling under the weather; she leaves work early almost every day and barely practises her presentation at all.Even though she may not realise what she is doing, Naledi is setting herself up so that she will have an 'excuse' in case the presentation does not go well.Social psychologists refer to this pattern of behaviour as ____.

A)self-regulation
B)the self-reference effect
C)overjustification
D)self-handicapping

Question 69

Humbelani is preparing to take an exam.He has been taking practice exams based on actual past papers.When practising, he observes strict time limits and never cheats.He tries to simulate what the actual test-taking experience will be like.This way, he can have a reasonably good sense of what kind of score he will get when he takes the exam for real.Humbelani is apparently driven by a very strong ____.

A)consistency motive
B)self-enhancement motive
C)self-verification motive
D)appraisal motive

Question 70

Francina has just scheduled an appointment with a personal trainer.She knows she is not in perfect shape, and wants to get a thorough assessment of her strengths and weaknesses.Frances is apparently driven by a strong ____.

A)self-enhancement motive
B)self-verification motive
C)self-reference effect
D)appraisal motive

Question 71

After her husband is arrested for alcohol-fueled domestic violence, Nonhlanhla finds herself wondering how her co-workers will perceive her Monday morning.She wonders if they will judge her as being a bad wife or a weak woman and she prepares herself for the shame she believes is inevitable.Nonhlanhla's thought processes correspond to Cooley's ____.

A)internal and external locus of control
B)looking-glass self
C)duplex mind
D)independent and interdependent self-construal

Question 72

Compared to the consistency motive and the appraisal motive, the self-enhancement motive has a more ____ appeal.

A)physiological
B)emotional
C)cognitive
D)rational

Question 73

Consider the self-enhancement motive, the consistency motive, and the appraisal motive.According to research, which motive appears to be the weakest when conflicts arise between motives?

A)The self-enhancement motive appears to be the weakest motive.
B)The self-verification motive appears to be the weakest motive.
C)The appraisal motive appears to be the weakest motive.
D)The weakest motive depends on the conflict in question.

Question 74

Even though she has taken isiZulu courses for years and is almost fluent, Louise just enrolled in isiZulu I.Why? She loves the feeling of being the smartest person in the room, and loves to get scores of 100%.Louise is apparently driven by a rather strong ____.

A)self-verification motive
B)appraisal motive
C)consistency motive
D)self-enhancement motive

Question 75

When people engage in self-handicapping, their behaviour is MOSTLY driven by the ____.

A)self-enhancement motive
B)self-verification motive
C)appraisal motive
D)masochistic motive

Question 76

The phenomenal self, or the working self-concept, refers to ____.

A)an idealised image of the self
B)the image of the self that is currently active in a person's mind
C)a person's sense of his or her contributions to personal relationships or to the broader culture
D)the part of the self that people openly share, or disclose, with others

Question 77

Consider the self-enhancement motive, the consistency motive, and the appraisal motive.According to research, which of these three motives appears to be the strongest when conflicts arise between motives?

A)The self-enhancement motive appears to be the strongest motive.
B)The self-verification motive appears to be the strongest motive.
C)The appraisal motive appears to be the strongest motive.
D)The strongest motive depends on the conflict in question.

Question 78

Compared to other information, information bearing on the self is processed more thoroughly and more deeply, and is hence remembered better.This pattern is known as ____.

A)self as institution
B)the overjustification effect
C)the self-reference effect
D)self-enhancement

Question 79

Heleen spends a lot of time thinking about her own motivations and thoughts - about why she feels and believes and behaves the way she does.Heleen is best described as spending a lot of time in ____.

A)introspection
B)rumination
C)reflection
D)examination

Question 80

Young actors, models, and musicians often get involved with drugs and alcohol very quickly after rising to success.While there are many factors that contribute to this pattern, it is sometimes suggested that young stars get 'mixed up' with drugs and alcohol so that they have a good 'excuse' in case their career takes a turn for the worse (i.e., they can simply blame misfortunes on 'partying too much' rather than on a personal lack of talent - which would seem much more painful!).If this is true, then it would be correct to say that stars who 'party too much' are often engaging in ____.

A)self-regulation
B)the self-reference effect
C)overjustification
D)self-handicapping