Deck 6: Fats

Question 1

The predominant fat in food and in the body is:

A) cholesterol.
B) triglycerides.
C) lipoproteins.
D) lecithin.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Explain the metabolism of fat, including mobilization, transportation, uptake, activation, translocation, and oxidation.

Answer 2

not answer

Question 3

Describe the digestion, absorption, transportation, and storage of fat.

Answer 3

not answer

Question 4

An example of a food(s) containing predominantly omega-3 polyunsaturated fat would be:

A) red meat.
B) beans and legumes.
C) fish and fish oils.
D) non-fat milk.

Question 5

In general, foods high in saturated fatty acids are found in which food groups?

A) Milk and meat
B) Fruits and vegetables
C) Vegetables oils
D) Starches and breads

Question 6

Identify sources of dietary fat.

Question 7

Evaluate dietary supplements related to fat metabolism.

Question 8

Name the three major lipids in human nutrition.

A) Glycerol, cholesterol, ketones
B) Medium chain triglycerides, carnitine, cholesterol
C) Cholesterol, lecithin, phospholipids
D) Triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids

Question 9

The use of the word trans to describe double bonds between carbons refers to:

A) a constant state of flux or transfer.
B) instability of the bonds resulting in chemical transitions.
C) groups that are on opposite sides.
D) groups that are on the same side.

Question 10

_____ is an example of a food containing predominantly saturated fat.

A) Skim milk
B) Corn oil
C) Margarine
D) Butter

Question 11

Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated, cis and trans, and omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids.

Question 12

Assess an athlete's dietary fat intake.

Question 13

State fat recommendations for athletes and calculate the amount of fat needed daily.

Question 14

_____ contains only one double bond between carbons.

A) A saturated fatty acid
B) A monounsaturated fatty acid
C) A polyunsaturated fatty acid
D) Cholesterol

Question 15

Classify fats according to their chemical composition.

Question 16

Trans fatty acids are typically described as being:

A) "straight."
B) "bent."
C) "ringed."
D) "steroid-like."

Question 17

_____ is an example of a food containing predominantly monounsaturated fat.

A) Olive oil
B) Corn oil
C) Hamburger
D) Butter

Question 18

Explain ketosis and the effect it may have on training.

Question 19

Describe how the body uses fat to fuel exercise.

Question 20

What type of fat cannot be broken down and used for energy because of its chemical structure?

A) Cholesterol
B) Medium-chain triglyceride
C) 16- or 18-carbon fatty acid
D) Saturated fatty acid

Question 21

How many kilocalories are in each gram of fat?

A) 2
B) 4
C) 7
D) 9

Question 22

After lipolysis, what happens to the glycerol portion of the triglyceride?

A) Remains in the adipose tissue
B) Goes to muscle cells to be used as energy
C) Goes to liver to be used in gluconeogenesis or triglyceride re-synthesis
D) Goes to the kidney to be excreted in urine

Question 23

_____ absorbed directly into the blood from the intestinal mucosa without being incorporated into a chylomicron:

A) Medium-chain triglycerides are
B) Long-chain triglycerides are
C) Low-density lipoprotein is
D) Cholesterol is

Question 24

What happens to oils when they are hydrogenated?

A) The carbon chains become longer
B) The oils become more solid
C) "Off" odors are removed
D) Digestion is faster but absorption is slower
E) All of the above

Question 25

Which food is likely to contain hydrogenated oil?

A) Whole milk
B) Corn on the cob
C) Baked potato
D) Stick margarine

Question 26

The enzyme that stimulates the breakdown of triglycerides and the release of fatty acids from adipocytes is:

A) pancreatic lipase.
B) lipoprotein lipase.
C) hormone-sensitive lipase.
D) carnitine acyl transferase.

Question 27

When insulin levels are elevated, fat storage is:

A) inhibited.
B) enhanced.
C) unaffected.

Question 28

How are dietary triglycerides absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract?

A) Intact since they cross the mucosal cells easily
B) As long chains of fatty acids because chain length enhances absorption
C) As small components that will be re-packaged as triglycerides in the mucosal cell
D) By attaching to lipoprotein carriers

Question 29

Fat storage in skeletal muscle primarily occurs in:

A) slow-twitch muscle fibers.
B) fast-twitch muscle fibers.
C) subcutaneous muscle fibers.
D) visceral muscle fibers.

Question 30

When the body is stressed by exercise, fat stored in adipocytes is:

A) mobilized.
B) demobilized.
C) unaffected.

Question 31

The human body normally stores approximately how much energy as fat?

A) 100 kcal
B) 1,000 kcal
C) 10,000 kcal
D) 100,000 kcal

Question 32

The enzyme _____ stimulates the release of the fatty acids from the triglyceride in the blood so uptake by adipose and muscle cells can take place.

A) pancreatic lipase
B) lipoprotein lipase
C) hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL)
D) carnitine acyl transferase (CAT)

Question 33

With the onset of moderate-intensity, steady-state exercise, approximately how long does it take for fat oxidation to reach its maximal rate of activity?

A) 1 to 2 minutes
B) 10 to 20 minutes
C) 30 to 45 minutes
D) At least one hour

Question 34

Cholesterol is found in foods from:

A) plant sources only.
B) animal sources only.
C) both plant and animal sources.

Question 35

The appropriate amount of fat for training and performance depends on:

A) overall energy need.
B) macronutrient balance.
C) proportion of saturated to unsaturated fat.
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 36

How does the energy content (kcal/g) of fat compare to the energy content of alcohol?

A) Fat and alcohol have an equal energy content
B) Alcohol has a higher energy content than fat
C) Fat has a higher energy content than alcohol

Question 37

Why would an endurance athlete limit the amount of fat in a pre-competition meal?

A) Contributes to faster dehydration
B) Delays gastric emptying
C) Slows the metabolism of carbohydrate
D) All of the above

Question 38

What is esterification?

A) Another term for beta-oxidation
B) The production of ketones from fat
C) The utilization of fat by slow-twitch muscle fibers
D) The process of triglyceride formation

Question 39

Fat is stored in adipocytes and muscle cells primarily as:

A) amino acids.
B) glycogen.
C) triglycerides.
D) glucocorticoids.

Question 40

Which type of fat appears to have no nutritional benefit?

A) Monounsaturated fat
B) Omega-3 fatty acids
C) Omega-6 fatty acids
D) Trans fatty acids

Question 41

Why is a carbohydrate-restricted diet that results in ketosis not recommended for non-diabetic athletes?

A) The risk of developing ketoacidosis is too great and potentially fatal
B) The majority of weight lost would be lost as water and skeletal muscle
C) The ability to train would be diminished due to inadequate replenishment of glycogen stores
D) All of the above

Question 42

When calculating a dietary prescription, why is fat intake determined after carbohydrate and protein?

A) Fat is easier to calculate
B) Fat is not an essential nutrient
C) Carbohydrate and protein play critical roles in training and recovery
D) Low-fat diets are associated with improved performance

Question 43

Given the current body of research, are carnitine supplements effective for improving endurance performance?

A) No. Evidence of improved endurance performance is lacking.
B) Yes. There is scientific consensus that endurance performance is improved.

Question 44

As exercise intensity increases:

A) relative fat oxidation increases.
B) absolute fat oxidation decreases.
C) relative fat oxidation increases to a point, then decreases.
D) absolute fat oxidation increases to a point, then decreases.

Question 45

Which of the following is a known effect of an inadequate intake of dietary fat in endurance and ultraendurance athletes?

A) Increased dietary cholesterol production in the liver
B) Decreased muscle and liver glycogen stores
C) Inability to adequately replenish muscle triglycerides
D) Improved performance

Question 46

Both Allison and Beth need 2,200 kcal daily to maintain their weight. Allison consumes a high-fat, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet consisting of 2,200 kcal. Beth consumes a low-fat, moderate-protein, high-carbohydrate diet containing 2,300 kcal. Who is likely to gain weight over time?

A) Allison, because her diet is so high in fat
B) Beth, because it is not what you eat but rather how much

Question 47

Ketoacidosis is a condition in which:

A) blood pH is more acidic than body tissues.
B) blood pH is more basic than body tissues.

Question 48

Given the current body of research, are carnitine supplements detrimental to performance?

A) No. Evidence of performance detriments is lacking.
B) Yes. There is scientific consensus that performance can be decreased.

Question 49

In general, what amount of fat per day is recommended to athletes in training who are not trying to lose weight?

A) 0.5 g/kg
B) 1.0 to 3.0 g/kg
C) 3.0 to 5.0 g/kg
D) 5.0 to 7.0 g/kg

Question 50

The point of highest relative fat metabolism (oxidation) occurs:

A) at an exercise intensity equal to maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max).
B) at an exercise intensity equal to the lactate threshold.
C) at an exercise intensity in the "fat burning zone."
D) while taking a nap.

Question 51

What role does carnitine play in fat metabolism?

A) Transports fatty acids into the mitochondria
B) Cleaves 2-unit carbons during beta-oxidation
C) Activates lipoprotein lipase
D) Carries free fatty acids in the blood

Question 52

What is the most important factor in weight (fat) loss?

A) Exercise intensity
B) Total caloric expenditure
C) Use of fat as a fuel source during exercise
D) Elimination of calories derived from alcohol

Question 53

Why is beta-oxidation important?

A) Allows excess fatty acids to be dissipated as heat
B) Activates enzymes and hormones that are needed for fat metabolism
C) Stimulates the release of glucose from muscle glycogen
D) Prepares fatty acids for ATP production

Question 54

What is the mechanism by which caffeine most likely improves endurance performance?

A) Spares muscle glycogen
B) Enhances the release of muscle and liver glycogen
C) Increases the oxidation of fatty acids during exercise
D) Decreases perception of exertion

Question 55

What is the most common transport protein for fatty acids that have been mobilized from adipose tissue?

A) Albumin
B) Branch chained amino acids
C) Carnitine
D) Glycerol

Question 56

Given the current body of research, are medium-chain triglyceride supplements detrimental to performance?

A) No. Evidence of performance detriments is lacking.
B) Yes. There is some evidence that performance can be decreased.

Question 57

Are carnitine supplements at doses of 2-4 g/day considered safe?

A) No, there are documented side effects at such doses
B) Yes, such doses are considered safe

Question 58

Given the current body of research, are medium-chain triglyceride supplements effective for improving endurance performance?

A) No. Evidence of improved endurance performance is lacking.
B) Yes. There is scientific consensus that endurance performance is improved.

Question 59

What is ketosis?

A) Medical condition associated with severe obesity
B) Increased fatty acid oxidation resulting in an abnormal increase in ketone bodies
C) Alternative term for anaerobic glycolysis
D) Production of amino acids from fatty acids under stressful conditions

Question 60

The Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) gives an indication of:

A) absolute fat oxidation.
B) relative fat oxidation.
C) the lactate threshold.
D) protein (amino acid) oxidation.

Question 61

When triglycerides are mobilized from storage in adipocytes, they must be attached to a carrier before they can be transported throughout the blood to skeletal muscle for use as energy.

Question 62

As exercise intensity increases, relative fat oxidation increases.

Question 63

The majority of energy for low- to moderate-intensity exercise will come from triglycerides stored in adipose and muscle cells.

Question 64

Leafy green vegetables, fatty fish, and flaxseed are sources of alpha-linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid.

Question 65

Ketosis is dangerous because it always leads to ketoacidosis, which can result in coma and death.

Question 66

Exercising in the "fat burning zone" is highly recommended because it is the most effective way to lose body fat.

Question 67

Given the current body of research, is it likely that caffeine enhances free fatty acid mobilization during endurance exercise?

A) No. Studies suggest that caffeine is not effective for free fatty acid mobilization.
B) Yes. There is scientific consensus that caffeine is effective for free fatty acid mobilization.

Question 68

The digestion, absorption, and transportation of dietary fat is complicated because the molecules are large and do not mix well with water.

Question 69

Most fatty acids occur naturally in the trans form.

Question 70

Plants do not contain cholesterol but they do contain other sterols.

Question 71

Beta-oxidation is a series of four chemical steps during which two-carbon segments of fatty acids are cleaved from the fatty acid chain.

Question 72

What is the mechanism by which Olestra (Olean ) works?

A) Cannot be absorbed because of its chemical structure
B) Cannot be metabolized because of its chemical structure
C) Cannot be stored in adipose tissue because of its chain length
D) Can be broken down by the liver and eventually excreted

Question 73

Exercise results in a loss of carnitine in the muscle.

Question 74

The most common fatty acids in metabolism have 16 or 18 carbons.

Question 75

What does the term hidden fat refer to?

A) Fat not included on the food label
B) The amount of trans fat found in the food
C) Fat in a processed food that may not be easily recognized
D) The use of fat substitutes in processed foods

Question 76

Foods containing predominantly unsaturated fatty acids tend to be liquid at room temperature.

Question 77

A triglyceride is usually made up of three fatty acids that are all the same.

Question 78

The production of ketones is part of the normal metabolic pathway for fat.

Question 79

The highest percentage of fat oxidation occurs during exercise in the "fat burning zone."

Question 80

Oils contain only monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids.