Deck 9: Minerals

Question 1

In the absence of a deficiency, as mineral consumption increases the amount absorbed:

A) increases.
B) decreases.
C) stays the same.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Excretion of minerals is generally:

A) zero.
B) low.
C) moderate.
D) high.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Describe if, and how, exercise increases the need for or accelerates the loss of a particular mineral.

Answer 3

not answer

Question 4

Classify minerals and describe their general roles.

Question 5

Evaluate the need for mineral supplements based on food intake and the safety and effectiveness of mineral supplements.

Question 6

A mineral that is under substantial hormonal control is:

A) zinc.
B) iron.
C) calcium.
D) selenium.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT classified as a macromineral?

A) Calcium
B) Sodium
C) Potassium
D) Iron

Question 8

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) helps to answer which of the following questions regarding minerals?

A) Am I deficient?
B) Am I consuming enough?
C) Am I taking in too much?
D) a and b

Question 9

Explain the differences between a clinical and subclinical deficiency for calcium, iron, and zinc.

Question 10

The two most likely sources of larger-than-normal mineral losses in athletes are:

A) urine and sweat.
B) urine and feces.
C) sweat and feces.
D) sweat and gastrointestinal bleeding.

Question 11

Compare and contrast minerals based on their source-naturally occurring in food, added to foods during processing, and found in supplements.

Question 12

How do minerals differ from water-soluble vitamins?

A) Minerals are organic; water-soluble vitamins are inorganic
B) Minerals are not well absorbed; water-soluble vitamins are well absorbed
C) Minerals have a higher margin of safety
D) None of the above

Question 13

Explain how the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL) should be interpreted.

Question 14

Explain how mineral inadequacies and excesses can occur and why each might be detrimental to performance and health.

Question 15

Discuss the minerals associated with bone formation, red blood cell production, and the immune system, and explain how low intake affects performance and health.

Question 16

What effect does low mineral intake generally have on absorption?

A) Results in a small increase in absorption
B) Results in a substantial increase in absorption
C) Results in an increase in absorption to the point where a deficiency will not occur
D) Does not have an effect on absorption

Question 17

The mineral most closely associated with proper immune function is:

A) zinc.
B) sodium.
C) calcium.
D) selenium.

Question 18

Compare and contrast the average intake of minerals by sedentary adults and athletes in the United States.

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a basic function of minerals?

A) Building body tissue
B) Regulating physiological processes
C) Providing energy for metabolism
D) Maintaining fluid balance

Question 20

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
Phytates and oxalates:

A) increase absorption.
B) decrease absorption.
C) have no effect on absorption.

Question 21

The most prevalent clinical mineral deficiencies in industrialized countries are:

A) sodium and potassium.
B) boron and selenium.
C) iodine and zinc.
D) iron and calcium.

Question 22

The type of bone that has the highest turnover is:

A) cartilage.
B) cortical bone.
C) trabecular bone.

Question 23

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
Insoluble fiber such as wheat fiber:

A) increases absorption.
B) decreases absorption.
C) has no effect on absorption.

Question 24

Which of the following describes average mineral intakes by sedentary adults in the U.S.?

A) Inadequate
B) Adequate
C) Excessive

Question 25

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Wrist fracture in a 70-year-old woman

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 26

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Iron-deficiency anemia

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 27

Bone-forming cells are known as:

A) osteoblasts.
B) osteoclasts.
C) osteocytes.
D) chondrocytes.

Question 28

The term homeostasis is defined as:

A) a change within the internal environment.
B) the maintenance of a constant internal environment.
C) a constant metabolic demand placed on the body.
D) a low metabolic rate.

Question 29

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Night blindness

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 30

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Early calcium re-absorption from bone (no symptoms)

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 31

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
Soluble fiber such as pectins or gums:

A) increases absorption.
B) decreases absorption.
C) has no effect on absorption.

Question 32

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
Sugars such as lactose (for calcium):

A) increase absorption.
B) decrease absorption.
C) have no effect on absorption.

Question 33

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Osteopenia

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 34

In general, when an athlete's energy intake is adequate mineral intake is usually:

A) inadequate.
B) adequate.
C) excessive.

Question 35

The hormone that influences proper bone development is:

A) insulin.
B) epinephrine (adrenaline).
C) norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
D) vitamin D.

Question 36

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
A supplement containing a single mineral such as iron:

A) increases absorption.
B) decreases absorption.
C) has no effect on absorption.

Question 37

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Small reduction in zinc-containing enzymes

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 38

match each condition described with the most closely associated stage.
Iron deficiency without anemia

A) No deficiency
B) Sub-clinical deficiency
C) Clinical deficiency

Question 39

The source of calcium during the process known as fast calcium exchange is:

A) dissolution of bone.
B) blood plasma.
C) bone fluid.
D) liver calcium stores.

Question 40

indicate the effect that each of the following factors has on mineral absorption.
Ascorbic acid (for iron):

A) increases absorption.
B) decreases absorption.
C) has no effect on absorption.

Question 41

How much calcium should a 25-year-old male or non-pregnant female consume daily?

A) 800 mg
B) 1,000 mg
C) 1,200 mg
D) 1,500 mg

Question 42

Which athlete is likely to have above-normal bone mineral density?

A) Amenorrheic gymnast
B) Amenorrheic distance runner
C) Distance swimmer
D) Sprint swimmer

Question 43

What are the benefits of walking for post-menopausal women?

A) Increases leg muscle strength
B) Increases stability
C) Increases bone density
D) a and b
E) all of the above

Question 44

What two sports have the highest prevalence of athletes with low estrogen concentrations and/or amenorrhea?

A) Gymnasts and bodybuilders
B) Gymnasts and distance runners
C) Sprinters and distance runners
D) Figure skaters and speed skaters

Question 45

What effect does resistance training have on bone mineral density in post-menopausal women?

A) Maintains bone density in some women
B) Increases bone density in some women
C) Slows the decline in bone density in some women
D) All of the above

Question 46

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Dairy products

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 47

What effect does a low vitamin D concentration have on calcium absorption?

A) Increases calcium absorption
B) Decreases calcium absorption
C) No effect on calcium absorption

Question 48

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Lactase-treated milk and milk products

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 49

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Green, leafy vegetables (e.g., broccoli, collard greens, green cabbage)

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 50

If an adult consumes 1,000 mg of calcium daily, what is the estimated average amount absorbed from the intestinal tract?

A) 800 mg
B) 600 mg
C) 500 mg
D) 300 mg

Question 51

Which period of time is associated with the most rapid loss of bone mass?

A) Age 20 to 35 years
B) Age 35 to 50 years
C) First ten years after menopause
D) After males are 65 years or older

Question 52

What is the average daily intake of dietary calcium for adult women?

A) 350 mg
B) 500 mg
C) 650 mg
D) 800 mg

Question 53

At what age does peak bone mineral density occur (assume adequate calcium intake)?

A) 10 to 20 years
B) 20 to 35 years
C) 35 to 60 years
D) After age 60

Question 54

What effect does adequate calcium intake have on loss of calcium from bone in the 10 to 20 years after menopause?

A) Increases bone density
B) Prevents the loss of bone calcium
C) Slows the loss of bone calcium
D) No effect on bone calcium

Question 55

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Tofu processed with calcium

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 56

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Low-fat meat and poultry

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 57

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level for calcium?

A) 2,000 mg
B) 2,500 mg
C) 3,000 mg
D) Not yet established

Question 58

The two factors that best explain the increased risk for osteoporosis in elite female distance runners are:

A) age and poor diet.
B) African-American heritage and poor diet.
C) positive family history and low estrogen.
D) low energy intake and low estrogen.

Question 59

If dietary calcium is inadequate over a long period of time, how does the body maintain calcium balance?

A) Significantly increases absorption
B) Does not allow calcium to be lost from the body
C) Reabsorbs skeletal calcium
D) Adjusts to a lower blood calcium concentration

Question 60

What effect does adequate calcium intake have on loss of calcium from bone in the time period between attainment of peak bone mineral density and menopause?

A) Increases bone density
B) Prevents the loss of bone calcium
C) Slows the loss of bone calcium
D) No effect on bone calcium

Question 61

The female athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is an athlete who:

A) chronically restricts energy intake.
B) only eats three times per day.
C) is chronically dehydrated.
D) consumes a low-fiber diet.

Question 62

The mineral predominantly found in hemoglobin is:

A) calcium.
B) iron.
C) zinc.
D) selenium.

Question 63

indicate whether each of the foods listed is considered a good source of calcium.
Vitamin water

A) Good source of calcium
B) Not a good source of calcium

Question 64

What is myoglobin?

A) Storage form of hemoglobin
B) Transport form of hemoglobin
C) Iron-containing protein found in the liver
D) Iron-containing protein found in muscle fibers

Question 65

The amount of iron that women need depends on:

A) age.
B) menstruation.
C) pregnancy.
D) all of the above

Question 66

What effect does iron-deficiency without anemia have on performance?

A) Decline in aerobic capacity
B) Decline in endurance capacity
C) Decline in oxygen utilization
D) None of the above

Question 67

How does the dietary intake of zinc by endurance athletes typically compare to the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

A) About 10 percent meet the DRI
B) About 40 percent meet the DRI
C) About 75 percent meet the DRI
D) About 90 percent meet the DRI

Question 68

What effect does iron-deficiency anemia have on performance?

A) Decline in aerobic capacity
B) Decline in endurance capacity
C) Decline in oxygen utilization
D) All of the above

Question 69

Why is iron not well absorbed from the intestinal tract?

A) Most people consume too much iron on a daily basis.
B) The physiological roles involving iron are limited and are of minor importance.
C) Over-absorption of iron has potentially harmful physiological effects.
D) Most people don't have the enzymes needed to absorb iron, especially as they age.

Question 70

Which form of iron is best absorbed?

A) Heme
B) Non-heme
C) Iron found in milk
D) Iron found in vegetables

Question 71

Hematocrit is defined as:

A) the percentage of total plasma volume composed of red blood cells.
B) the amount of red blood cells in total plasma volume.
C) the percentage of total plasma volume composed of hemoglobin.
D) the amount of hemoglobin and myglobin in the blood plasma.

Question 72

What is the role of myoglobin?

A) Stores excess iron when iron storage in the liver reaches full capacity
B) Provides oxygen immediately to muscle
C) Binds excess iron in the GI tract to help prevent overconsumption
D) Facilitates the transfer of oxygen to the red blood cells

Question 73

Which of the following is true regarding athletes and upper respiratory tract infections (URTI)?

A) Lack of exercise increases risk for URTI
B) Moderate exercise decreases risk for URTI
C) Prolonged exercise increases risk for URTI
D) Any type of exercise decreases risks for URTI

Question 74

The male athlete most likely to manifest iron-deficiency anemia is a:

A) strength athlete engaging in high volume resistance training.
B) wrestler who "makes weight" by dehydrating.
C) "stop and go" athlete.
D) long-distance runner.

Question 75

The nutrient that enhances iron absorption is:

A) copper.
B) potassium.
C) sodium.
D) vitamin C.

Question 76

The most common type of anemia is:

A) megaloblastic anemia due to folate deficiency.
B) megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency.
C) pernicious anemia due to lack of vitamin B12 absorption.
D) iron-deficiency anemia.

Question 77

The best test of iron storage is:

A) hematocrit.
B) hemoglobin.
C) ferritin.
D) none of the above

Question 78

Normal hematocrit is defined as:

A) 30% for women; 35% for men.
B) 42% for women; 45% for men.
C) 14 g/dl for women; 15 g/dl for men.
D) 12-16 g/dl for both women and men.

Question 79

What is false anemia?

A) Iron-deficiency anemia in athletes
B) Anemia associated with training at high altitudes
C) Temporary decrease in hemoglobin due to endurance training
D) Change in hematocrit due to blood doping

Question 80

The micromineral that is necessary for the conversion of iron from its storage to its transport form is:

A) copper.
B) magnesium.
C) sodium.
D) zinc.