Deck 2: Defining and Measuring Energy

Question 1

Which of the following is an endergonic reaction?

A) The releasing (triggering) of a mouse trap
B) The release of water from behind a dam
C) The breakdown of ATP to ADP
D) The rephosporylation of ADP

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The best definition of energy is the:

A) absence of physical or mental fatigue.
B) ability to perform work.
C) generation of tension by contracting muscle.
D) thermic effect of movement.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Kinetic energy refers to:

A) energy that is stored to be used later.
B) energy used for skeletal muscle contraction.
C) the release of stored energy to perform work.
D) all of the above

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is true regarding the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A) Energy is not created or destroyed.
B) Energy is created but not destroyed.
C) Energy is destroyed but not created.
D) Energy is both created and destroyed.

Question 5

Calculate an estimated energy requirement for a 24-hr period using a simple formula.

Question 6

List and explain the components of the energy balance equation.

Question 7

The two most common factors that influence enzyme activity are:

A) time and temperature.
B) temperature and pH.
C) pH and oxygen availability.
D) oxygen availability and time.

Question 8

Explain resting metabolic rate, the factors that influence it, and how it is measured or predicted in athletes and nonathletes.

Question 9

The best definition of bioenergetics is:

A) the study of metabolism.
B) the physiological processes associated with exercise.
C) the process of converting food into biological energy.
D) the transformation of energy to heat.

Question 10

Explain how the energy content of food and energy expenditure are measured directly and indirectly, and how estimates can be made more accurately.

Question 11

Define and explain bioenergetics, ATP, calorie, kilocalorie, and other energy-related terms.

Question 12

If a food contains 350 Calories, how many kilocalories does it contain?

A) 148
B) 350
C) 1,480
D) 3,250

Question 13

Which of the following is a type of chemical reaction that results in energy being absorbed or stored?

A) Endergonic
B) Exergonic
C) Enderthermic
D) Excitation

Question 14

ATP is an example of:

A) chemical energy.
B) electrical energy.
C) mechanical energy.
D) thermal energy.

Question 15

Explain the impact of physical activity on energy expenditure.

Question 16

Under the most demanding conditions (e.g., very high-intensity exercise), ATP concentrations in skeletal muscles are not likely to drop more than:

A) 5-10%.
B) 10-20%.
C) 20-30%.
D) 40-50%.

Question 17

Identify the primary source of energy in the body and explain how it is used by skeletal muscle during exercise.

Question 18

Which of the following is a type of chemical reaction that results in energy being released?

A) Endergonic
B) Exergonic
C) Enderthermic
D) Excitation

Question 19

Explain the resynthesis of ATP, including the role of enzymes, and name the major energy systems involved.

Question 20

Explain the concept of conservation of energy and how this concept applies to energy utilization in the body.

Question 21

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Gender

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 22

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Age

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 23

The International System of Units (SI units) unit for energy is the:

A) calorie (lowercase c).
B) Calorie (uppercase c).
C) kilocalorie.
D) joule.

Question 24

On average, 1 liter of oxygen consumed is equivalent to _____ kcal of energy expended.

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 7

Question 25

Direct calorimetry works on the principle that:

A) a rise in body temperature reflects the amount of energy expended.
B) the body heat that is produced is proportional to the energy expended.
C) oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are related to energy expenditure.
D) energy expenditure can be predicted if respiration and perspiration are carefully measured.

Question 26

The minimum energy expenditure compatible with life is known as:

A) resting metabolism.
B) basal metabolism.
C) thermic effect of energy.
D) resting exchange ratio.

Question 27

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding intake when athletes are keeping a food diary?

A) Food intake is consciously reduced.
B) Food intake is unconsciously reduced.
C) Food intake is difficult to record due to frequent snacking.
D) Food intake is underreported by females but not by males.

Question 28

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Exercise

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 29

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Genetics

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 30

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Environmental temperature

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 31

Which of the following should NOT be used to obtain a measurement of energy expenditure during exercise?

A) Whole-room calorimeter with direct and indirect measurement capabilities
B) An open-circuit metabolic measurement system
C) A simplified portable system
D) Doubly labeled water (DLW)

Question 32

When compared to basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate is:

A) essentially the same.
B) ~10% lower.
C) ~10% greater.
D) none of the above

Question 33

In the energy balance equation, the only component of "energy in" is:

A) food.
B) thermic effect of food.
C) basal metabolism.
D) physical activity.

Question 34

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Amount of fat-free tissue

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 35

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Ascending to high altitude

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 36

Indirect calorimetry works on the principle that:

A) a rise in body temperature reflects the amount of energy expended.
B) the body heat that is produced is proportional to the energy expended.
C) oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are related to energy expenditure.
D) energy expenditure can be predicted if respiration and perspiration are carefully measured.

Question 37

On a kcal/g basis, the caloric content of carbohydrate is approximately the same as that of:

A) alcohol.
B) fat.
C) protein.
D) a and c

Question 38

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Caffeine

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 39

The smallest influence on "energy out" is:

A) resting metabolism.
B) thermic effect of food.
C) physical activity.
D) basal metabolic rate.

Question 40

In a sedentary individual, the largest influence on "energy out" is:

A) resting metabolism.
B) thermic effect of food.
C) physical activity.
D) b and c together

Question 41

Which of the following equations most accurately predicts resting metabolic rate in healthy Caucasian adults?

A) Harris-Benedict
B) Mifflin-St Jeor
C) Owen
D) WHO/FAO/UNU

Question 42

One liter (1 L) of oxygen is equal to 9 kcal/g.

Question 43

The terms calorie and Calorie can be used interchangeably in scientific writing.

Question 44

When compared to machines, humans are relatively efficient at converting energy.

Question 45

To maintain energy balance, it is estimated that a sedentary individual requires approximately _____ kcal/kg of body weight daily.

A) 20
B) 25
C) 30
D) 35

Question 46

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Height

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 47

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Self-starvation

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 48

One MET is equal to:

A) energy expenditure at rest.
B) energy expenditure during the first 10 minutes of exercise.
C) energy expenditure prior to the point of fatigue.
D) 55 kcal/hour.

Question 49

The "energy out" factor that that can be increased to the greatest degree is:

A) resting metabolism.
B) thermic effect of food.
C) physical activity.

Question 50

The law of Conservation of Energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but that it can be transformed.

Question 51

ATP is the direct source of energy for the body to perform work. The energy contained in food must be biochemically transformed to ATP.

Question 52

If an athlete's estimated energy need is above 50 kcal/kg of body weight daily, then this athlete is likely engaging in activity described as:

A) normal.
B) moderate.
C) heavy.
D) exceptional.

Question 53

Estimate resting metabolic rate in a 165-lb (75-kg) male using the simplest formula discussed in the text.

A) 1,620 kcal
B) 1,800 kcal
C) 2,275 kcal
D) 3,650 kcal

Question 54

indicate the influence of each factor on resting metabolic rate.
Thyroid hormones

A) Influence not under voluntary control
B) Substantial influence, under some voluntary control
C) Subtle or temporary influence, under some voluntary control

Question 55

Reactions in which energy is released are referred to as endergonic reactions.

Question 56

Which of the following macronutrients has the greatest influence on the thermic effect of food?

A) Carbohydrate
B) Protein
C) Fat

Question 57

Which of the following equations used to predict resting metabolic rate best accounts for the higher-than-normal amount of muscle mass in trained athletes?

A) Harris-Benedict
B) Mifflin-St Jeor
C) Owen
D) Cunningham

Question 58

ATP is critical for muscle contraction, but is not involved in muscle relaxation.

Question 59

ATP is the known as the energy currency because it is the primary source of energy in the body.

Question 60

In the excitation-contraction process of generating tension or force in skeletal muscle, ATP is needed only for the "power stroke" part of the process.

Question 61

Fat-free tissue is more metabolically active than adipose tissue.

Question 62

Most prediction equations for estimating resting metabolic rate have a small margin of error of about 2-3%.

Question 63

Most of the published estimates of the energy (kcal) expended from a specific physical activity are not for the movement alone, but include resting metabolic rate.

Question 64

The greatest source of error when using a food diary is the inaccurate recording of the amount and type of foods and beverages consumed.

Question 65

Self-imposed starvation (severe dieting) can result in a reduced resting metabolic rate and can actually impede weight loss.

Question 66

Bioenergetics is a term used to describe the physiological process of breaking down foods into usable forms of energy.

Question 67

Most individuals, including athletes, underestimate their energy intake by approximately 15 to 20 percent.

Question 68

The precise energy (caloric) content of a food consumed cannot be determined.

Question 69

Even in sedentary individuals, physical activity is the largest component of "energy out."

Question 70

The thermic effect of food is estimated to be 10% of total energy expenditure.

Question 71

The three energy systems that replenish ATP are creatine phosphate, anaerobic glycolysis, and oxidative phosphorylation.

Question 72

Basal metabolic rate and resting metabolic rate are typically the same.

Question 73

The Cunningham equation may be the best equation to use with athletes because it accounts more accurately for fat-free mass.

Question 74

Measuring heart rate during exercise is a practical, fairly accurate way to predict the amount of energy being expended during exercise.

Question 75

Resting metabolic rate is reduced due to starvation, but it increases almost immediately when the starvation state is stopped.

Question 76

Exercise and hormonal changes may raise resting metabolic rate but their effects are subtle rather than dramatic.

Question 77

To obtain an accurate measurement of resting metabolic rate it is not necessary for an athlete to abstain from resistance or endurance exercise in the hours prior to the test.

Question 78

The majority of ATP stored in skeletal muscle cannot be used for force production, even during very high intensity exercise.

Question 79

ATP can be depleted in skeletal muscle by voluntary, high-intensity exercise.

Question 80

A large portion of the potential energy that is contained in food is converted to heat.