Deck 23: Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Cardiac muscle fibers are joined at their ends by dense bands called ________.

A) SA nodes
B) auricles
C) intercalated disks
D) cardiac muscle fibers

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The left atrium ______.

A) pumps blood into the systemic circulation
B) pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation
C) receives blood from the systemic circulation
D) receives blood from the pulmonary veins

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The period of contraction is known as ________.

A) diastole
B) systole
C) conduction cycle
D) sinoatrial pause

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The _______ receive(s) blood returning to the heart from the veins and act(s) as reservoir(s) between contractions of the heart.

A) ventricles
B) atria
C) mitral valve
D) aorta

Question 5

Which of the following is least likely to cause a problem?

A) A woman with type AB blood who is transfused with type O blood
B) A man with type O blood who is transfused with type AB blood
C) A woman with Rh-negative blood who gives birth to her second child with Rh-positive blood
D) A man with Rh-negative blood who is transfused with blood that has antigen D

Question 6

Two _______ arteries branch off from the aorta as it leaves the heart.

A) pulmonary
B) renal
C) coronary
D) hepatic

Question 7

The _______ is the volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle into the aorta in 1 minute.

A) stroke volume
B) cardiac cycle
C) cardiac output
D) diastole

Question 8

Increased venous return results in a(n) _______.

A) decrease in heart rate
B) increase in stroke volume
C) decrease in cardiac output
D) decrease in epinephrine release

Question 9

The function of hemoglobin is to ______.

A) regulate red blood cell production
B) transport oxygen
C) prevent anemia
D) initiate the clotting process

Question 10

From the SA node, impulses pass into ordinary muscle fibers of the ________.

A) endocardium
B) ventricle
C) atrium
D) AV bundle

Question 11

Which of the following are most closely associated with clotting?

A) Macrophages
B) Platelets
C) Erythrocytes
D) Neutrophils

Question 12

An individual with type B blood has _______.

A) anti-A antibodies
B) type A antigen and type B antigen
C) R antigen
D) no antigen

Question 13

Each heartbeat is initiated by the _______.

A) sinoatrial (SA) node
B) atrioventricular (AV) bundle
C) AV node
D) sinoventricular bundle

Question 14

_______ are the main phagocytes in the blood.

A) Basophils
B) Eosinophils
C) Erythrocytes
D) Neutrophils

Question 15

Prothrombin _______.

A) is manufactured in the liver with the help of vitamin B
B) is released by platelets
C) is converted to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin
D) forms a platelet plug when a blood vessel is cut

Question 16

When the left atrium relaxes, blood is prevented from flowing backward into it by the _______ valve.

A) mitral
B) semilunar
C) tricuspid
D) aortic

Question 17

The _______ pump(s) blood into the great arteries leaving the heart.

A) ventricles
B) atria
C) mitral valve
D) aorta

Question 18

Events that occur during one complete heartbeat make up the _______.

A) diastole
B) cardiac output
C) stroke volume
D) cardiac cycle

Question 19

Globulins and fibrinogen are _______.

A) found in the plasma
B) plasma carbohydrates
C) responsible for oxygen transport
D) part of the serum

Question 20

The outer layer of the heart wall is called the _______.

A) endocardium
B) pericardium
C) myocardium
D) peritoneum

Question 21

Helper T cells secrete ______.

A) antibodies that combine with foreign antigen
B) complement
C) cytokines that activate B cells
D) six types of interferons

Question 22

Sympathetic nerves release the neurotransmitter _______, which speeds the heart rate and increases the strength of contraction.

A) epinephrine
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) Purkinje

Question 23

In cell-mediated immunity, _______ cells attack invading pathogens.

A) B
B) T
C) plasma
D) memory B

Question 24

Blood that is poor in oxygen returns to the _______.

A) left atrium
B) right atrium
C) left ventricle
D) right ventricle

Question 25

An autoimmune disease may develop when ______.

A) complement proteins are overactive
B) the immune system attacks self-molecules
C) cytokines activate B cells
D) HIV infects helper T cells

Question 26

The _______ delivers blood from the organs of the digestive system to the liver.

A) hepatic artery
B) mesenteric artery
C) hepatic portal vein
D) inferior vena cava

Question 27

Active immunity typically develops from _______.

A) exposure to antigens and production of memory cells
B) breastfeeding
C) injection of gamma globulin
D) activation of complement

Question 28

When the body launches a nonspecific immune response, _______.

A) lymphocytes produce dendritic cells
B) natural killer cells secrete antibodies
C) phagocytes form clones that develop into T cells
D) neutrophils and macrophages ingest bacteria by phagocytosis

Question 29

When arterioles constrict, _______.

A) blood pressure increases
B) peripheral resistance decreases
C) arterial pulse decreases
D) blood volume increases

Question 30

_______ is not a characteristic of inflammation.

A) Pain
B) Redness
C) Edema
D) Decrease in body temperature

Question 31

Which of the following is not a function of the lymphatic system?

A) Helps maintain fluid balance
B) Defends the body against disease
C) Absorbs lipids from the intestine
D) Produces renin

Question 32

_______ is the force exerted by the blood against the inner walls of the blood vessels.

A) Blood pressure
B) Arterial pressure
C) Arterial pulse
D) Peripheral resistance

Question 33

The left ventricle pumps blood into the largest artery in the body-the _______.

A) coronary
B) carotid
C) superior vena cava
D) aorta

Question 34

The thin-walled vessels that allow materials to be exchanged between the blood and tissues are _______.

A) veins
B) venules
C) arterioles
D) capillaries

Question 35

Angiotensin II ______.

A) causes blood pressure to decrease
B) is a hormone that acts as a powerful vasoconstrictor
C) is released by the kidneys
D) decreases the retention of sodium ions

Question 36

_______ are antigen-presenting cells.

A) Plasma cells
B) Memory T cells
C) Macrophages
D) Mast cells

Question 37

_______ carry blood from the ventricles of the heart to each of the organs of the body.

A) Arteries
B) Veins
C) Venules
D) Capillaries

Question 38

An activated T cell has just formed a clone of cells. The next thing that happens is _______.

A) antibodies are released
B) complement is produced
C) plasma cells secrete B cells
D) T cells differentiate

Question 39

The main function of phagocytes is to _______.

A) ingest bacteria and other foreign matter
B) produce natural killer cells
C) reduce inflammation
D) secrete antibodies

Question 40

The group of more than 20 proteins found in plasma that are activated by certain pathogens are called ______.

A) antibodies
B) complement
C) cytokines
D) interleukins

Question 41

As blood circulates through the tissues, _______ moves from the blood (where it is more concentrated) into the cells (where it is less concentrated).

A) carbon dioxide
B) interstitial fluid
C) water
D) oxygen

Question 42

_______ is the transfer of digested food through the wall of the stomach or intestine and into the circulatory system.

A) Ingestion
B) Digestion
C) Absorption
D) Elimination

Question 43

You would not expect to find _______ in the lung.

A) the trachea
B) bronchioles
C) elastic tissue
D) capillaries

Question 44

After air passes through the trachea, it enters the _______.

A) pharynx
B) bronchus
C) larynx
D) alveoli

Question 45

The floor of the thoracic cavity is a strong, dome-shaped muscle called the _______.

A) thorax
B) glottis
C) diaphragm
D) intercostal muscles

Question 46

The rate of respiration is mainly determined by _______ in the blood.

A) oxygen concentration
B) carbon dioxide concentration
C) hydrogen ion concentration
D) hemoglobin concentration

Question 47

Nutrients are absorbed mainly by the _______.

A) rugae in the stomach
B) lacteals in the colon
C) intestinal villi
D) common bile duct

Question 48

In cellular respiration, _______.

A) air enters the bronchi
B) oxygen passes through the thin walls of the alveoli
C) cells use oxygen to capture energy from nutrients
D) oxygen is transported as oxyhemoglobin to the cells

Question 49

The lining of the digestive tract is called the _______.

A) submucosa
B) mucosa
C) visceral peritoneum
D) adventitia

Question 50

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is called _______.

A) cellular respiration
B) bronchial constriction
C) inspiration
D) pulmonary ventilation

Question 51

Carbon dioxide is transported mainly _______.

A) as bicarbonate ions
B) dissolved in the plasma
C) bound to hemoglobin
D) as carbonic acid

Question 52

The end products of protein digestion are _______.

A) fatty acids
B) amino acids
C) glucose
D) small proteins

Question 53

The large, double fold of the peritoneum that anchors the intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the _______.

A) mesentery
B) greater omentum
C) lesser omentum
D) adventitia

Question 54

The soft palate ______.

A) forms the roof of the mouth
B) closes the larynx during swallowing
C) separates the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
D) partitions the oropharynx and nasopharynx

Question 55

Gas exchange takes place through the walls of the _______.

A) alveoli
B) bronchioles
C) larynx
D) trachea

Question 56

The sequence of the four major processes of the digestive system is _______.

A) digestion, absorption, ingestion, and elimination
B) digestion, indigestion, absorption, and elimination
C) ingestion, indigestion, digestion, and elimination
D) ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 57

As blood moves through the pulmonary capillaries, ______.

A) carbon dioxide moves from the alveoli into the blood
B) oxygen moves from the blood into the alveoli
C) carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the alveoli
D) oxygen binds to carbon dioxide

Question 58

The intestinal villi ______.

A) increase the surface area for digestion and absorption of nutrients
B) are found mostly in the large intestine
C) are located mainly in the cecum
D) secrete chyme

Question 59

During swallowing, the _______ automatically closes off the larynx so food and water cannot enter the lower airway.

A) glottis
B) epiglottis
C) parietal pleura
D) visceral pleura

Question 60

The function of the gallbladder is to _______.

A) produce bile
B) store bile
C) digest proteins
D) convert glucose to glycogen

Question 61

_______ are inorganic salts, acids, and bases that form ions in solution and are important components of body fluid.

A) Buffers
B) Electrolytes
C) Hormones
D) Anions

Question 62

From the seminiferous tubules, sperm next enters the _______.

A) testis
B) vas deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) epididymis

Question 63

The hormone _______ is responsible for the development of both primary and secondary sex characteristics in the male.

A) estrogen
B) testosterone
C) progesterone
D) FSH

Question 64

_______ are inorganic nutrients ingested in the form of salts dissolved in food and water.

A) Vitamins
B) Carbohydrates
C) Phytochemicals
D) Minerals

Question 65

Luteinizing hormone (LH) ________.

A) is released by the corpus luteum
B) is secreted by Sertoli cells
C) stimulates ovulation
D) stimulates follicle growth during the first week of the menstrual cycle

Question 66

The term vulva refers to the external female genital structures, which include all of the following except _______.

A) labia
B) cervix
C) mons pubis
D) vestibule

Question 67

Chyme passing through the ascending colon would next enter the _______.

A) descending colon
B) cecum
C) transverse colon
D) rectum

Question 68

The kidney consists of an outer renal _______ and an inner renal _______.

A) medulla; cortex
B) pyramid; cortex
C) cortex; pyramid
D) cortex; medulla

Question 69

Each month during a woman's reproductive life, the lining of the ________ thickens and prepares for possible pregnancy.

A) uterus
B) ovary
C) fallopian tube
D) vagina

Question 70

The urinary bladder _______.

A) is a temporary storage sac for urine
B) discharges urine into the ureter
C) returns nutrients to the nephrons
D) is the main target of cortisol

Question 71

The first step in urine production is ________.

A) tubular secretion
B) ADH secretion
C) glomerular filtration
D) tubular reabsorption

Question 72

The term _______ refers to any condition in which the hydrogen ion concentration of plasma is elevated above the homeostatic range.

A) acidosis
B) alkalosis
C) electrolyte imbalance
D) hydrogenated

Question 73

The _______ is the organ of exchange between the mother and the embryo.

A) amnion
B) cervix
C) corpus luteum
D) placenta

Question 74

Spermatogenesis takes place in the ________.

A) seminiferous tubules
B) vas deferens
C) ejaculatory duct
D) glans penis

Question 75

Urine consists mainly of _______.

A) urea
B) uric acid
C) salts
D) water

Question 76

Male reproductive structures include all of the following except _______.

A) testes
B) vas deferens
C) cervix
D) urethra

Question 77

After filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule, it enters the _______.

A) blood
B) loop of Henle
C) distal convoluted tubule
D) renal corpuscle

Question 78

The correct order of urine flow through the urinary system is ________.

A) kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
B) bladder, ureter, kidney, urethra
C) bladder, urethra, kidney, ureter
D) kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter

Question 79

The ________ are the female gonads.

A) mammary glands
B) ovaries
C) follicles
D) uterine tubes

Question 80

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) _______.

A) is an enzyme produced by the kidney
B) makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water
C) is produced when excess fluid is present in the body
D) activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway