Deck 8: Group Processes

Question 1

In groups,interdependence is reflected in

A) working towards a common goal.
B) communicating with one another.
C) influencing and being influenced.
D) group conflict.
E) finding alternatives to conflict.

Answer 1

influencing and being influenced.

Question 2

Shared group expectations about how particular group members are expected to behave are called

A) expectancy effects.
B) collective standards.
C) social roles.
D) norms.
E) group effects.

Answer 2

social roles.

Question 3

According to research,social groups tend to range in size from two or three members to several dozen members.Why is this?

A) If groups were larger it would be impossible to interact with other members.
B) If a group becomes too large conflict within the group becomes unavoidable.
C) It would be difficult for members to find more people who are similar to them.
D) It is too difficult to arrive at normative consensus when groups grow too large.
E) The larger the social group, the greater the likelihood of destructive conflict.

Answer 3

If groups were larger it would be impossible to interact with other members.

Question 4

How do norms differ from roles? Norms _______,whereas roles _______.

A) are specific; are general.
B) apply to small groups; apply to large groups.
C) apply to all group members; apply to specific group members.
D) apply to large groups; apply to small groups.
E) are expectations; are requirements.

Question 5

Which of the following collections of people best represents the social-psychological concept of a social group?

A) deliberating members of a 12-person jury
B) personnel employed at a large corporation
C) students in a large lecture course
D) undergraduates enrolled at a large public university
E) fans at a hockey game.

Question 6

In the Stanford Prison Study conducted by Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973),guards became increasingly sadistic and prisoners became increasingly submissive and withdrawn,all in under a week.Results of this (aborted)study suggest that

A) social roles can be very powerful.
B) humans are inherently aggressive and will "act out" in the appropriate situation.
C) interdependence can be reduced in powerful situations.
D) people who have authoritarian personalities do not make good prisoners.
E) norms in the real world are often adopted in artificial settings.

Question 7

Roy Baumeister and Mark Leary (1995)argue that the need to belong to groups is present in all societies because

A) the Industrial Revolution brought about increased specialization in the workforce.
B) hunting and farming have been replaced by business and technology.
C) interaction with many people is unavoidable.
D) cultural norms everywhere dictate that people cooperate.
E) group membership has conferred evolutionary advantages to humans.

Question 8

Sometimes when professors ask students to break up into small groups to discuss an issue,answer a question,or solve a problem,students roll their eyes and complain that it's the professor's job to teach them.This resistance to cooperative learning activities is probably a result of

A) psychological reactance.
B) students' expectations about the "professor" role.
C) social loafing pressures.
D) deindividuation processes.
E) social facilitation.

Question 9

When social psychologists define a group as a collection of interdependent people,they mean that

A) members' needs and goals cause them to influence one another.
B) there is seldom interpersonal conflict in social groups.
C) minimal groups often evolve into social groups.
D) the group members interact with one another.
E) members of groups have relatively little impact on one another.

Question 10

_______ exists when three or more people are interdependent and need to rely on one another to achieve their needs or goals.

A) A group
B) A collective
C) A minimal group
D) Social roles
E) A social loafer

Question 11

"We will not talk about other members behind their backs and we will never divulge one another's secrets to anyone,inside or outside this group." The preceding statement reflects

A) well defined roles.
B) a consensual proscription.
C) a group norm.
D) a subordinate goal.
E) a superordinate goal.

Question 12

Which of the following is the important lesson to be learned from Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment in which university students played the roles of guards and prisoners.

A) Personality variables often have a much stronger impact on behaviour than situational variables.
B) People who are by nature authoritarian and abusive prefer jobs like being a prison guard.
C) The feeling of being crowded that results from the presence of other people can lead to prison violence.
D) The behaviours associated with certain roles can overwhelm one's personal identity and sense of decency.
E) People who have strong moral convictions are less likely to become abusive than weak, passive people.

Question 13

Philip Zimbardo and his colleagues established a mock prison in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford University.How did they decide which participants would assume the role of "prisoner" and which would assume the role of "guard"?

A) People were assigned at random to each role.
B) Aggressive people tended to volunteer for the role of guard.
C) The experimenters used personality tests to assign participants to roles.
D) Participants who had spent time in jail refused to be prisoners.
E) Because of safety concerns, aggressive people were assigned to the role of prisoner.

Question 14

Katie is the goalie of her university varsity hockey team.As the goalie,Katie knows that she is expected to seem calm,cool,and collected on the ice so that the rest of the team is comfortable depending on her to stop the puck.These expectations are her

A) way of exerting normative influence on the team.
B) social norm.
C) social role.
D) way of exerting informational influence on the team.
E) gender role.

Question 15

Families,church or synagogue congregations,student organizations,and sports teams can be conceived of as groups because

A) they are part of our evolutionary and cultural heritage as humans.
B) they are typically composed of more than ten members.
C) they are typically composed of more than two members.
D) they are relatively stable collections of individuals who share the same goals.
E) individual members interact with one another and influence one another.

Question 16

According to the authors of your text book,one cost of roles is that individuals can lose their personal identities as individuals.A second cost is that

A) leaders can become intolerant and inflexible.
B) roles can make group tasks more difficult.
C) role demands are seldom well specified.
D) expectations can lower the opportunities that are available to some people.
E) roles often lead to incorrect decisions.

Question 17

One advantage of social roles is that they make individuals' rights and responsibilities clear for group members.One disadvantage of such roles,however,is that they

A) are not as powerful as norms in guiding behaviours.
B) may not share a universal understanding among group members.
C) are assigned arbitrarily.
D) are less fair than norms and are therefore more harmful.
E) can lead people to lose their own personal identity.

Question 18

Whereas _______ specify how all group members should behave,_______ specify how individuals in particular positions should behave.

A) roles; norms
B) rules; roles
C) rules; norms
D) norms; rules
E) norms; roles

Question 19

Josh is the president of his college residence hall and he is therefore expected to act in a respectable,dignified manner when he attends campus functions.What social psychological phenomenon does this illustrate?

A) a loss of personal identity
B) expectation consistency pressure
C) conformity
D) a social role
E) a group representativeness assumption

Question 20

Which of the following statements is FALSE concerning the function of group membership?

A) Bonding in groups conveys an evolutionary advantage.
B) Groups convey behavioural expectations through social roles.
C) Groups can motivate people to be involved in social change.
D) Groups can define social identity and influence future aspirations.
E) Groups improve task performance and productivity.

Question 21

You are a member of a group of five people whose task it is to address and stuff 1,000 envelopes for mailing.Research on _______ suggests that it would be better to give each person 200 envelopes to address and stuff the envelopes alone,whereas research on _______ suggests that it would be better to have everyone work on the task together in the same room.

A) contagion; social loafing
B) social loafing; deindividuation
C) deindividuation; social loafing
D) social facilitation; social loafing
E) social loafing; social facilitation

Question 22

Dozens of social psychological experiments on the topic of social facilitation have employed everything from people to birds,ants,and cockroaches.Which of the following is the one consistent finding has emerged from these many studies?

A) Simple tasks are more arousing than difficult tasks.
B) Simplicity is the most dominant response in the presence of others.
C) The presence of others enhances performance the most on difficult tasks.
D) The presence of others enhances performance on simple tasks.
E) Simple tasks are unaffected by the presence of others, but complex tasks are.

Question 23

When people or roaches undertake a difficult task,the presence of others _______ performance; whereas when they undertake a simple task,the presence of others _______ performance.

A) has no effect on; enhances
B) diminishes; has no effect on
C) enhances; impairs
D) impairs; enhances
E) enhances; has no effect on

Question 24

Robert Zajonc and his colleagues (1969)employed the lowly cockroach in their studies of social facilitation.In the presence of other cockroaches,roaches would run faster down a straight-away to escape a bright light than they would alone,but took longer in the presence of a cockroach audience when the escape route was more complicated (i.e.,when they had to run a maze).These findings support the idea that

A) the presence of other members of a species improves performance on a well-learned response.
B) cockroaches differ from humans in their response to other members of their species.
C) the presence of other members of a species impedes performance on a well-learned response.
D) cockroaches respond better than humans in the presence of other members of their species.
E) members of even the most lowly species experience evaluation apprehension.

Question 25

According to the definition presented in the text,which of the following is an example of social facilitation?

A) Hinton laughs louder at a comedian when he is the member of a live audience than when he watches the comedian on the television at home.
B) Sanjay has mastered the material in his psychology course, but fails the exam in a crowded room.
C) Amy, a novice golfer, performs especially poorly when she plays in a charity tournament with lots of people watching her.
D) Bill, who tries bowling for the first time with his friends, rolls a near perfect game.
E) Matthew, an inexperienced actor, gives a wonderful portrayal of Hamlet in front of a large audience.

Question 26

The term for group qualities that promote liking between members and bind members together is

A) group cohesiveness.
B) social roles.
C) relation-oriented leadership.
D) group norms.
E) social facilitation.

Question 27

_______ is the key to social facilitation effects,whereas _______ is the key to social loafing effects.

A) Evaluation; arousal
B) Relaxation; evaluation apprehension
C) Arousal; relaxation
D) Evaluation; deindividuation
E) Relaxation; arousal

Question 28

In order for social facilitation to occur,the minimum requirement is the

A) presence of those with whom one is interacting.
B) concern about how others will evaluate us.
C) interdependence of actor and audience.
D) feedback from at least one other person.
E) mere presence of others.

Question 29

The presence of others will facilitate performance for

A) Janine, who is leading a difficult group discussion.
B) Jasmine, who gives a dress rehearsal of a long speech that is not completely memorized.
C) Arthur, who performs his first heart surgery with interns looking on.
D) Lola, who is learning a new gymnastics routine with her team.
E) Tim, who is washing his car as his neighbours watch.

Question 30

Adele has never driven a car with a standard transmission before.That is,she's never had to decide when to shift gears,push in the clutch,or stop suddenly when the car is in gear.She's just bought a car with standard transmission and wants to practice driving it before she takes it onto the highway.What should she do?

A) have people in the car who are experienced drivers
B) buckle her seat belt
C) take her best friend along to provide instructions and support
D) have a group of friends follow along behind her to help pull her out of a ditch if something goes wrong
E) drive the car alone and circle a large parking lot a few times

Question 31

In order to predict whether the presence of others will help or hinder performance,one needs two pieces of information,whether _______ and whether _______.

A) individual performance can be evaluated; arousal is high or low.
B) group performance can be evaluated; the group has a strong leader.
C) arousal is present; one holds individualistic or collectivist values.
D) individual performance can be evaluated; the task is simple or complex.
E) arousal is high or low; the others are friends or strangers.

Question 32

The more cohesive a group is,the more likely it is to

A) retain members, involve members in activities, and recruit similar members.
B) constrain members, lead members, and recruit similar members.
C) involve members, polarize members, and lead members.
D) evaluate members, reject members, and pressure members.
E) pressure members, organize members in activities, and rejects leadership.

Question 33

Mitch is about to provide expert testimony in court about the scientific research on false confessions.The judge,the lawyers,the jury,and many spectators in the courtroom will be listening to what he has to say.Fortunately,he has prepared a lot for the trial,and has given expert testimony many times before.Because of ______________,the presence of the audience is likely to make Mitch perform ____________ if he was videotaping himself giving testimony alone at home.

A) social facilitation; better than
B) social loafing; better than
C) social loafing; worse than
D) social facilitation; worse than
E) social facilitation; the same as

Question 34

Assume that you are playing pool at the student union when a group of people surround the table to watch you play.If you are _______ player,you would play _______ because of the arousing effects of their presence.

A) a poor; better than you have in the past
B) a mediocre; better than before
C) an excellent; about the same
D) an excellent; worse than usual
E) an excellent; better than before

Question 35

Both social facilitation and social loafing are manifestations of the influence that the presence of others has on our behaviours.These phenomena differ,however,in that presence of others _______ in social facilitation situations and _______ in social loafing situations.

A) enhances performance on complex tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks
B) decreases arousal; impairs performance on complex tasks
C) impairs performance on simple tasks; impairs performance on complex tasks
D) increases arousal; decreases arousal
E) decreases arousal; increases arousal

Question 36

Robert Zajonc (1965)wrote an influential article in which he posited a theoretical explanation for the social facilitation effect.Elegantly simple,this explanation included what two steps?

A) the presence of others is distracting → distractions make it more difficult to perform
B) actors are concerned about evaluation → the most dominant response is activated
C) performance of difficult tasks is arousing → arousal impedes performance
D) the presence of others is arousing → arousal enhances performance
E) the presence of others causes arousal → arousal makes it easier to do simple things and harder to do difficult or new things

Question 37

The Wednesday Night Social Club has several couples that have been with the group for more than a decade.They all get along well and all of the members like each other.They meet every week for a different social activity often at each other's homes.Frequent activities include potluck and card games.Two new couples in the same age group who have moved into the neighbourhood have attended recently.This group shows evidence of

A) transactive memory.
B) cohesiveness.
C) continuity.
D) consensus.
E) strong leadership.

Question 38

_______ refers to the tendency of people to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when others are present.

A) Contagion performance
B) Social loafing
C) Social facilitation
D) Deindividuation
E) Contingent performance

Question 39

Jamal studied long and hard for his psychology exam,has mastered the material,and can answer any question that anyone poses.When he enters the classroom on the day of the examination,the room is more crowded than it's been all term.In this situation,Jamal should

A) move to a quiet room to take the exam alone.
B) request to make the exam a conjunctive task performed in groups.
C) move to the front of the lecture hall where he will not be able to see the crowd behind him.
D) request to make the exam an additive task performed in groups.
E) remain in the crowded classroom to take the exam.

Question 40

In India,women were traditionally permitted to occupy only the roles of mother,wife,agricultural laborer,or domestic worker.A social psychologist would likely assert that which of these is an example of a cost of social roles?

A) Roles often are imposed by the powerful.
B) Roles often have cultural implications.
C) Roles often bring about deindividuation.
D) Roles often limit what opportunities are available to some people.
E) Roles often apply to those who are less powerful.

Question 41

The resident assistant of a campus residence hall notices that when a team of five students is assigned to bathroom duty,the bathrooms are not as well cleaned as when only one student is assigned to clean them.What phenomenon does this example illustrate?

A) social facilitation
B) group decline
C) social inhibition
D) social loafing
E) a minimal group paradigm

Question 42

Group or team learning activities are becoming more common in the university setting and professors often assign students to work in groups.Given what you know about social loafing,what advice would you give a professor who is considering using group learning activities?

A) For simple assignments, it's better to assign a group grade.
B) Beware of social loafing. It's always better to have students work alone if you want them to do well.
C) Make sure that the groups of students are cohesive and appoint their own leader.
D) For simple assignments, it's better to assign individual grades to students.
E) Make sure that the groups are not too small. It's better to have more students relying on one another.

Question 43

In social loafing,why is an individual's performance on a task undertaken with others better on complex tasks than on simple tasks?

A) There is less evaluation apprehension associated with simple tasks.
B) It actually depends on how the task will be evaluated.
C) When people become members of a group, they experience positive affect.
D) When people realize that their performance cannot be monitored or evaluated, they relax.
E) When people become members of a group, they are motivated to impress others.

Question 44

Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in social loafing?

A) Phoebe, who works with her classmates on a difficult group assignment
B) Troy, who has to write the forward of a novel he did not write
C) Tim, who washes a car with his friends
D) Danny, who struggles alone with a difficult calculus problem
E) Amanda, who sits alone in her office, licking stamps and placing them on envelopes

Question 45

A number of social psychologists have speculated on why the presence of others should lead to arousal.They have developed three explanatory theories.One is that arousal increases vigilance.Another is that arousal is distracting.Third,arousal

A) increases self-awareness.
B) makes us apprehensive about being evaluated.
C) makes us anxious.
D) decreases response latencies.
E) releases stress hormones.

Question 46

From what you know of social loafing,if subjects were asked to solve either simple or complex computer mazes,and were told either that their individual performances would be evaluated,or that their scores would be averaged with other participants' scores.When participants thought their scores would be averaged with another's,their performance would be expected to be _______ because they _______.

A) better on difficult mazes; were more motivated.
B) better on difficult mazes; were relaxed.
C) better on simple mazes; were relaxed.
D) worse on simple tasks; were aroused.
E) better on difficult mazes; were aroused.

Question 47

The evaluation apprehension explanation for the source of arousal that produces social facilitation posits that _______ leads to increased arousal,and thus enhanced performance on simple tasks.

A) the mere presence of others
B) the presence of others who might judge us
C) vigilance and divided attention
D) anything that causes anxiety
E) a social distraction such as a loud party

Question 48

When Jeffrey Jackson and Kip Williams (1985)had participants solve either simple or difficult mazes,those who believed that their scores would be averaged with another person's performed better on difficult mazes than on simple mazes.These finding suggest that social loafing

A) arises when we believe that we can be individually evaluated.
B) impairs performance on simple tasks, but enhances performance on complex tasks.
C) impairs performance on complex tasks, but enhances performance on simple tasks.
D) is less likely when people focus more on the collective.
E) impairs performance on both simple and complex tasks, but more for simple tasks.

Question 49

Social loafing is most likely to occur when

A) an improvisational comedy troupe performs.
B) a team of computer scientists works on different sections of code to locate and correct errors in a program.
C) a group is performing a task on which they will be individually evaluated.
D) a team of volunteers stuffs envelopes for a large mailing.
E) candidates for city council engage in a public debate.

Question 50

Steven Karau and Kipling Williams (1993)reviewed more than 150 studies on social loafing and found that the tendency to loaf is stronger in men than in women.Why is this true,according to the authors of your text?

A) Men typically occupy positions of higher status than women.
B) Women's tasks are typically more complex than typical male tasks.
C) Women are higher than men in relational interdependence.
D) Men have more power than women and can therefore induce women to do more work.
E) Women tend to feel more self-conscious in group.

Question 51

Joint class projects,voting in elections,and singing in unison are all examples of group activities that are likely to be affected by

A) groupthink.
B) social facilitation.
C) social loafing.
D) evaluation apprehension.
E) deindividuation.

Question 52

Which of the following explanations for social facilitation applies to humans but NOT to cockroaches?

A) Humans are aroused at the prospect of evaluation.
B) Humans are more likely to perform well on a simple task when aroused.
C) Humans are more likely to perform their dominant response when aroused.
D) Humans are distracted by a number of stimuli, including members of their own species.
E) Humans are alert and aroused in the presence of other members of their species.

Question 53

_______ refers to the tendency of people to do worse on simple tasks and better on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and when their individual performance cannot be evaluated.

A) Social accountability
B) Social inhibition
C) Social facilitation
D) Social loafing
E) Social norms

Question 54

Many Asian cultures are collectivistic-they tend to place a greater emphasis on the welfare of the group than on the individual.Conversely,Western cultures tend to stress individual performance more than that of the group.A reasonable hypothesis would be that the social loafing effect is

A) stronger in collectivist cultures.
B) slightly stronger in collectivist cultures, but still more dependent on individual personality differences.
C) stronger in Western culture.
D) almost nonexistent in collectivist cultures.
E) unaffected by cultural norms.

Question 55

Robert Baron (1986)has found that flashing lights can cause the same social facilitation effects as the presence of other people.These findings support the idea that _______ is the source of arousal that enhances performance on simple tasks.

A) increased vigilance
B) reactance
C) distraction
D) stress
E) evaluation apprehension

Question 56

New Ph.D.'s who apply for jobs often report that they give better job talks in front of the hiring committee members whom they may never see again than they do during dress rehearsals for their supportive colleagues and professors before they leave for their interviews.These reports provide anecdotal evidence that

A) the presence of others rarely enhances performance.
B) the distraction of being in a new place serves as a source of arousal.
C) evaluation apprehension may be a source of social facilitation.
D) the presence of others facilitates social behaviours.
E) if performance is to be enhanced, arousal must be optimal.

Question 57

Social loafing is likely to impair performance _______ and to enhance performance _______.

A) on complex tasks; when we're with others.
B) on simple tasks; on complex tasks.
C) when we're alone; when we're with others.
D) when we're with others; when we're alone.
E) on complex tasks; on simple tasks.

Question 58

If you wanted to determine whether evaluation apprehension or simple arousal accounts for social facilitation in humans,which of the following studies would you conduct?

A) Loiter in a health club locker room, either with or without dark glasses, a white cane, and a seeing-eye dog, (or else hide in a locker); measure how long it takes people to dress after a shower.
B) Ask people to solve easy or difficult crossword puzzles, either alone or with their friends; measure how long it takes them to solve the puzzles.
C) Conduct either a complicated or simple survey, by phone or in person; measure how long it takes people to answer the questions.
D) Ask people to participate in an archery exercise, either with friends or with strangers; count the number of bull's-eyes they make.
E) Ask people how they feel in a crowded classroom before a difficult exam.

Question 59

All other things being equal,_______ from _______ cultures would be most likely to engage in social loafing.

A) women; Western
B) women; Asian
C) men; Western
D) men and women; Asian
E) men; Asian

Question 60

One explanation for why the presence of others leads to arousal is that in the presence of members of our own species,we become alert,vigilant,and mildly aroused.The beauty of this explanation is that it explains

A) why people become concerned about how they are evaluated.
B) the causes and consequences of social loafing.
C) the causes of groupthink.
D) why other sources of arousal such as flashing lights have a similar effect.
E) the results of studies with both humans and cockroaches.

Question 61

Decision-making groups are most likely to share unique information when

A) members are assigned areas of expertise.
B) they seek consensus.
C) the leader is charismatic.
D) their task is additive.
E) the leader is relationship-oriented.

Question 62

Most social psychologists agree that which of the following are two causes of deindividuation?

A) people become frustrated and people pay less attention to their environment
B) people feel less accountable and people pay less attention to their moral standards
C) people pay less attention to their environment and people feel anonymous in a group
D) people become frustrated and people feel less accountable for acting on their frustration
E) people feel less accountable and people use others to shoulder the blame

Question 63

Normative conformity pressures can impair performance of a group in a problem-solving task because

A) only shared information is discussed.
B) social loafing is encouraged.
C) the weakest members of the group generally attempt to contribute the most.
D) such conformity interferes with risk-taking tendencies.
E) expert members are discouraged from disagreeing with others.

Question 64

Consider the following destructive acts: soccer fans bludgeoning one another,fans at rock concerts trampling one another to death to secure good seats,and Klansmen lynching African-Americans.All of these are examples of the dangerous effects of

A) anti-social contagion.
B) group hysteria
C) anti-social anonymity.
D) deindividuation.
E) hysterical contagion.

Question 65

For Halloween,Jeff wears a sheet and goes to a party as a ghost.How is this costume likely to influence his behaviour?

A) He will be more likely to monitor his own behaviour.
B) He will feel less like himself, causing him to reaffirm his own moral standards.
C) He will feel less personally accountable for his behaviour.
D) He will feel self-conscious and be less likely to interact with others.
E) He will focus more attention on himself, causing greater self-awareness.

Question 66

One reason that deindividuation often leads to impulsive or destructive behaviours is that the presence of many other people can reduce self-awareness,thus making people

A) feel less accountable for their actions.
B) feel less accountable for the actions of the group.
C) forget their internal values or moral standards.
D) less likely to contribute to group decisions.
E) feel more frustrated, which increases the impulse towards aggression.

Question 67

One way to deal with process loss and therefore enable the group to come up with correct solution to a problem is

A) to work towards integrative solutions.
B) to make sure that all members pool the available information.
C) to have a charismatic leader
D) for all members to criticize each other's ideas.
E) for all members take turns at a leadership role.

Question 68

According to Irving Janis (1972,1982),groupthink occurs when groups value _______ over _______.

A) strong leadership; weak leadership.
B) cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts.
C) invulnerability; accuracy.
D) efficiency; a common goal.
E) as many alternatives as possible; a common goal.

Question 69

_______ refers to the loosening of normal behavioural constraints when people are in a crowd,leading to increases in impulsive and deviant acts.

A) Collective contagion
B) Social facilitation
C) Deindividuation
D) Social loafing
E) Collective anonymity

Question 70

Deindividuation

A) often has the same effects as social facilitation.
B) always results in negative behaviours.
C) results in people feeling that there is little chance that they will be caught for behaving badly.
D) increases self-awareness, but greatly reduces a person's feelings of accountability for his or her behaviour.
E) can be reduced by inducing people to pay attention to the people around them.

Question 71

In one condition of an experiment conducted by Gerald Stasser (Stasser & Titus,1985),all group members had access to the same information,and in another condition,members had unique information that other group members didn't know.In the second (unshared information)condition,the group made a worse decision than in the first (shared information)condition.This occurred because groups

A) often engage in social loafing.
B) seldom can agree on who is most expert.
C) avoid differences of opinion, given conformity pressures.
D) often ignore dissenting opinions.
E) focus discussion on the information that all members know.

Question 72

Adam is part of a group organized to increase blood donations in a local community.As a social psychologist,Adam has a relevant background in persuasion tactics,but his group members fail to realize the important contributions he could make.This scenario is an example of

A) a task orientation to problem solving.
B) poor leadership.
C) process loss.
D) intragroup conflict.
E) goal misdirection

Question 73

Brian Mullen's (1986)analysis of newspaper accounts revealed that the larger the lynch mob,the more savagely the mobs murdered their victims.Robert Watson's (1973)cross-cultural study revealed that warriors wearing face or body paint were more likely to torture or kill captives than warriors who wore no "war paint." These findings suggest that one reason why mobs often commit heinous acts is that the individuals involved

A) experience a reduction in self-esteem and lose sight of their moral standards.
B) become more self-aware and act on their feelings of rage and frustration.
C) fall prey to social facilitation effects when they become aroused.
D) feel anonymous and thus less accountable for their actions.
E) fall prey to social loafing effects when they become aroused.

Question 74

Joe has just read chapter 8 on group processes and is now relaxing,watching football with his girlfriend.She finally understands the concept of "downs" and "turnovers," and moves on to other questions."If football is a team sport,how come they have the players' names on their uniforms?" she asks Joe.Assuming that the material in chapter 8 is still accessible in his memory,Joe wonders,

A) "Maybe to keep them from playing too mean and dirty."
B) "Maybe to help sort the laundry."
C) "Maybe so the announcer knows who made the play."
D) "Maybe to make it easier for the quarterback to spot the receivers."
E) "Maybe so individual players can be recognized by the fans."

Question 75

Which is NOT a reason that deindividuation could lead to impulsive or destructive acts?

A) When others are present, or when you are wearing a uniform, there is a lower chance that any individual can be identified and blamed.
B) Self-awareness is reduced, and this shifts attention away from individuals' internal moral standards.
C) Deindividuation leads people to be more likely to obey the group's norms.
D) Deindividuation always increases physiological arousal and, consequently, aggressiveness.
E) When people are following group norms, they are less likely to follow other norms, like the norm that it is wrong to hurt others.

Question 76

There is a powerful scene in the classic film To Kill a Mockingbird.Atticus Finch,a small town lawyer,is on the courthouse steps standing guard over Tom Robinson,an African-American prisoner who he is defending.A mob of townspeople and local farmers approaches the courthouse,demanding that Atticus turn over Robinson; they are intent on administering their own form of vigilante justice.Suddenly,Atticus's young daughter Scout steps forward.She doesn't understand what's about to happen,and begins to address people in the crowd,"Hey,Mr.Cunningham.How's your boy? I like Walter,but I haven't seen him in awhile." As Scout innocently addresses a number of individuals in the crowd,they begin to leave one-by-one,until the whole lynch mob is disbanded.This classic movie scene best illustrates which social psychological phenomenon?

A) social facilitation
B) diffusion of responsibility
C) the bystander effect
D) social loafing
E) deindividuation

Question 77

Ivan Steiner (1972)has defined _______ as any aspect of group interaction that impedes good problem-solving.

A) social facilitation
B) collective obstacles
C) communicative friction
D) process loss
E) social loafing

Question 78

Deindividuation is defined as the feeling of anonymity that often leads to

A) contagion.
B) prosocial behaviours.
C) impulsive deviant acts.
D) social loafing.
E) social facilitation

Question 79

Consider the following anti-social acts: European soccer fans sometimes attack and bludgeon players and other fans,in the U.S.mobs of whites would lynch African-Americans,and in Canada a young man was beaten to death by a group of disguised youths.What do these situations have in common?

A) They reflect mass actions caused by relative deprivation.
B) They demonstrate the tragedies sometimes caused by anonymity.
C) They represent the downside of social facilitation.
D) They reflect extreme examples of social loafing.
E) They represent an unexpected hazard of group cohesion.

Question 80

Ellen and Gene had a disagreement before an important meeting and carried their argument into the meeting.They wouldn't listen to one another and were highly critical of each other's contributions.This example best illustrates

A) affective spillover.
B) intragroup conflict
C) disjunctive styles.
D) antagonistic task performance.
E) process loss.