Deck 11: Aggression

Question 1

A(n)_______ would be most optimistic about the possibility of reducing human aggression.

A) Freudian psychologist
B) Jungian psychologist
C) social psychologist
D) evolutionary psychologist
E) sociobiologist

Answer 1

social psychologist

Question 2

_______ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain.

A) Oblique
B) Misplaced
C) Social
D) Hostile
E) Instrumental

Answer 2

Instrumental

Question 3

According to most social psychologists,aggression is defined as

A) any behaviour that inflicts emotional damage on another person.
B) behaviour intended to cause harm to or pain in another.
C) the intention to relieve frustration by harming another.
D) any action that results in physical or psychological pain in another.
E) the infliction of harm or pain on another.

Answer 3

behaviour intended to cause harm to or pain in another.

Question 4

Which of the following findings concerning aggression in men and women is TRUE?

A) The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be female strangers.
B) Men's physical aggression tends to involve more severe forms of violence than women's physical aggression.
C) Physical aggression is most likely to be reported among long-term married couples.
D) Women's physical aggression results in greater degree of injury than men's physical aggression.
E) The most frequent targets of male aggression tend to be a romantic partner or spouse.

Question 5

Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression?

A) Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her, "I hate you!"
B) Walter is angry and ignores a friend's request for a favour until he calms down.
C) Angela threatens her younger brother to force him to give up his toy.
D) A lineman sacks a quarterback to put him out of the game.
E) An angry driver loses control and runs his car into a ditch.

Question 6

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviours below is the best example of aggression?

A) A student is upset with their professor after they receive a failing grade.
B) One basketball player accidentally fouls another when he is trying to shoot.
C) A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father.
D) David is not paying attention and runs over the neighbour's cat as he backs out of the driveway.
E) Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise.

Question 7

The goal of _______ aggression is to inflict pain,while the goal of _______ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

A) hostile; instrumental
B) biological; evolutionary
C) evolutionary; biological
D) hostile; functional
E) functional; instrumental

Question 8

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

A) Scott has a quick temper and gets into fights at parties.
B) Angry at her boyfriend, Liz destroys his stereo.
C) Karin runs over her neighbour's cat.
D) An assassin kills a leader to ensure the success of a coup.
E) Andrea slaps Bob because she is offended at something he said.

Question 9

In an experiment in which participants were insulted either before or after they learned that the offender was upset due to a low grade (Johnson & Rule,1986),participants were more likely to retaliate when the situation was explained to them after the insult.These results support the idea that provocation is less likely to result in an aggressive response when

A) those who provoke us apologize before we are provoked.
B) those who provoke us apologize after we are provoked.
C) we learn of mitigating circumstance ahead of time.
D) we can empathize with those who provoke us.
E) those who provoke us have an excuse for their behaviour.

Question 10

_______ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger and that is aimed at inflicting pain.

A) Misplaced
B) Intentional
C) Malicious
D) Instrumental
E) Hostile

Question 11

Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression

A) is more destructive than hostile aggression.
B) involves inflicting pain as a means to an end.
C) is more likely to result in retaliation.
D) often follows from anger or frustration.
E) usually involves inflicting only psychological pain, and not physical pain.

Question 12

Which statement best reflects most social psychologists' beliefs about the nature of aggression?

A) Aggression is the result of both inborn propensities and a particular situational context.
B) Aggression is based on normal inborn instincts.
C) Aggression is entirely determined by situational factors.
D) Aggression occurs when unexpressed emotions build up inside and must be expressed to relieve pressure.
E) Aggression is almost always maladaptive.

Question 13

James Dabbs and his colleagues (e.g.,Dabbs et al.,1995)have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men _______ than men ___________.

A) convicted of property crimes; convicted of violent crimes
B) who play professional sports; who play recreational sports
C) from abusive homes; from non-abusive homes
D) convicted of violent crimes; convicted of property crimes
E) from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; higher socioeconomic backgrounds

Question 14

During the seventeenth century,when European fur traders arrived,the Iroquois changed from a peace-loving tribe to fierce enemies of their neighbours,the Hurons.This suggests that

A) aggression is affected by innate propensities and learned inhibitory responses.
B) economic and social competition can elicit aggression.
C) instrumental aggression is inborn.
D) aggressive instincts can even vary within a culture.
E) evolution selected for aggressive behaviours.

Question 15

Instead of getting into physical fights when they want to intimidate one another,adolescents sometimes spread vicious rumours to destroy the reputation of another student.These behaviours are an example of

A) extreme prejudice.
B) assertiveness.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) antisocial behaviour
E) hostile aggression.

Question 16

Which of the following conclusions concerning gender differences in aggression is FALSE?

A) Women's aggression is more likely to be directed at a romantic partner than a stranger.
B) Although men are much more aggressive than women under ordinary circumstances, gender differences are smaller when men and women are provoked.
C) Women are less likely than men to be physically aggressive toward their partner.
D) Patterns of male aggression show a link to alcohol consumption.
E) Men's aggression is more likely to be directed at other men.

Question 17

Deaux & LaFrance (1998)performed cross cultural observational research that addresses levels of aggression in children.Based on the results of their research,which of the following children would be most likely to engage in "nonplayful" pushing,hitting,and shoving on the playground?

A) Stacey, because she grew up in a large city
B) Bobby, because he grew up in the United States
C) Robyn, because her parents use threats of severe punishment
D) Namara, because he is a boy
E) Althea, because she spent her formative years in Ethiopia

Question 18

_______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain,is meant to cause pain,and stems from feelings of anger,whereas _______ is defined as behaviour that causes pain,but is really a means to some other goal.

A) Assertiveness; general aggression
B) Instrumental aggression; hostile aggression
C) Instrumental aggression; assertiveness
D) Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression
E) Hostile aggression; assertiveness

Question 19

Which piece of evidence would best support the notion that aggressiveness involves a biological component in humans?

A) Across many cultures and classes, boys are consistently more aggressive than girls.
B) Some tribes show evidence that aggression among them is virtually nonexistent.
C) One particular culture can be peaceful for hundreds of years and then become aggressive due to changes in their living conditions.
D) Kuo (1961) raised a kitten in the same cage as a rat, and the cat grew up refusing to chase or kill any rat it encountered.
E) Within a culture, aggression is generally exhibited in the same way.

Question 20

Two necessary preconditions for an action to be viewed by social psychologists as "aggression" include _______ and _______.

A) intention to cause pain; success in doing so.
B) actual harm; intention to cause pain.
C) physical pain; psychological pain.
D) intention to harm; psychological or physical pain.
E) physical pain; an emotional reaction.

Question 21

A large volume of research has revealed that,in everyday circumstances,aggression is less common among girls and women than among boys and men.Because these findings are _______,gender differences _______.

A) consistent; are strictly biological in nature.
B) small; are social in nature.
C) consistent; can be extremely important.
D) small; have nothing to do with biological factors.
E) correlational; are still somewhat ambiguous.

Question 22

The implications of the study by McDonald,Zanna and Holmes (2000)on the effect of alcohol on perceptions of conflict in relationships are that

A) alcohol may have an indirect effect on conflict by making people less willing to work on conflict in the relationship.
B) alcohol can play a causal role in increasing relationship conflict.
C) alcohol has little direct effect on perception of conflict in a relationship.
D) women's perceptions of relationship conflict are more affected by alcohol than men's perceptions.
E) the fact that both the alcohol and placebo groups reacted negatively shows that alcohol provides an excuse for relationship conflict.

Question 23

Riots do occur more often on hot days than on cool days (Carlsmith & Anderson,1979).The hotter the day in a number of cities,the more violent crimes occur (Anderson & Anderson,1984; Rotton & Frey,1985).These results suggest that discomfort can lead to aggression.However,such results should be interpreted with caution because

A) the results apply only to urban areas.
B) researchers only studied violent aggression.
C) researchers only studied instrumental aggression.
D) some third variable might account for the relation.
E) researchers limited themselves to the United States.

Question 24

Identify the true statement concerning the link between alcohol and aggression.

A) When women show aggression it tends to be targeted towards other women in bars.
B) Alcohol consumption leads to an increase in aggression in males, but not in females.
C) Alcohol tends to interact with testosterone levels causing some individuals to be much more violent than others.
D) Marital violence is much more likely to occur when the male partner abuses alcohol than if he does not abuse alcohol.
E) Any links between alcohol and domestic violence are still unclear.

Question 25

In a study by Carré and colleagues,men played a computer game against a fictitious opponent.Researchers varied the rewards and costs as well as provocation from the opponent.Results supported the idea that

A) testosterone levels will vary depending on situational factors.
B) men who produce high levels of testosterone are more aggressive.
C) testosterone levels are non-responsive to situational factors.
D) aggression-levels vary as a response to situational factors rather than testosterone levels.
E) aggression depends on serotonin levels to a greater extent than testosterone levels.

Question 26

An experimental study by McDonald,Zanna,and Holmes (2000)gave alcohol,placebo drinks,or no drinks to male students in relationships.They were asked to describe and evaluate conflict in their relationship.The results show that

A) both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more negative view of their partner and their relationships than the control group.
B) both the intoxicated and placebo groups had a more positive view of their partner and their relationships than the control group.
C) intoxicated participants had a more positive view of their relationship than either the placebo or control group.
D) intoxicated participants reported more negative emotions and had a more negative view of their partner than the placebo or control group.
E) intoxicated participants changed to a more positive view of their relationship after consuming alcohol compared to their perceptions before consuming alcohol.

Question 27

Recall from your text that boys are more aggressive than girls,that worldwide,men are more likely than women to be convicted of violent crimes,and if women are arrested,it is typically for nonviolent crimes such as forgery or fraud.According to the authors,these findings suggest the role of _______ factors that contribute to aggression.

A) cultural
B) evolutionary
C) biological
D) social
E) psychological

Question 28

In an attempt to debunk the myth that aggression is instinctual,biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961)raised a kitten in the same cage with a rat.Not only did the cat refrain from killing the rat,but the two became quite close companions.This experiment demonstrated that

A) aggression is not instinctual.
B) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited by early experience.
C) it is possible to learn to discriminate-the cat would not attack rats, but would still attack other animals.
D) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in an artificial environment.
E) the aggressive instinct can be inhibited in some species but not in others.

Question 29

The Pygmies of Central Africa and the Arapesh of New Guinea live in peace and harmony.Formerly peace-loving,the Iroquois became a fierce and aggressive Native American tribe in the seventeenth century.These examples illustrate that

A) humans will always eventually exhibit aggressive tendencies.
B) in humans, innate behavioural patterns, including aggression, are infinitely malleable and modifiable.
C) there are strong regional differences in the endorsement of aggression as a solution to social problems.
D) humans, lacking inhibitory mechanisms, must rely on cultural norms to curb aggression.
E) frustration often contributes to aggression in otherwise peaceable societies.

Question 30

Applying the research findings of Debra Pepler and colleagues (2002),how soon would we want to introduce interventions to deal with alcohol abuse and dating violence?

A) age 11-12
B) age 16-17
C) age 19-21
D) age 13-14
E) age 17-18

Question 31

Although aggressiveness has evolved and has been maintained because it has survival value,researchers underscore the point that _______________ also seem to have developed strong inhibitory mechanisms that enable them to suppress aggression when it is in their best interest to do so.

A) nearly all organisms
B) nearly all vertebrates
C) cognitively developed species
D) most primates
E) only a few species

Question 32

Researchers Wells,Graham,and West have conducted a number of studies on male behaviour in bars,observing both bouncers and patrons.What conclusions have they reached?

A) Bouncers used excessive aggression against bar patrons when the bouncers were intimidated and needed to defend themselves.
B) No conclusions can be drawn as it was just observational research.
C) If threats or fights occur it is usually in response to direct provocation.
D) They documented the existence of a macho subculture among male bar patrons.
E) Patrons in bars often provoke the bouncers to become aggressive.

Question 33

Based on research conducted with nonhuman animals,it is reasonable to conclude that aggression

A) may be instinctive-very few species are able to suppress aggressive urges.
B) is instinctive in all species except humans.
C) is not inevitable, but instead an optional strategy.
D) is not instinctive, but rather solely a result of learned processes.
E) is only instinctive in "lower" animals.

Question 34

Wells,Graham,and West (1998)suggested that members of a particular Canadian subculture,bouncers who work in bars,were most likely to act in an extremely aggressive manner because

A) the consumption of alcohol reduced inhibitions against aggressive behaviour.
B) of perceived threats to their masculinity and authority.
C) bar patrons tend to be aggressive.
D) people who are aggressive by nature tend to take those kinds of jobs.
E) the crowding and noise raised their levels of physiological arousal.

Question 35

Ethologist Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (1963)raised rats in isolation.When other rats were finally introduced into their cages,rats raised alone _______,suggesting that _______.

A) fled from the new rats; aggression must be learned.
B) used the same aggressive behaviours as other rats; aggression need not be learned.
C) did not aggress against them; instrumental aggression does not exist in nonhumans.
D) could not defend themselves; aggression is learned.
E) become more aggressive than other rates; isolation leads to aggression.

Question 36

Which research findings below provide the most sound evidence that excessive heat causes greater aggression?

A) Compared to students who took a test in a normal temperature room, test-taking students in a 32ºC room were more likely to express hostility toward a stranger.
B) In cities all over the country, riots are more likely to occur on hot days than on cold days.
C) Throughout the history of the World Series, more batters have been hit by pitched balls on hot days than on cool days.
D) There are fewer riots in Canadian cities than there are in American cities.
E) In Phoenix, drivers without air conditioning are more likely to honk at others than drivers with air conditioning.

Question 37

Desdemona is having a bad day.As she runs to answer the phone,she bangs her knee on the coffee table.Cursing and limping,Desdemona grabs the phone and tosses it across the room.She never did figure out who called.This is an example of

A) the neural basis of aggression.
B) a biochemical cause of hostile aggression.
C) aggression caused by pain.
D) irrational behaviour.
E) an interpersonal cause of aggression.

Question 38

Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961)demonstrated that a cat who had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats.This research suggests that

A) aggression is species specific.
B) aggressive instincts can be modified through experience.
C) conflict over scarce resources contributes to aggression.
D) aggression is an entirely learned response.
E) aggressive behaviour is not instinctive.

Question 39

In Carré and colleagues' (2010)study of the testosterone levels of men who played a competitive computer game,which men showed an increase in testosterone?

A) Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was rewarding.
B) Men who were provoked and for whom aggression was costly.
C) Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was rewarding.
D) Men who were unprovoked and for whom aggression was costly.
E) Men who chose to help the experimenter rather than play another computer game.

Question 40

One problem with using archival data (e.g.,existing records of disturbances)to demonstrate that exposure to uncomfortable levels of heat causes people to behave aggressively is that

A) more people might simply be outside on a warm day than on a cold day.
B) by definition, people who participate in disturbances are not a random sample.
C) it is difficult to access such records.
D) the records focus on the past 200 years.
E) such disturbances do not involve the kind of aggression of interest to social psychologists.

Question 41

Chip and Dale get into a bitter fight over who owes what for their large phone bill.Chip is frustrated that Dale won't see his side of the argument.Which of the following will increase the odds that Chip will resort to physical aggression against Dale?

A) Dale outweighs Chip by 25 pounds.
B) Dale can refuse to pay the utility bills, too.
C) Dale admits that he might have forgotten a few of his long distance calls.
D) Dale is a martial arts expert.
E) Dale pulls out his check book, but then refuses to write the check to Chip.

Question 42

In explaining the race riots of 1967 and 1968,Reverend Jesse Jackson noted that the riots occurred "in the middle of rising expectations and the increased,though inadequate,social spending." His analysis best reflects _______ as a source of aggression.

A) the discomfort caused by the long, hot summer
B) relative deprivation
C) discrimination and direct provocation
D) social issues
E) catharsis

Question 43

Kevin is told that if he works for five days at a telemarketing job,he can expect to earn $100 a day on commission alone.When he gets his paycheck at the end of the week,it comes to only about $80 per day.He's very upset even when he finds out that his co-workers all made only about $60 each per day.This is an example of

A) unfulfilled expectations leading to frustration.
B) catharsis.
C) instrumental aggression.
D) hostile frustration.
E) dispositional frustration.

Question 44

Two children,Jane and Joan,have been eyeing a new water pistol in the local toy store for months.Each is convinced that her parents will buy her the water pistol as soon as summer comes.Yesterday,Jane's parents bought her the water pistol.As soon as Joan found out,she had a temper tantrum and hit Jane in the stomach._______ best explains Joan's behaviour?

A) The weapons effect
B) The cathartic effect
C) Social exchange theory
D) Frustration-aggression theory
E) The emotional consistency effect

Question 45

You are about to leave on vacation and your brother is driving you to the airport.Unfortunately,you get to the airport too late and you find out that your flight has already left.Under which of the following conditions are you most likely to feel aggressive toward your brother and want to scream at him?

A) You missed your flight by two minutes.
B) The next available flight is two days away.
C) Your brother forgot to put your luggage in the car.
D) You missed your flight by an hour.
E) Your flight has been delayed.

Question 46

DeWall and Bushman's (2009)study of the impact on aggression of heat-related,cold-related,or neutral words,found that those exposed to ________ words produced the most aggressive word completions.

A) heat-related
B) cold-related
C) neutral
D) heat- and cold-related
E) cold-related and neutral

Question 47

William Griffitt and Roberta Veitch (1971)administered tests to students who were randomly assigned to take the test in a room with normal temperature or in a 32ºC room.After completing the test,students were asked how aggressive they felt and their hostility toward a stranger was measured.These researchers found that students in the

A) normal room felt more aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.
B) 32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room and were more hostile to the stranger.
C) normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but were more hostile to the stranger.
D) 32ºC room felt more aggressive than those in the normal room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.
E) normal room felt less aggressive than those in the 32ºC room, but both sets of students were equally hostile to the stranger.

Question 48

According to the principle of relative deprivation,which group is most likely to rebel against the leadership of a country?

A) The group that is most privileged and feels threatened by demands of less powerful groups.
B) The group that has the most charismatic leader.
C) The group that has been treated the worst for the longest period of time.
D) The group that has received some, but not all, of its demands for equality.
E) The group that perceives that is has nothing to lose but its chains.

Question 49

_______ refers to the perception that you (or your group)have less than you were led to expect,or less that similar others have.

A) Relative deprivation
B) Functional deprivation
C) Frustration
D) Absolute deprivation
E) Aspirational deprivation

Question 50

Several factors can increase frustration and accordingly will increase the probability that some form of aggression will occur.Which of the following is NOT one of these factors?

A) unexpectedness
B) closeness to the goal or object of your desire
C) alcohol consumption
D) relative deprivation
E) someone intentionally causes you to become frustrated

Question 51

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response,but does not inevitably lead to such a response (e.g.,Berkowitz,1993).A number of situational factors work to accentuate frustration,further increasing the odds of aggression.For example,frustration is accentuated when we

A) perceive the frustrating act as unavoidable.
B) expect the frustration.
C) perceive the frustrating act as random.
D) are close to our intended goal.
E) perceive the frustrating act as unintentional.

Question 52

One determinant of whether we will respond aggressively when provoked is whether

A) provocation was relational or instrumental.
B) the offending party is older or younger than us.
C) the provocation was physical or psychological.
D) provocation takes the form of a threat.
E) we perceive the provocation as intentional.

Question 53

Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing.According to frustration-aggression theory,what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to aggressive behaviour?

A) Kristi takes an apartment that she believes is overpriced.
B) Kristi realizes that the real estate agent is doing the best he can.
C) Kristi finally admits that her expectations were unrealistic.
D) The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit.
E) The delay is frustrating, but not unexpected; students are already back in town.

Question 54

Roger Barker,Tamara Dembo,and Kurt Lewin (1941)manipulated _______ by making some children view attractive toys that were kept out of their reach.

A) relative deprivation
B) anticipation
C) response latency
D) aggression
E) frustration

Question 55

When Roger Barker and his colleagues (1941)prevented children from playing with attractive toys,once the children gained access to the toys,they behaved destructively,smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall.These results demonstrate the power of _______ to increase aggression.

A) social learning
B) absolute deprivation
C) aggressive stimuli
D) frustration
E) imitation

Question 56

In which of the following situations is frustration least likely to result in aggression?

A) A woman grabs you and says "Hey, slow down," as you rush to catch your train.
B) The parking lot is full, and a driver pulls around you to take the parking place for which you've been waiting.
C) Your friend sprained her ankle, and cannot help you move, as promised.
D) A telemarketer interrupts your dinner to sell you a magazine subscription.
E) You realize you are being lowballed by a salesperson.

Question 57

According to the relation between frustration and aggression,who is most likely to get into an argument with someone who cuts in line ahead of him or her?

A) Alicia, who only has one item at the drug store
B) Alinda, who is in line to pay for a parking ticket
C) Barbara, who is the next in line at the grocery store check-out counter
D) Tim, who has been waiting two hours to buy concert tickets
E) Hector, who is last in line for movie tickets

Question 58

_______ refers to the tendency to aggress when we perceive that our progress is thwarted.

A) The displacement effect
B) Reactance theory
C) The hydraulic model
D) The catharsis hypothesis
E) Frustration-aggression theory

Question 59

_______ occurs when a person is thwarted on the way to an expected goal or gratification.

A) Depression
B) Frustration
C) Low self-esteem
D) Anger
E) Anxiety

Question 60

In DeWall and Bushman's (2009)study of the impact on aggression of heat- or cold-related words,participants exposed to ________ words showed more ________.

A) cold-related; aggressive word completions.
B) heat-related; non-aggressive word completions.
C) cold-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour.
D) heat-related; hostile attributions to others behaviour.
E) heat-related; non-hostile attributions to others behaviour.

Question 61

Research has shown that exposure to media violence is not only causally related to aggressive behaviour by the viewer but also causally related to a decrease in

A) empathy.
B) community charity involvement.
C) number of friends.
D) prosocial behaviour.
E) both empathy and prosocial behaviour.

Question 62

A cross-national study of violence found that homicide rates in countries all over the world are correlated with

A) poverty and drugs.
B) the availability of guns.
C) the use of capital punishment.
D) the number of veterans.
E) the legal drinking age.

Question 63

Which of the following is the best example of an aggressive stimulus?

A) an insult
B) loud, unpredictable noise
C) a gun rack in the rear window of a pick-up truck
D) extreme heat
E) a crowd

Question 64

Mike's parents try to stop Mike from hitting his brother by punishing him.Based on social learning theory why might that not work?

A) Mike will hide his violent behaviour from his parents.
B) Mike will learn violent behaviours from the other kids in school.
C) Mike's parents serve as role models of aggression for Mike to imitate.
D) It is normal for boys to go through an aggressive phase.
E) Mike has a personality disorder.

Question 65

A situational factor for teen aggression at schools has been identified as

A) alcohol intoxication.
B) social exclusion.
C) aggressive stimuli and objects.
D) testosterone.
E) overcrowding.

Question 66

John and Sam get into a fistfight in the middle of a gun shop.The presence of the guns would be an example of

A) modeling.
B) provocative objects.
C) aggressive stimuli.
D) the mere exposure effect.
E) agitating stimuli.

Question 67

_______ theory posits that we learn to aggress by observing and imitating others.

A) Aggression spillover
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social learning
D) Frustration-aggression
E) Direct reinforcement

Question 68

The fact that a large percentage of physically abusive people were themselves abused by their parents can be best explained by

A) urban overload.
B) catharsis.
C) frustration-aggression theory.
D) genetic predisposition.
E) social learning theory.

Question 69

Twenge and colleagues (2001)conducted an experimental study on social exclusion in which participants were told that none of the other participants wanted to work with them on the experimental task.Their results reveal that

A) although subjects were surprised by rejection, it did not result in an aggressive response even when given the opportunity to aggress.
B) participants who were rejected by their similar others became aggressive when given the opportunity, but were not significantly more aggressive in response to rejection by dissimilar others.
C) participants who were rejected by dissimilar others reacted aggressively when given the opportunity, but had significantly less reaction to rejection by similar others.
D) people who experience social rejection will retaliate with aggression if given the opportunity.
E) social rejection causes passivity, withdrawal, and inhibited responding.

Question 70

Which of the following findings provides the most sound support for the assertion that we learn aggression by observing others and imitating them?

A) Children who watch an adult assault a "bobo" doll will imitate that behaviour in the laboratory.
B) Abusive parents were rarely themselves abused when they were children.
C) Incidents of violence or threats of violence have occurred in different high schools within weeks of each other.
D) Suicide rates increase after excessive news coverage of grisly suicides.
E) Spectators at a boxing match are no more aggressive than those at a tennis match.

Question 71

Grant (2008)asked skilled immigrants from Asia and Africa about their feelings when credentials earned in their country of origin were not recognized in Canada.Participants showed anger,frustration,and resentment.The authors explained this as due to

A) frustration-aggression.
B) social exclusion.
C) relative deprivation.
D) aggressive stimuli.
E) provocation.

Question 72

The numerous school shootings that has followed in the decade since the shooting rampage at Columbine High School in Littleton,Colorado,suggests that

A) some people have personalities that make them susceptible to commit violent acts.
B) today's youth is much more violent than in the past.
C) children may imitate acts of violence seen on TV and in movies.
D) our society needs stricter gun laws.
E) people may imitate acts of violence performed by their peers.

Question 73

A little girl watches a television cartoon in which a woman yanks a child by the hair and screams at her.After seeing the cartoon,the little girl acts out this same interaction with her doll.This is an example of

A) catharsis.
B) the frustration-aggression link.
C) imagined aggression.
D) social learning.
E) instrumental aggression.

Question 74

Leonard Berkowitz (1981,p.12)wrote,"An angry person can pull the trigger of a gun if he [sic] wants to commit violence; but the trigger can also pull the finger or otherwise elicit aggressive reactions from him [sic],if he [sic] is ready to aggress and does not have strong inhibitions against such behaviour." This quote is an argument

A) that the presence of guns can increase aggression.
B) against gun control.
C) that lethal violence is a major part of American society.
D) that "guns don't kill people; people kill people."
E) that gun violence cannot be reduced.

Question 75

According to Leonard Berkowitz and Anthony LePage (1967),human beings

A) unlike animals, possess no clear means to halt aggression once it starts.
B) possess a large brain, which suggests that there is no inborn tendency to aggress.
C) seem to have an inborn tendency to aggress against certain provocative stimuli.
D) often engage in hostile aggression, but seldom engage in instrumental aggression.
E) often engage in instrumental aggression, but seldom engage in hostile aggression.

Question 76

Gina has recently been convicted in a highly publicized assault case.When asked by the press,she offers many reasons for her aggressiveness.Which of the following of Gina's arguments would a social psychologists find the least compelling?

A) "I watched a lot of violent television growing up."
B) "I used to watch my older brother beat up on neighbourhood kids."
C) "The man I assaulted provoked me. It wasn't intentional, but I didn't care."
D) "I'm a huge fan of boxing and watch all the bouts."
E) "There was a gun in the room when it happened."

Question 77

One factor identified as a common theme in case studies of school violence is

A) dating violence.
B) social exclusion.
C) counter-aggression.
D) relative deprivation.
E) catharsis.

Question 78

A number of long-term studies that monitor what children actually watch on television and that use teacher and peer ratings of aggressiveness (e.g.,Eron,1987; Huesmann,1982)have found that

A) there is no relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression.
B) it is reasonable to conclude that exposure to TV violence causes aggression.
C) the relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression holds for boys, but not for girls.
D) it is reasonable to conclude that aggression is a direct cause of watching TV violence.
E) the strength of the relation between exposure to TV violence and aggression increases with age.

Question 79

As Dale is walking by Andy,he trips over Andy's foot,falls to the ground,and hits his face on the side of a table as he is falling.Dale will be most likely to reciprocate by acting violently toward Andy if

A) Dale knows that Andy grew up in abusive household.
B) Andy intentionally tripped him.
C) Andy's cat just died.
D) Andy unintentionally tripped him.
E) Andy is clumsy.

Question 80

Garin is having lunch in the cafeteria,quietly minding his own business.While he is eating,he notices two guys whispering to each other and occasionally glancing in his direction.One of the guys picks up his tray and walks towards Garin.He dumps his tray in the garbage next to Garin,dropping leftovers all over him.When would Garin be most likely to respond with aggression?

A) If his friends are present.
B) If he believes it was an accident.
C) If he attributes the guy's behaviour to intentional hostility.
D) If he knows the guy well.
E) If he thinks he is physically capable of beating the guy up.