Deck 12: The Life Cycle: Conception Through the Later Years

Question 1

A child who drinks a lot of milk and does not consume much else is likely to show signs of:

A) anemia.
B) ariboflavinosis.
C) hyperkeratosis.
D) rickets.
E) pellagra.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A woman who needs 2,000 calories daily to satisfy her energy needs can expect to consume _____ calories per day in the second trimester of her pregnancy.

A) 2,340
B) 2,800
C) 3,000
D) 3,200

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Normal weight gain during pregnancy amounts to about _____ pounds for a woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight.

A) 15 to 20
B) 25 to 35
C) 35 to 40
D) 40 to 45

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which nutrient's absorption is not impaired by the aging process?

A) Calcium
B) Vitamin B₁₂
C) Iron
D) Riboflavin

Question 5

The secretion rich in antibodies which precedes the production of milk by the breast is called:

A) casein.
B) lactalbumin.
C) lactoferrin.
D) colostrum.
E) bifidus.

Question 6

Between the ages of 1 and 2 years, what changes in a young child's body structure usually take place?

A) No changes, because children grow very little in that year
B) Doubling of weight
C) Doubling of height
D) An increase in length of long bones and strengthening of muscle tissue

Question 7

The biological changes associated with aging:

A) occur at the same rate in all persons.
B) occur in all, but the rate may be altered by nutrition and lifestyle.
C) may be prevented by megadoses of vitamin E.
D) occur at a faster rate in males than females.

Question 8

The best way to be sure teenagers are growing normally is to:

A) compare their heights and weights to those of their peers.
B) use growth charts.
C) compare their heights and weights with previous measures taken.
D) weigh and measure them weekly.

Question 9

What are the first nutrients that need to be supplied by solid foods in a baby's diet?

A) Vitamin C and iron
B) Vitamin A and vitamin D
C) Iron and magnesium
D) Riboflavin and niacin

Question 10

School lunches should provide a minimum of _____ of the DRI for protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron, and calcium for children.

A) ¹/₈
B) ¹/₄
C) ¹/₃
D) ¹/₂
E) ²/₃

Question 11

Foods should be introduced to an infant one at a time because:

A) this prevents overfeeding.
B) the infant's swallowing reflex is not under voluntary control.
C) the infant's immunological protection hasn't been developed.
D) any allergic reactions can be detected.

Question 12

The American Academy of Pediatrics has taken the position that women should stop drinking:

A) during the first trimester of pregnancy.
B) when they first learn they are pregnant.
C) throughout the entire pregnancy.
D) as soon as they plan to become pregnant.

Question 13

As aging progresses, skin becomes less able to synthesize vitamin _____.

A) A
B) D
C) K
D) B₁₂

Question 14

Drinking alcohol during pregnancy:

A) can result in a fetal alcohol syndrome baby.
B) is extremely rare in the U.S. (1 infant in 1 million).
C) can be safe if only an occasional drink is consumed.
D) is allowed after the second trimester only.

Question 15

Which of the following is the most potent single indicator of an infant's future health status?

A) Mother's weight before pregnancy
B) Amount of weight gained during pregnancy
C) Mother's nutrition status prior to pregnancy
D) Birthweight of the infant

Question 16

Jack is an overweight child, but his parents think it is cute and assume he will outgrow this as time passes. What do you think his pediatrician will say?

A) The parents are right and an overweight baby is adorable.
B) Jack will likely be an overweight adult if his parents don't stop overfeeding him.
C) Jack needs to eat as much food as he wants since he is growing.
D) Jack will never be an overweight adult since his parents are not overweight.

Question 17

The bifidus factor encourages:

A) bacterial growth in the intestinal tract.
B) iron absorption.
C) hormone production.
D) allergy protection.

Question 18

The placenta is the:

A) developing infant during its second through eighth week after conception until birth.
B) developing infant from the eighth week after conception until birth.
C) muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth.
D) infant from birth until her first birthday.
E) organ from which the infant receives nourishment.

Question 19

Which food is added to an infant's diet for the prevention of iron-deficiency anemia?

A) Orange juice
B) Enriched cereal
C) Bananas
D) Yellow fruits
E) Bread

Question 20

Which of the following behaviors is not recommended for a 2 year old to ensure healthful eating habits?

A) She should be able to choose what she wants to eat for meals even if it is not nutritious.
B) She should be able to leave an entire meal untouched occasionally.
C) She should be able to have short food jags, such as eating peanut butter sandwiches every day for a week.
D) She should be offered a variety of foods that includes at least one that she likes.

Question 21

Overweight children are likely to become:

A) normal-weight adults.
B) underweight adults with eating disorders.
C) overweight adults.
D) underweight adults.

Question 22

Due to increased absorption as we age, which vitamin should not be taken as a supplement by the elderly?

A) Niacin
B) Vitamin B₆
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin A

Question 23

Which of the following is correct concerning the protein intake of pregnant women?

A) Women need twice as much protein when pregnant as they did prior to pregnancy.
B) Pregnant women need 20 grams of protein per day over nonpregnant requirements.
C) Pregnant women do not need additional protein.
D) Women need less protein when pregnant than they did prior to pregnancy.

Question 24

In which way might dental disease lead to declines in a person's nutrition status?

A) It may lead to weight gain.
B) It may lead to difficulty chewing and thus reduce food intake.
C) It may alter cognitive ability to choose foods wisely.
D) It may cause difficulties in regulating fluid balance.

Question 25

Which statement about infants born to women with diabetes is false ?

A) The infants may have respiratory distress syndrome.
B) The infants are usually born a week or two after their due dates.
C) The infants may have an excessively high birth weight.
D) The infants are at greater risk for congenital defects.

Question 26

Jim is 80 years old and takes acid blockers and antacids for his chronic heartburn. The reduced gastric acidity that results may lead to impaired absorption of:

A) calcium.
B) magnesium.
C) vitamin C.
D) riboflavin.

Question 27

Adolescent pregnancy is associated with higher rates of all of the following except :

A) pregnancy-induced hypertension.
B) delivery past the due date.
C) prolonged labor.
D) stillbirths.

Question 28

Sue is visiting her pregnant cousin Anna and notices that she is eating laundry starch and clay when watching TV at night. What is going on?

A) Anna is experiencing pica.
B) Anna is showing symptoms of high blood pressure.
C) Anna is probably diabetic.
D) Anna is constipated and this will alleviate the problem.

Question 29

An important reason for the increase in childhood obesity is:

A) increased portion sizes of commonly consumed foods.
B) increased intake of fast-food meals.
C) increased time on the computer or watching television.
D) increased calorie intake.
E) all of the above

Question 30

By which age has a baby usually tripled her or his birthweight?

A) 6 months
B) 12 months
C) 18 months
D) 24 months

Question 31

_____ recommendations for an infant are 7 times greater per pound of body weight than those for an adult male.

A) Vitamin C
B) Vitamin K
C) Vitamin E
D) Vitamin D

Question 32

Experts from major U.S. health and professional organizations recommend that children ages two and older eat diets containing no more than _____% of total calories from fat.

A) 15
B) 20
C) 30
D) 45

Question 33

Which of these types of foods is fortified with folate in order to reduce the occurrence of neural tube defects?

A) Salt
B) Sugar
C) Milk products
D) Refined grain products

Question 34

Which of the following is not a symptom of preeclampsia?

A) Protein in the urine
B) Fluid retention
C) Low blood pressure
D) Severe and constant headaches

Question 35

All of the following are considered nutritional risk factors in pregnancy except :

A) age 17 to 23.
B) low education level.
C) carrying twins or triplets.
D) poverty.

Question 36

_____ factors, not _____ factors, are primarily responsible for the rapid increases in overweight children and adolescents in recent years.

A) Societal and genetic; environmental
B) Environmental and societal; genetic
C) Genetic; environmental and societal
D) Environmental; societal and genetic

Question 37

In which way might osteoarthritis affect a person's nutrition status?

A) It predisposes a person to a sedentary life, leading to obesity.
B) It may cause difficulties in regulating fluid balance.
C) It increases the risk of malabsorption of nutrients.
D) It increases the risk of infections, leading to weight loss.

Question 38

Which of these foods would enhance the absorption of iron?

A) Whole-grain pasta
B) Skim milk
C) Olive oil
D) Oranges

Question 39

How many weeks is a typical pregnancy?

A) 24 weeks
B) 34 weeks
C) 40 weeks
D) 52 weeks

Question 40

Which of the following is not correct regarding weight gain during pregnancy?

A) If a woman gains more than the recommended amount of weight early in pregnancy, she should try to diet in the last weeks.
B) Weight gain should be lowest during the first trimester.
C) A sudden large weight gain may indicate the onset of pregnancy-induced hypertension.
D) The extra body tissues the mother builds during pregnancy to support the fetus's development weigh about 20 pounds.

Question 41

Todd is a full-time student on a limited food budget who, fortunately, has access to a kitchen and likes to cook his own meals. He always buys vegetables and fruits that are in season in order to save money. During the fall, he chooses:

A) apples, pears, and acorn and butternut squash.
B) berries, peaches, zucchini, and melons.
C) asparagus, green beans, sweet peas, and rhubarb.
D) oranges, grapefruits, sweet potatoes, rutabagas, and greens.

Question 42

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents that are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad is experiencing depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer their questions to see if we can help them. Which of the following is correct about the energy requirements of older adults like Juan's and Rosa's parents?

A) Since absorption of all nutrients decreases as aging occurs, it is necessary to increase calorie intake.
B) The recommended energy allowance decreases as we age due to lowered basal metabolic rates.
C) The recommended calorie intake increases until age 35 and then remains constant for the remaining years.
D) The recommended calorie intake increases for men only but remains constant for women after age 35.

Question 43

Breastfeeding in the United States is still recommended in which of the following circumstances?

A) The mother is HIV infected.
B) The mother has tuberculosis.
C) The mother is an alcoholic.
D) The mother has the flu.

Question 44

As U.S. children get older, their dietary quality tends to _____, especially in regards to _____.

A) improve; fruit and vegetable intakes
B) stay the same; milk intakes
C) get worse; fruit and sodium intakes
D) fluctuate; egg and meat intakes

Question 45

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book about how to have a successful pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. Maya smokes cigarettes during the day at work. She suspects this cannot be good for a developing fetus, and after reading the book, finds out that all of the following are possible consequences of smoking during pregnancy except :

A) delivering a low-birthweight baby.
B) experiencing a spontaneous abortion.
C) stunted fetal growth.
D) increased risk of fetal diabetes.

Question 46

Just like adults, many children:

A) eat a diet low in meats and have a lifestyle high in activity.
B) eat a diet high in fruits and high in meats.
C) have a lifestyle low in activity and eat a diet high in dairy.
D) eat a diet low in fruits and vegetables and have a lifestyle low in activity.
E) eat a diet high in grains and high in vegetables.

Question 47

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book about how to have a successful pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. Bob is concerned about Maya and urges her to start eating more food, especially high-fat foods. Which of the following is correct about weight gain during pregnancy?

A) It is important that Maya begin to eat about 250 extra calories each day.
B) It is important that Maya double her protein intake during the first trimester.
C) It is important that Maya not consume additional calories until the second and third trimesters.
D) It is important that Maya take a vitamin A supplement during the first trimester.

Question 48

Which aspect of Bella's lifestyle should she probably consider changing in order to grow old healthfully?

A) She has no hobbies or interests that are not directly related to her occupation
B) She does not smoke, and rarely drinks alcoholic beverages
C) She contributes part of her paycheck to a retirement account (401K)
D) She eats a balanced diet, including vegetables and nonfat dairy products

Question 49

Eating disorders are most likely to occur during _____.

A) infancy
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 50

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents that are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad is experiencing depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer their questions to see if we can help them. Which of the following is not recommended for Juan and Rosa in order to offset bone loss that typically occurs with aging?

A) Take calcium citrate supplements.
B) Substitute fat-free milk for soft drinks and choose non-fat yogurt as a snack.
C) Purchase calcium-fortified orange juice.
D) Drink red wine daily.
E) Take a daily walk and a weekly weight-training class.

Question 51

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book about how to have a successful pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. Maya takes Accutane (isotretinoin) for acne and hopes to continue using it during her pregnancy. What advice would you give her?

A) Stop taking it immediately as it causes major birth defects, and consult your doctor.
B) Continue taking it as it won't affect the outcome of the pregnancy.
C) Take half the usual dose and stay out of direct sunlight.
D) Stop taking it until after the first trimester; then it is safe to resume again.

Question 52

To promote breastfeeding, every maternity facility should:

A) give pacifiers to the babies when they cry.
B) help the mother start breastfeeding within hour of birth.
C) give newborns infant formula to supplement breast milk.
D) keep healthy newborns in a nursery separate from the mother's room so the mother can rest between feedings.

Question 53

Which of the following does not contribute to good physical and mental health in later years?

A) Good living conditions
B) Socialization and family integrity
C) Financial dependence on close relatives
D) Genetics

Question 54

What are the top two food sources of calories for children?

A) Baked goods such as cakes/cookies and candy
B) Sweetened beverages and grain products from dough-based dishes
C) Grain products and whole-/low-fat dairy products
D) Fried meat products and potatoes

Question 55

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book about how to have a successful pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. Which nutrient should Maya make sure she is getting enough of prior to becoming pregnant to reduce the risk of neural tube defects?

A) Vitamin D
B) Folate
C) Magnesium
D) Vitamin B₆
E) Vitamin E

Question 56

Almost half of all adults over 65 can be expected to have _____.

A) visual impairment
B) hypertension
C) diabetes
D) arthritis
E) heart disease

Question 57

Which of the following is not a recommended strategy for fostering healthful eating habits amongst children?

A) Offer new foods at the beginning of a meal.
B) Be firm and make the child eat all of a new food.
C) Let the child participate in preparing foods.
D) Remain calm if the child leaves an entire meal untouched.

Question 58

Vignette #1 Maya and Bob have been married for 5 years, have graduated from college, and have decided to start a family. Maya's mother gives her a book about how to have a successful pregnancy. Bob and Maya are eager to start reading the book and give their baby the best start in life possible. Let's see how much you already know by answering the following questions. Finally Maya is pregnant and at her next prenatal appointment the doctor tells her that her blood pressure is elevated. She tells Maya that some of the symptoms she is experiencing are indications that she may be developing preeclampsia. What else does Maya's doctor tell her about this condition?

A) Symptoms may include nausea upon getting up in the morning.
B) Excess protein in the urine is detected.
C) Sudden weight loss (1 lb/day) occurs.
D) High blood sugar is revealed by blood tests.

Question 59

When boys and girls are compared, why do girls typically have iron intakes below the current recommendation?

A) Because girls consume fewer total calories than boys.
B) Because girls drink more milk than boys.
C) Because girls eat more meat than boys.
D) Because girls eat more vegetables than boys.

Question 60

With the exception of _____, breast milk contains ample amounts of vitamins.

A) vitamin D
B) riboflavin
C) niacin
D) pantothenic acid

Question 61

Weight gain should be lowest during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Question 62

Cow's milk should not be introduced into the infant's diet until one year of age.

Question 63

In proportion to size, babies need more nutrients than adults.

Question 64

After age 35, functional capacity declines in almost every organ.

Question 65

During pregnancy, absorption of both calcium and iron increases dramatically.

Question 66

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents that are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad is experiencing depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer their questions to see if we can help them. Juan's father has been depressed ever since he retired and has lost his interest in eating. What can be done to help him?

A) Suggest that Juan's father start eating a diet rich in the herb echinacea.
B) Make sure Juan's father takes a multivitamin with ephedra for extra energy.
C) Encourage Juan's father and mother to eat at their community center with their friends.
D) Make sure Juan's father drinks at least 6-8 glasses of water each day.
E) All of the above are recommended.

Question 67

A child may become anemic by drinking too much milk to the exclusion of other foods.

Question 68

If a woman stops breastfeeding her infant at 10 months, it is imperative that she shift to cow's milk.

Question 69

Breast milk contains powerful agents against bacterial infection.

Question 70

A low-birthweight baby weighs less than 7 pounds at birth.

Question 71

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents that are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad is experiencing depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer their questions to see if we can help them. To reduce the risk of macular degeneration, Juan and Rosa should:

A) eat a diet rich in low-fat dairy such as 1% milk.
B) eat foods rich in beta-carotene such as cantaloupe.
C) eat foods high in protein but low in saturated fat such as salmon.
D) choose foods high in vitamin B₁₂ such as steak.

Question 72

School districts should limit the sale of competitive foods, such as those from vending machines or school stores, which tend to be less healthful than school meals.

Question 73

In general, most of the cravings of a pregnant woman are physiological, not psychological.

Question 74

The FDA and EPA are responsible for the reform of the School Lunch Program.

Question 75

Television viewing has been shown to be a contributing factor in childhood obesity.

Question 76

When children are presented with larger portions of food they tend to eat more.

Question 77

The fiber recommendation for the older adult population is 21 to 38 grams/day.

Question 78

Atherosclerosis starts when a person reaches their forties.

Question 79

Vignette #2 Juan and Rosa are in their late 20s, and both have parents that are experiencing a loss of vitality. Juan's mom has a curved back, and Rosa's mother is obese. Juan's dad is experiencing depression and Rosa's father has macular degeneration. Juan and Rosa have many questions about how to avoid these conditions in their future if possible. Let's answer their questions to see if we can help them. Juan is overweight already and Rosa is concerned that if he doesn't lose weight he will eventually have heart disease. What steps should Juan take to minimize this risk?

A) Eat less monounsaturated fat like animal fats.
B) Eat more insoluble fiber.
C) Eat less saturated fat and total fat.
D) Take ginkgo supplements with every meal.

Question 80

After the age of one, a child's growth rate speeds up.