Deck 4: Crime and Social Control

Question 1

A crime is​

A)​any violation of a community's standards.
B)​a violation of a federal, state, or local criminal law.
C)​a disagreement between two or more parties.
D)​the same as a felony.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Merton, ________ explains the high rate of crime by uneducated and poor Americans.

A)conformity
B)innovation
C)retreatism
D)rebellion

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following is an example of a transnational crime?

A)A father who lost custody of his child abducts the child and takes him or her to another country.
B)A citizen of Mexico illegally crosses the U.S.border in search of employment.
C)An international child pornography ring offers online videos of children being sexually abused.
D)A U.S.criminal flees to South America to avoid arrest and criminal prosecution.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

About __________ percent of the victims of human trafficking are women and girls.

A)10%
B)25%
C)50%
D)80

Question 5

All of the following are true about crime throughout the world except

A)There is no country where crime does not exist.
B)Most countries have police, courts, and prisons.
C)Worldwide, adult males make up the largest category of crime suspects.
D)Violent crime is a relatively common event in all countries.

Question 6

Self-report surveys reveal that

A)most adults have never engaged in any type of criminal activity.
B)about 25% of adults have engaged in some type of criminal activity.
C)about 50% of adults have engaged in some type of criminal activity.
D)virtually every adult has engaged in some type of criminal activity.

Question 7

Self-report offender surveys compensate for some shortcomings of official statistics because self-report offender surveys

A)include crimes that were committed but may not have resulted in arrest or conviction.
B)provide detailed information about crime victims.
C)focus only on prisoners.
D)may reflect what police are doing rather than what criminals are doing.

Question 8

According to Robert Merton, most people react to inconsistencies between culturally defined goals and the means to achieve them by

A)innovation.
B)retreatism.
C)rebellion.
D)conformity.

Question 9

According to _______ theory, crime is likely to occur when legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals are limited by the structure of society.

A)differential association
B)labeling
C)conflict
D)strain

Question 10

Victimization surveys ask

A)criminal offenders how many people they have victimized.
B)individuals about their experiences as crime victims.
C)criminal offenders how they selected their victims.
D)criminal offenders their motivations for committing violent personal crimes.

Question 11

A shortcoming of the statistics in the Uniform Crime Reports is that

A)many incidents of crime are not reported to police.
B)they provide more information about crime victims than offenders.
C)individuals may exaggerate the number of crimes they have committed.
D)it is difficult to distinguish criminals from non-criminals because virtually every adult has engaged in some type of criminal activity.

Question 12

Due to shortcomings of the data, ________ may be a better indicator of what police are doing than what criminals are doing.

A)self-report offender surveys
B)self-report arrest and release surveys
C)official crime statistics
D)victimization surveys

Question 13

The most common crime in all countries is

A)homicide.
B)rape.
C)theft.
D)arson.

Question 14

Countries with relatively high homicide rates tend to be those with

A)high levels of development and standards of living.
B)higher levels of income inequality and lower levels of development.
C)low levels of economic inequality.
D)low rates of other violent crime.

Question 15

Clearance rates measure the percentage of cases in which

A)an arrest and official charge have been made and turned over to the courts.
B)an arrest has been made but the prosecutor decided not to officially charge the suspect.
C)the offender has been found guilty by a jury verdict.
D)the individual officially charged with a crime has been found not guilty by a judge or jury.

Question 16

Victimization surveys indicate that, in 2011, there were approximately how many violent crimes?

A)1 million
B)2 million
C)6 million
D)23 million

Question 17

According to the structural-functional theorist Emile Durkheim, crime

A)can strengthen group cohesion.
B)usually leads to negative social change.
C)reflects the social inequalities in society.
D)is dysfunctional to all members of society.

Question 18

The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for commercial sex or labor service is called​

A)​human trafficking.
B)​chattel slavery.
C)​indenture.
D)​vice crime.

Question 19

A criminal offender is "funneled" out of the criminal justice system if he or she

A)evades arrest.
B)escapes from prison.
C)gets out of prison on parole.
D)receives probation instead of a prison sentence.

Question 20

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), published annually by the FBI, contain crime data from

A)victimization surveys.
B)sheriff and police departments.
C)self-report offender surveys.
D)U.S.Census household surveys.

Question 21

Josh was arrested for shoplifting.His mother was very angry and screamed at him that he would turn out just like his criminal father.If Josh does engage in further stealing, which theory does this fit?​

A)​conflict
B)​labeling
C)​strain
D)​conflict

Question 22

According to differential association theory, individuals

A)internalize the criminal label when others believe they are criminal.
B)become criminal when they are blocked from achieving their goals legitimately.
C)learn the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior from others.
D)who have internalized society's moral standards are unlikely to be criminal.

Question 23

Arthur began to abuse alcohol after his business went bankrupt.Strain theory would explain his alcohol abuse as

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)rebellion.

Question 24

A minority female suffered so much discrimination in her struggle to achieve her goals, she gave up her goals for personal wealth and became a social activist opposing the materialism of American society.According to strain theory, her actions illustrate

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)rebellion.

Question 25

The Sandy Hook Elementary School killings in which 20 first grade students and six staff members were killed was an example of

A)serial murder.
B)mass murder.
C)aggravated assault.
D)acquaintance murder.

Question 26

The FBI identifies all of the following as "index offenses" except

A)forcible rape.
B)robbery.
C)drug use.
D)arson.

Question 27

Which of the following is one of the eight "index offenses" the FBI identifies as the most serious U.S.crimes?

A)burglary
B)illegal drug use
C)gambling
D)prostitution

Question 28

An American who accepts a lifestyle of hard work but rejects the cultural goal of monetary rewards is engaged in

A)conformity.
B)innovation.
C)retreatism.
D)ritualism.

Question 29

In Hirschi's control theory, all of the following are elements of social bonds that constrain individuals from committing crimes except

A)attachment to significant others.
B)fear of formal punishments.
C)involvement in conventional activities.
D)belief in the moral standards of society.

Question 30

According to conflict theory, what is criminal and what is not reflects

A)moral standards of society.
B)interests of the ruling class.
C)interests of future generations.
D)what is harmful and not harmful to members of society.

Question 31

Victims of homicide are more likely to be

A)female.
B)elderly.
C)young.
D)non-Hispanic white.

Question 32

According to strain theory, the mode of adaptation most associated with criminal behavior is

A)innovation.
B)retreatism.
C)rebellion.
D)ritualism.

Question 33

Subcultural theories explain criminal behavior by

A)the promotion of attitudes conducive to crime.
B)blocked opportunities.
C)family disruption.
D)low educational attainment.

Question 34

According to conflict theory, the more _______ in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society.

A)wealth
B)industrialization
C)social change
D)inequality

Question 35

"Secondary deviance" refers to deviant behavior that

A)is committed by adults, rather than by juveniles.
B)most members of society do not view as wrong or harmful.
C)results from being caught and labeled as an offender.
D)occurs only in industrialized societies.

Question 36

The research finding that retaliatory homicide is a response to group norms of violence in some neighborhoods supports __________ theory.

A)strain
B)control
C)subcultural
D)labeling

Question 37

The FBI identifies eight ______________ as the most serious crimes in the United States.These are also called street crimes.

A)vice crimes
B)status offenses
C)index offenses
D)misdemeanors

Question 38

According to labeling theory, one way the label of deviant causes further deviance is the labeled person

A)is often denied opportunities for engaging in nondeviant behavior.
B)adopts the crime-promoting attitudes and values of the society.
C)rejects society's cultural goals of material achievement.
D)rejects a deviant self-concept.

Question 39

Which of the following refers to the crime of attacking a person with the intent to cause serious bodily injury?

A)aggravated assault
B)vice crime
C)acquaintance injury
D)frustration aggression

Question 40

According to conflict theory, rape myths originated to serve the interests of

A)children.
B)single women.
C)men.
D)married women.

Question 41

Which of the following is classified as a violent crime?

A)arson
B)larceny
C)robbery
D)burglary

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT classified as larceny?

A)shoplifting.
B)purse-snatching.
C)bicycle theft.
D)gambling.

Question 43

All of the following characterize organized crime in the U.S.EXCEPT

A)it is conducted by members of a hierarchically arranged structure.
B)it is devoted primarily to making money through illegal means.
C)it is conducted by officially organized corporations.
D)it often uses coercive techniques.

Question 44

The term "classic rape" includes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A)more than one rapist.
B)use of a weapon, or the threat of use of a weapon.
C)a rapist who is a stranger.
D)serious bodily injury.

Question 45

If a company produces toys for children that knowingly contain lead paint, it is an example of

A)organized crime.
B)corporate violence.
C)occupational crime.
D)vice crime.

Question 46

Crimes committed by individuals in the course of their employment are referred to as

A)vice crimes
B)occupational crimes
C)employee crimes
D)status crimes

Question 47

Both rape and aggravated assault are more likely to

A)involve offenders and victims of the same race.
B)occur in winter months.
C)be committed by someone who is a stranger to the victim.
D)occur less frequently than homicide.

Question 48

Compared to traditional crime organizations, transnational crime organizations

A)are more hierarchically arranged.
B)are more likely to operate through legitimate businesses.
C)tend to concentrate on only one type of crime, narcotics.
D)pose a threat to national security.

Question 49

Conflict theorists point out that the difference between gambling, which is frequently illegal, and investing in the stock market is

A)the amount of money involved.
B)who makes the wager.
C)how many people are involved.
D)the motivation of the participant.

Question 50

All of the following are examples of corporate crime except

A)security fraud.
B)antitrust violations.
C)embezzlement.
D)price fixing.

Question 51

An example of corporate violence is

A)an employee who murders another employee.
B)an employee who embezzles at least $100,000 from a corporation.
C)the unlawful exchange of corporate stock information.
D)intentional violations of health, safety, and environmental regulations.

Question 52

It is difficult to estimate the frequency and nature of arson because of the legal requirement of

A)premeditation.
B)total damage to a property structure.
C)nonmovable property.
D)maliciousness.

Question 53

Acquaintance rape

A)is committed by someone the victim knows.
B)involves use of a weapon and results in serious bodily injury.
C)is the kind of rape most likely to be reported by the victim.
D)is the easiest kind of rape to prosecute.

Question 54

Many white-collar crimes go unpunished because

A)the 2002 Sabanes-Oxley Act decreased penalties for white collar offenders.
B)less than 10% of the U.S.population are victimized by white-collar crime.
C)government priorities and resources have shifted to homeland security.
D)white-collar crime results in a much smaller cost to society than street crime.

Question 55

About _____ percent of rapes are committed by someone the victim knows.

A)20
B)40
C)60
D)80

Question 56

Which of the following is an example of occupational crime?

A)price fixing
B)antitrust violations
C)pilferage
D)security fraud

Question 57

The Yakuza of Japan

A)is a network of 22 gangs divided into competing factions.
B)is one of the largest gun manufacturers in the world.
C)is a large banking organization that loans money worldwide.
D)has been accused of providing campaign contributions to American politicians.

Question 58

___________ accounts for more than two-thirds of all property arrests.

A)Burglary
B)Arson
C)Larceny
D)Robbery

Question 59

Which of the following is a vice crime?

A)prostitution
B)arson
C)robbery
D)rape

Question 60

Vice crimes are illegal activities that

A)most of the public do not believe are morally wrong.
B)include the legal requirement of malicious intent.
C)are victimless in that they have no complaining party.
D)people engage in for recreation or sex, not profit.

Question 61

Over the last decade, rates of female criminality have

A)increased dramatically.
B)increased slightly.
C)stayed the same.
D)decreased slightly.

Question 62

Feminist criminology focuses on all of the following EXCEPT

A)the relationship between women's subordinate position in society and their criminal behavior.
B)the relationship between women's subordinate position in society and their crime victimization.
C)public policy changes that can help reduce female victimization.
D)crimes that women commit against other women.

Question 63

In 2009, property crimes were highest in which region of the United States?

A)Northeast
B)South
C)Mid-West
D)West

Question 64

The highest arrest rates are for people

A)under age 25.
B)age 25-34.
C)age 36-45.
D)age 45 and over.

Question 65

Criminal activity may be more prevalent among younger rather than older people because

A)younger people are more likely to be employed.
B)younger people have less mobility than older people, which increases opportunity for criminal behavior.
C)juveniles are insulated from many legal penalties of criminal behavior.
D)juveniles today are exposed to crime on television.

Question 66

A status offense is a criminal violation that

A)is committed by someone in organized crime.
B)is committed by a government official.
C)can only be committed by a juvenile.
D)carries no legal penalty.

Question 67

Victims of crime are disproportionately

A)young white females
B)older white females
C)young minority males
D)older white males

Question 68

Which of the following statements is true?

A)Men are more likely to commit crimes than women.
B)Women are more likely to commit crimes than men.
C)Men and women commit crimes at about the same rate.
D)At younger ages, women commit more crimes and at older ages, men commit more crimes.

Question 69

Which of the following terms refers to the use of privileged information by an employee of an organization that gives that employee an unfair advantage in buying, selling, and trading stocks or other securities?​

A)​identity theft
B)​insider trading
C)​recidivism
D)​status offense

Question 70

In recent decades, gangs and gang membership have

A)increased due to increased availability of guns and the expanding drug trade.
B)increased due to increased urbanization.
C)decreased due to stricter gun control laws.
D)decreased due to successful outcomes of the war on drugs.

Question 71

Identity theft, internet fraud, and hacking are examples of

A)corporate violence
B)computer crime
C)technology crime
D)status crime

Question 72

Some argue that changes in female criminality over the last decade are a result of

A)increased gender profiling.
B)increased economic marginalization.
C)get-tough policies that target women.
D)increased economic equality.

Question 73

The term "racial profiling" refers to the practice of

A)rapists targeting victims on the basis of race.
B)law enforcement targeting suspects on the basis of race.
C)targeting minorities for violent crimes to instill fear in minority populations.
D)sentencing criminals based on race.

Question 74

In 2009 a Chinese court sentenced two men to death and one to life in prison for knowingly endangering public safety by producing and selling contaminated dairy products.The actions of these men is considered

A)a vice crime
B)a status crime
C)an occupational crime
D)corporate violence

Question 75

Feminist sociologists suggest that a cause of the higher arrest rates of female than male runaways is

A)females are more likely than males to be emotionally affected by dysfunctional family environments.
B)police with paternalistic attitudes are more likely to arrest female runaways than male runaways.
C)male runaways are better able to conceal the fact that they have run away from their parents.
D)male runaways are less likely than female runaways to travel outside of the community in which they live.

Question 76

Sociologists believe that the relationship between race and crime may be due to all of the following except

A)racial profiling.
B)the fact that nonwhites are overrepresented in the lower classes.
C)more and earlier contact with the criminal justice system.
D)the proportion of whites to nonwhites in a community.

Question 77

Which of the following is an example of a status offense?

A)truancy
B)shoplifting
C)computer hacking
D)credit card fraud

Question 78

Juveniles account for roughly

A)5% of all arrests.
B)11% of all arrests.
C)25% of all arrests.
D)50% of all arrests.

Question 79

High crime rates in large urban areas are

A)linked to large concentrations of poor, unemployed, and minority individuals.
B)a new phenomenon.
C)a myth.
D)explained by the higher number of women in cities.

Question 80

Strain theory suggests that criminal activity is more prevalent among individuals in their teens and early 20s because younger individuals

A)have fewer attachments to others.
B)are influenced by the deviant youth subculture.
C)have less access to legitimate means for acquiring material goods.
D)are unaware of the law.