Deck 17: The Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment

Question 1

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau mean by the "general will"? What kind of government did he advocate?

Answer 1

Answers will vary.

Question 2

Did the Enlightenment represent a new era for women? Why or why not?

Answer 2

Answers will vary.

Question 3

On what grounds did Mary Wollstonecraft challenge conventional eighteenth-century ideas about women's nature and their proper social roles?

Answer 3

Answers will vary.

Question 4

Compare and contrast baroque and Rococo art and architecture.

Question 5

How did the Enlightenment contribute to changes in European judicial systems?

Question 6

Who were the philosophes? What common characteristics did they have?

Question 7

Define "high culture." In what ways was high culture expressed in the eighteenth century?

Question 8

What specific contributions did Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot make to the age of the Enlightenment? Compare and contrast their political ideas with Thomas Hobbes and Machiavelli.

Question 9

Compare and contrast deism with strains of popular religiosity in the eighteenth century.

Question 10

Compare and contrast the contributions of the French philosophes and Britain's Enlightenment figures. How do they differ, if they do, and why?

Question 11

What were the chief characteristics of popular religion in the eighteenth century?

Question 12

What was the role of the institutional church in the eighteenth century? What relationship did established churches have with European states, and what roles did they play in European society?

Question 13

To what extent did "high culture" and "popular culture" influence one another?

Question 14

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
John Locke's tabula rasa

Question 15

Discuss the significance and the influence of John Locke and Isaac Newton on the Enlightenment.

Question 16

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
cosmopolitan

Question 17

How did Kant define the Enlightenment? What differences did he see between his time and earlier periods?

Question 18

How did the popularization of science, the impact of travel literature, and the legacy of Locke and Newton influence the Enlightenment?

Question 19

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Immanuel Kant

Question 20

What role did the salon hostess play in the dissemination of Enlightenment ideas?

Question 21

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
deism

Question 22

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
salons

Question 23

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia

Question 24

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Joseph II

Question 25

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Enlightenment

Question 26

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Romanticism

Question 27

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Mary Wollstonecraft

Question 28

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
economic liberalism

Question 29

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 30

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Question 31

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Cesare Beccaria

Question 32

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Denis Diderot

Question 33

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
philosophes

Question 34

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Johann Sebastian Bach

Question 35

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
high culture

Question 36

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Voltaire

Question 37

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Rococo

Question 38

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
feminism

Question 39

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Montesquieu

Question 40

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Adam Smith

Question 41

Who advocated natural economic laws as the leader of the Physiocrats?

A)Denis Diderot
B)Adam Smith
C)Francois Quesnay
D)Cesare Beccaria
E)David Hume

Question 42

How did Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, define the Enlightenment?

A)"Man's leaving his self-caused immaturity"
B)"The end of tyranny"
C)"A new era of equality for all"
D)"A false intimation of future woes"
E)"The proxy for real progress"

Question 43

As a deist, Voltaire likened the universe to a

A)human being.
B)clock.
C)wild animal.
D)unsolvable riddle.
E)delicious meal.

Question 44

The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

A)scientific theism.
B)an abandonment of the scientific method.
C)intellectual stagnation.
D)the formation of several agnostic religious movements.
E)the emergence of the "science of man."

Question 45

According to Montesquieu, there were three basic types of governments: republican, monarchical, and

A)imperial.
B)socialist.
C)despotic.
D)democratic.
E)oligarchical.

Question 46

The Plurality of Worlds used a dialogue between an aristocratic lady and her lover to explain

A)the mechanistic universe.
B)religious toleration.
C)the power of reason.
D)absolute monarchy.
E)human nature.

Question 47

Which city was the recognized capital of the Enlightenment?

A)Geneva
B)Berlin
C)London
D)Vienna
E)Paris

Question 48

In The Spirit of the Laws , Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

A)the legislature exercises absolute and unlimited power.
B)the king exercises absolute and unlimited power.
C)power is divided between the three branches of government.
D)the nobility is uninvolved.
E)all government resources are focused on military power.

Question 49

The French philosophes mostly included people from

A)the nobility and the middle class.
B)the lower class and the lower middle class.
C)aristocracy and nobility.
D)urban artisans and craftsmen.
E)the universities.

Question 50

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
Ashkenazic Jews

Question 51

With which of the following statements would Voltaire have agreed?

A)Women have no place in intellectual life.
B)The universe is a wild and unpredictable thing.
C)Jesus was a good man, but he was not divine.
D)God directs the lives of every individual.
E)Faith is more important than reason.

Question 52

Which statement best describes the French philosophes?

A)They flourished in an atmosphere of government support.
B)They sought no extension of Enlightenment to other disciplines beyond philosophy.
C)They were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
D)They supported state censorship of ideas contrary to their own.
E)They were widely influenced by Jean Jacques Rousseau and his emphasis upon emotions.

Question 53

With what characteristic was every person born, according to John Locke?

A)A passion for evil
B)Love in their heart
C)The image of God in their mind's eye
D)A blank mind
E)A mixture of their parent's beliefs and values

Question 54

Whose voyages in the Pacific Ocean were a major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century?

A)James Cook
B)Ferdinand de Lesseps
C)Zheng He
D)David Hume
E)Ferdinand Magellan

Question 55

For each historical identification question, define the term and briefly describe its historical significance.
John Wesley and Methodism

Question 56

Supporters of polygenesis believed that

A)there were a number of separate human species.
B)there was only one human species.
C)the earth had been created by more than one god.
D)truth could only be discovered through the embrace of all religions.
E)racial differences were largely an illusion.

Question 57

____ religion and growing secularization were important factors in the emergence of the Enlightenment.

A)A new devotion to
B)Skepticism toward
C)The absolute rejection of
D)A renewed faith in
E)The embrace of traditional

Question 58

What most closely describes the contributions of Isaac Newton and John Locke to the Enlightenment?

A)They created two antagonistic religious systems of thought.
B)They provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
C)They claimed that mathematics and science would bring about the cure for the evils of society but only very slowly.
D)They said the philosophes were the prophets of the future and that their rejection of the scientific revolution was justified.
E)They had little influence on the later Enlightenment as they were perceived to be figures of the "old" seventeenth century.

Question 59

Which scientist-philosopher provided a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the 18^th century?

A)Voltaire
B)Diderot
C)Montesquieu
D)Beccaria
E)Fontenelle

Question 60

Published travel accounts of different cultures

A)presented an image of "natural man" who was happier than many Europeans.
B)saw the origin of the idea of the "noble savage."
C)led to the development of cultural relativism.
D)resulted in religious skepticism, as Europeans realized the existence of a variety of perceptions of the divine.
E)All of these are correct.

Question 61

What best describes the Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century?

A)It was confined to France.
B)It was best expressed in the architectural works of Baron d'Holbach.
C)It was most evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
D)It was characterized by strict geometric patterns and an emphasis on power.
E)It was more severe and mathematical than the Baroque.

Question 62

Most French salons were run by

A)women.
B)members of the clergy.
C)older men.
D)government officials.
E)merchants.

Question 63

In Rousseau's view, for what role were women best suited?

A)Mother
B)Soldier
C)Thinker
D)Writer
E)Worker

Question 64

What is the main idea of deism?

A)It posits that religion is fairy tales to frighten the superstitious.
B)It suggests that if God exists, he has no interest in the world.
C)It argues that God created the universe, but has no direct involvement in it.
D)It suggests that a transcendent spirit controls every event.
E)It argues that praying matters.

Question 65

For Johann Sebastian Bach, music was above all a(n)

A)group activity.
B)source of enjoyment.
C)way to worship God.
D)way to make money.
E)expression of reason.

Question 66

Adam Smith laid the foundations for

A)utopian idealism.
B)radical socialism.
C)romantic nationalism.
D)political conservatism.
E)economic liberalism.

Question 67

What was the main purpose of the Encyclopedia , according to Diderot?

A)To get the uneducated masses to respect authority
B)To usher in God's kingdom on earth
C)To dispute the claims of science
D)To exacerbate the hedonism of his peers
E)To change the general way of thinking

Question 68

Which of the following statements concerning salons is NOT true?

A)Salons were literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
B)As hostesses of salons, women were able to influence artistic and literary taste.
C)Salons were frequented by wealthy bourgeoisie but shunned by aristocrats and government officials.
D)The reputation of a salon depended upon the men a hostess was able to attract.
E)The perception that women exerted undue influence on politics led to the decline of salons.

Question 69

Rococo art emphasized

A)grace and gentle actions.
B)majesty and power.
C)geometry and straight lines.
D)minute detail and realism.
E)shades of gray, white, and black.

Question 70

According to Adam Smith, what was a legitimate function of government?

A)To promote religion
B)To protect society from invasion
C)To plan the national economy
D)To set wages and prices
E)To provide all citizens with employment

Question 71

Who said that individuals "will be forced to be free"?

A)Baron Paul d'Holbach
B)Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C)Denis Diderot
D)Francois Quesnay
E)Voltaire

Question 72

Marie-Therese de Geoffrin gained fame as a

A)innovative physicist.
B)musician and singer.
C)salon hostess.
D)remarkably effective doctor.
E)novelist and moralist.

Question 73

What was the "general will" according to Rousseau?

A)A meaningless abstraction and impediment to reason
B)A result derived from the law of supply and demand
C)A license to do as one pleased
D)A social consensus to which the individual must bow
E)A relationship that was identical to Locke's social contract

Question 74

Who made the strongest statement about women's rights during the Enlightenment?

A)Mary Wollstonecraft
B)Beatrice Williams
C)Mary Astell
D)Princess Amelia of Austria
E)Maria Cavendish

Question 75

Baron Paul d'Holbach believed that

A)emotion was more important than reason.
B)traditional values were always best.
C)religious revival was Europe's only hope.
D)God was like a clockmaker.
E)God did not exist.

Question 76

European music in the later eighteenth century is best associated with

A)Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy and Germany to the Austrian Empire.
B)Handel, the most religiously inspired of the period's composers.
C)the strictly elitist, aristocratic works of Haydn.
D)the innovative, secular compositions of Bach.
E)the neoclassical works of Beethoven.

Question 77

What was Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery?

A)The great play "Is Rome Burning?"
B)A 28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes
C)An autobiography published in French
D)A biography of Newton, "the greatest European"
E)An unconditional support for enlightened despotism

Question 78

Which eighteenth-century composer was considered the most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro ?

A)Bach
B)Handel
C)Haydn
D)Beethoven
E)Mozart

Question 79

For Rousseau, what was the main source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

A)Divine right monarchy
B)Marriage
C)Religion
D)Ignoring the "general will"
E)Private property

Question 80

Bach and Handel perfected the ____ musical style.

A)Baroque
B)classical
C)romantic
D)secular
E)Rococo