Deck 18: Modern Science and Its Implications

Question 1

What was the philosophy behind the briefly popular Social Darwinism practiced in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

A)Utilitarianism was the best way to approach all problems.
B)Sociology was a pseudo-science when compared to Darwin's theories.
C)Darwin was a social creature and his teachings led to harmony.
D)Only the fittest will survive as a ruthless natural order dictates.
E)Socialists are meant to overcome all resistance in politics.

Answer 1

Only the fittest will survive as a ruthless natural order dictates.

Question 2

What was the result of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf ?

A)Civil war erupted between the religious believers and atheists.
B)Some churches closed as Germans preferred to follow their political leaders.
C)The Catholic Church emerged stronger than ever and founded a political party.
D)The various religious groups banded together in an underground organization.
E)The Catholic Church asked the pope to provide protection from Bismarck.

Answer 2

The Catholic Church emerged stronger than ever and founded a political party.

Question 3

Which scientist insisted that laws of social behavior exist and humans advance through three stages of ability to perceive knowledge?

A)Max Weber
B)Emile Durkheim
C)Auguste Comte
D)Carl Jung
E)Ivan Pavlov

Answer 3

Auguste Comte

Question 4

Which of the following rejects all scientific explanations for the creation of the universe?

A)the dark matter theory
B)behaviorists
C)big bang theory
D)creationists
E)Marxists

Question 5

Which of the following is an example of cultural relativism ?

A)A rejection of anything not European.
B)A rejection of the new sciences.
C)A rejection of social reform.
D)A rejection of European ethnocentrism.
E)A rejection of international trade.

Question 6

Whose previous work did B. F. Skinner and William James expand and supplement in the 20th century?

A)Ivan Pavlov
B)Albert Einstein
C)Max Weber
D)Sigmund Freud
E)Herbert Spencer

Question 7

Which of the following intellectuals did NOT advocate for a Christian Renaissance after World War I?

A)T)S. Eliot
B)Max Weber
C)Dorothy Day
D)Reinhold Niebuhr
E)Paul Claudel

Question 8

The General Theory of Relativity was developed by which German physicist?

A)Ernst Mach
B)Max Planck
C)Albert Einstein
D)Wilhelm Roentgen
E)Max Bartolome

Question 9

What is the most significant topic of debate regarding astronomy?

A)The possibility of life on other planets.
B)How the universe was created.
C)How the universe will end.
D)Whether or not humans should continue space travel.
E)The size of the universe.

Question 10

Deoxyribonucleic  acid is best described by which of the following?

A)The genetic core of the biological blueprint that parents pass on to offspring.
B)The basic physical and functional makeup of the human genome.
C)The human conscience as a product of evolutionary experience.
D)The individual species of plants and animals that evolved from unknown ancestors.
E)The code of ethics originated through a particular set of environmental influences.

Question 11

What were the subjects of Ivan Pavlov's earliest work?

A)apes
B)mice
C)dogs
D)cats
E)birds

Question 12

What scientific discipline in the social sciences is considered an indirect product of  Darwinian biology?

A)anthropology
B)sociology
C)psychology
D)​behaviorism
E)sociobiology

Question 13

What did the encyclical Rerum novarum affirm for the Catholic Church?

A)The need for an armed guard for the Catholic Church.
B)That Catholics and socialists had essentially the same belief pattern.
C)The ideals of social justice and opposition to atheistic socialism.
D)That the priests were infallible and should be followed without fail.
E)That labor unions would solve the problems of modern societies.

Question 14

What is the underlying premise for sociology that was so appealing to the American mind-set?

A)All humans are capable of distinguishing between right and wrong, if the right approach is used with each individual.
B)The study of anthropology will help one predict future human social behavior.
C)If one studied social behavior sufficiently, one could figure out how to alter behavior in positive ways.
D)Humans are social animals whose behavior can be studied to the point of predicting future behavior.
E)By stud ying human behavior, sociologists can help the government control the population.

Question 15

Which of the following is an  aspect of modern specialized scientific study?

A)The ordinary person can never truly comprehend what goes on in a scientist's mind.
B)Science has become so specialized that not enough people choose to enter that field of study, thus eroding the number of discoveries made.
C)Students in our public schools and universities find it very difficult to break into the field of science at all.
D)Because the field of science is so advanced, politicians and non-specialists in positions of responsibility rarely comprehend the scientific background to develop sound policies.
E)The general population is disinterested in the subject matter that deals with science since many have little to no training in the field.

Question 16

What concept replaced the Newtonian world view of physics?

A)psychoanalysis
B)the interchangeability of matter and energy
C)quantum theory
D)the uncertainty principle
E)the general theory of relativity

Question 17

According to Charles Darwin, how should the concept of God be treated?

A)God should be affirmed.
B)God should be exalted.
C)God should be given some consideration.
D)God should be viewed from afar.
E)God should be eliminated from consideration.

Question 18

What was the un derlying concept behind 20 th  century physics?

A)Knowledge is arrived at only through the senses.
B)It is conceivable to predict the possibility of certain events occurring through the study of physics.
C)The world is a machine that will continue to operate regardless of what humans do.
D)It is impossible to apply philosophical logic to the study of physical matter.
E)By studying matter quantitatively, one should be able to determine what matter is and does.

Question 19

Which group was British Christians who did NOT accept the Anglican credo?

A)Unitarians
B)Methodists
C)Quakers
D)Nonconformists
E)Presbyterians

Question 20

What is the central concept of the Darwinian theory of evolution?

A)natural selection
B)atheism
C)creationism
D)human genome
E)racial superiority

Question 21

In Britain, _________ ___________ were Protestants who did not accept the credo of the Anglican Church.

Question 22

A philosophy where ethics were evolutionary in nature and free competition fueled social progress was called ____________________.

Question 23

As science became more commonplace in the world view, which fields became more narrowly defined and left to clerics and academics?

A)theology and philosophy
B)philosophy and history
C)history and theology
D)philosophy and sociology
E)sociology and theology

Question 24

Which of t he following was true for most churches at the end of the 19th century?

A)The Catholic peasants in France, grateful for their improved lifestyle, attended church regularly.
B)One of the few pleasures of the European working class was attending church services on their one day off.
C)Marxists, though they did not see any need for religion, also saw no reason to disrupt church services just to make a point.
D)Many members of the middle classes were no longer tithing and had little respect for the local clergy.
E)Unlike the English, the French urban workers felt that being a part of an organized church was extremely important.

Question 25

All of the following are concepts associated with Sigmund Freud's works EXCEPT

A)inferiority complex
B)behaviorism
C)Freudian slip
D)Oedipus complex
E)psychoanalysis

Question 26

_________________ was the type of science used to attack the Church in the 19th century and paved the way for a secular West.

Question 27

​What was the only European nation by the 1870s that did not make Jews and atheists fully equal with Christians in legal matters?

A)​Germany
B)​Russia
C)​Italy
D)​France
E)​Poland

Question 28

What was the result of Bismarck's attacks on the Catholic Church?

A)A stronger church.
B)An increase in church membership.
C)The banding together of various religious groups to fight his attacks.
D)A decline in the number on the church rolls, because many Germans no longer felt a need for religion.
E)The establishment of a political party founded by the Church.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true of Freud's theories?

A)encouraged the belief in rational planning as an answer to misery
B)were supported most ardently in his home city of Vienna
C)rejected the principle of rationality
D)were based on the study of behavior of animals
E)built on Darwin's theories of evolution

Question 30

____________________ was the term applied to Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church in the late 19th Century.

Question 31

Which scientific speciality supported the theory that rewards and punishment could control behavior?

A)behaviorism
B)Social Darwinism
C)psychology
D)philosophy
E)psychoanalysis

Question 32

Which scientist believed that the unconscious mind is the controlling factor of the deepest mental life?​

A)​B.F. Skinner
B)​Auguste Comte
C)​Sigmund Freud
D)​Carl Jung
E)​William James

Question 33

The ____________________ were physicists who carried out pioneering work in radioactivity in France in the late 1800s and early 1900s.

Question 34

Which of the following statements best describes Auguste Comte's beliefs?

A)Sociology was less important than psychology.
B)Sociology was the social science that would bring the greatest concrete changes to society.
C)Karl Marx was the greatest 19th  century figure.
D)Sociology was the culmination of all the sciences.
E)Truth could not be obtained without using the senses.

Question 35

The __ __________________ proposes that a colossal explosion was involved in creating the universe.

Question 36

Ivan Pavlov is considered the founder of ____________________, a theory which insists that the controlling factors in most behavior are the rewards and punishments that follow the behavior.

Question 37

__________________ was an early collaborator with Freud who broke away and formed his own school of psychology.

Question 38

Freud's the ory of psychiatric treatment is known as ____________________.

Question 39

Wilhelm Roentgen was a German scientist who discovered  ____________________.

Question 40

To which field of science is the Unce rtainty Principle attributed?

A)psychology
B)physics
C)history
D)economics
E)sociology

Question 41

Term for identification: General Theory of Relativity

Question 42

Term for identification: Ivan Pavlov

Question 43

Term for identification: cultural relativism

Question 44

Term for identification: Max Planck

Question 45

Term for identification: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Question 46

Compare and contrast the significant changes in the physical sciences from 1860 to 1940 including biology, physics, and astronomy.

Question 47

Trace the historical development of the field of sociology including key figures and the relation to other scientific fields .

Question 48

Which saw the most change, the physical or social sciences? Why? Which do you consider the most significant? Defend your answer with examples.

Question 49

Term for identification: Big Bang Theory

Question 50

Term for identification: Charles Darwin

Question 51

Compare and contrast the major advances in the social sciences including anthropology, sociology, and psychology.

Question 52

Term for identification: On the Origin of Species

Question 53

Explain cultural relativism within the context of the early 20th century. How did this concept differ from the 19th century perception of culture?

Question 54

Analyze the way s in which religion has responded to the challenges of science. How effective has religion been in facing these challenges?

Question 55

Term for identification: Rerum novarum

Question 56

Term for identification: The Descent of Man