Deck 1: Childhood and Delinquency

Question 1

The effects on children's cognitive achievement, educational attainment, nutrition, physical and mental health, and social behavior due to poverty are limited. ​

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Research has indicated that as a result of deinstitutionalization, children who can no longer be detained are being recycled or relabeled as delinquent offenders in order to house the youth in secure facilities. ​

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Voluntary apprentices were bound out by parents or guardians who wished to secure training for their children.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Some states grant the juvenile court judge discretion to substitute a status offense for a delinquency charge. ​

Question 5

Physical distance is still a barrier to the frequency and degree of harm perpetrated by a bully on his or her victim. ​

Question 6

The chances of an adolescent with weak academic skills and living in poverty obtaining a college degree is close to 10%. ​

Question 7

Involuntary apprenticeship, indenture, and binding out of children did not become responses to the problems of indigent, delinquent, or orphaned children until the late eighteenth century. ​

Question 8

Research indicates that the daily stress of modern life has little significant impact on American youth as they progress through their teenage years. ​

Question 9

Minors apprehended for a criminal act are charged with the crime and then adjudicated delinquent. ​

Question 10

Ego identity and role diffusion are essentially the same concept. ​

Question 11

Fewer children are born today with health risks as compared to 1990.  ​

Question 12

As soon as they were physically able to do so, children of peasants were expected to engage in adult roles. ​

Question 13

The courts have struck down most juvenile curfew laws as unconstitutional . ​

Question 14

The study of juvenile delinquency involves a variety of social problems faced by youth; it does not extend to the analysis of the various components of the justice system such as law enforcement. ​

Question 15

Mechanisms to care for children who are destitute or orphaned have only been in existence for approximately 150 years. ​

Question 16

The Factory Act limited the number of hours children were permitted to work, but did nothing to address school attendance. ​

Question 17

By age 18, many American youths have spent more time watching television shows than they have spent in the classroom.

Question 18

During the Middle Ages high infant mortality rates kept parents from emotionally bonding with their children.

Question 19

Early English jurisprudence held that children under the age of 6 were legally incapable of committing crimes. ​

Question 20

Under parens patriae delinquent acts are not considered criminal violations. ​

Question 21

According to Erik Erikson, what is formed when a person develops a firm sense of self? ​

A) Personality ​
B)Id formation
C)Ego identity
D)Role diffusion

Question 22

Which of the following is more likely to be killed by firearms than are law enforcement officers killed in the line of duty?

A)Gang member
B)Preschooler
C)High school student
D)Elementary school student

Question 23

What family style is described by a father who rules with complete authority? ​

A)Paternalistic
B)Parens patriae
C)Matriarchal
D)Socialistic

Question 24

Which of the following refers to youths who are spread too thin, experience personal uncertainty, and place themselves at the mercy of people who promise to give them a sense of identity they cannot develop for themselves? ​

A)Ego confusion
B)Role diffusion
C)Conduct disorder
D)Identity crisis

Question 25

English Poor Laws, the apprenticeship movement, and the role of the chancery court are credited with eventually impacting what area involving the rights of children? ​

A)Delivery of public education
B)Emerging juvenile legal system in the United States
C)Formation of child protection agencies
D)Family structure and cohesion

Question 26

It was reported that nationwide teenage birthrates have declined substantially during the past decade. Which of the following groups has seen the largest decline? ​

A)African American
B)Asian
C)Hispanic
D)White

Question 27

Becoming a significant branch of the British legal system, what was created during the fifteenth century to oversee the lives of minor children of the wealthy who were orphaned or unable to care for themselves? ​

A)Parens patriae
B)Chancery courts
C)Poor Laws
D)Dower system

Question 28

​How does the government define poverty?

A)$32,000 a year for a family of four
B)$23,000 a year for a family of three
C)$23,000 a year for a family of four
D)$20,000 a year for a family of three

Question 29

Which of the following refers to nineteenth-century reformers who developed programs for troubled youth?

A)Red Cross
B)Child savers
C)Juvenile reform officers
D)Moral reformers

Question 30

Which of the following refers to English statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers over destitute and neglected children, allowing placement of these children as servants in the homes of the affluent? ​

A)Chancery courts
B)Welfare houses
C)Juvenile laws
D)Poor laws

Question 31

Joan is 16 years old and has a habit of staying out past curfew drinking with her friends; she was restricted to her room several times over the summer by her parents as punishment for her behavior.  Joan asked her parents if she could go to a back-to-school party with her friends, promising that she would not drink and would be home before curfew.  As it was the end of the summer (and even though she was restricted to her room for staying out past her curfew and coming home somewhat drunk the week before) her parents relented, knowing Joan may not keep her promise.  Joan, after drinking with her friends, drove home shortly after curfew.  When she was almost home, there was an accident.  While Joan suffered very minor injuries, the neighbor's home was not as lucky.  Substantial property damage occurred as Joan drove across the neighbor's yard and through their garage door.  In addition to demolishing the garage door, there was structural damage to the house and the vehicle parked inside the garage was damaged, as well as the extensive landscaping in the front yard.  The airbag in Joan's car deployed, causing the insurance company to consider the car a total loss. The neighbor brought a suit against Joan's parents for damages to their property.  Considering parental liability statutes, under which general category would the neighbor's actions fall? ​

A)General involvement
B)Criminal liability
C)Delinquency liability
D)Civil liability

Question 32

What is the single most effective preventive strategy against adult poverty? ​

A)Avoid gangs
B)Earn a college degree
C)Avoid substance abuse
D)Graduate from high school

Question 33

Which generation is described as technology savvy, patriotic as a result of the 9/11 attacks, self-centered, and irresponsible, as well as having an unrealistic view of how the work world functions? ​

A)Generation Alpha
B)Generation X
C)Generation Y
D)Generation Z

Question 34

What was the name of the period that ushered in a new age for childhood and family? ​

A)Democratic era
B)Modern age
C)Enlightenment
D)Intellectual period

Question 35

What is the term used to describe the reduction in frequency of a youth's offending? ​

A)Period of intellectual growth
B)Maturation cycle
C)Learning curve
D)Aging-out process

Question 36

Which of the following would you say best exemplifies a youth who has been retained in school, is involved with deviant peers, and experiments with drugs? ​

A)Economically challenged youth
B)Latchkey child
C)At-risk youth
D)Juvenile delinquent

Question 37

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the primary method of discipline used by teachers to discipline students for academic mistakes and moral lapses? ​

A)Wearing a dunce hat
B)Harsh looks
C)Dispensed by the father
D)Flogging

Question 38

Which of the following cases provided the possibility of parole for a youth under the age of 18? ​

A)Mapp v. Ohio
B)Miller v. Alabama
C)Roper v. Simmons
D)In re Gault

Question 39

How was the concept of parens patriae was first used by English kings? ​

A)To intervene in the lives of children whose parents were peasants and unable to care for them
B)To intervene in the lives of children who engaged in criminal acts
C)To intervene in the lives of children whose position and property were of direct concern to the monarch
D)To intervene in the lives of children who were intellectually challenged and could not care for themselves

Question 40

As an adolescent, Mandy is undergoing dramatic changes in her height, weight, and sexual characteristics; these changes are occurring at a rate much faster than she will ever again experience in her lifetime. Through what type of change is Mandy going? ​

A)Biological
B)Educational
C)Psychological
D)Spiritual

Question 41

What is the third leading cause of death among young people ages 15 to 24 in the United States? ​

Question 42

What focuses on unlocking the potential of youth and families using a variety of residential and nonresidential program models and settings by providing direct services through child welfare, mental health, juvenile justice, and educational systems? ​

Question 43

As early as 1535, the English passed statutes that allowed the courts to appoint overseers to place destitute or neglected children as servants in the homes of the affluent. What were these laws known as? ​

Question 44

In Western culture, what was not considered as a distinct period of life until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? ​

Question 45

What philosophical viewpoint encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody, and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior?

A)Best interests of the child
B)Parens patriae
C)Wayward Minors Act
D)Child savers philosophy

Question 46

Which of the following best defines the term "waiver"? ​

A)The juvenile court equivalent of a guilty plea
B)The dismissal of all charges that have been brought against a juvenile
C)A judgment made by the juvenile court to imprison a delinquent
D)The transferring of legal jurisdiction of juveniles from the juvenile to the adult court

Question 47

In what court case did an appellate court hold that a young child whose developmental immaturity may result in trial incompetence despite the absence of any underlying mental or development abnormality , thus overruling prior case law that held that children must have either a mental disorder or a developmental disability to be deemed incompetent to stand trial? ​

A)Miller v. Alabama
B)In re Gault
C)Timothy v. Superior Court
D)Timothy v. California

Question 48

In colonial America what legal avenue would permit a youth to be put to death if he or she could not be controlled by his or her parents? ​

A)Chancery Court Act
B)Wayward Minors Act
C)Parens Patriae Doctrine
D)Massachusetts Stubborn Child Law

Question 49

What is the process by which juvenile offenders continue in their delinquent careers rather than aging out of crime? ​

Question 50

The disparate findings in status offense research may be the result of the different types of status offenders. Which of the following recommendations were offered in regard to the issue of status offenses? ​

A)Divide status offenders into two main groups-first time offenders and chronic offenders
B)Divide status offenders into three groups-first time offenders, chronic offenders, and those with delinquent as well as status offense records
C)Dissolve status offenses entirely because of inconsistent research findings
D)Limit status offenses to first time offenders in order to receive early intervention

Question 51

What agency of the federal government was created to identify the needs of youths and fund policy initiatives in the juvenile justice system? ​

Question 52

What had far-reaching effects on the position of women in society, forcing them into the role of second-class citizens dependent upon their fathers, brothers, and guardians? ​

Question 53

What term is used to describe youths who have been arrested four or more times during their minority and perpetuate a striking majority of serious criminal acts? ​

Question 54

What limited ability of very young offenders is taken into consideration when assessing their legal culpability? ​

Question 55

Which of the following terms refers to the practice of setting up a fictitious online profile, most often for the purpose of luring another into a fraudulent romantic relationship? ​

A)Phishing
B)Astroturfing
C)Cyberstalking
D)Catfishing

Question 56

What exception allows a judge to send a juvenile to a secure detention facility, in effect criminalizing a status offense? ​

A)Waiver exception
B)Violation of court order exception
C)Redesgination exception
D)Commitment exception

Question 57

What legal doctrine was enacted to alleviate the problems of child labor in the early nineteenth century by limiting the hours children were permitted to work as well as the age at which they could begin to work? ​

A)Child Labor Act
B)Education and Work Act
C)Factory Act
D)Child Labor and Education Act

Question 58

By what distinction are delinquents and status offenders considered? ​

Question 59

Burke took a gun to school to show his friends and the gun went off, killing a classmate. Burke was not charged because of his age.  Under early English jurisprudence how old was Burke? ​

A)6
B)8
C)7
D)5

Question 60

A number of states have experimented with what type of intervention to replace juvenile court jurisdiction over most status offenses? ​

A)Increased social control mechanisms such as curfews
B)Mandatory family counseling
C)Limiting jurisdiction to third strike status offenders
D)Community-based treatment programs

Question 61

What are some reasons offered in the text as to why the study of juvenile delinquency is important? What are your views? Explain why you believe these areas are important. ​

Question 62

Who were the child savers?  What influence did they have on the creation of separate juvenile courts?  Do you feel separate juvenile courts are viable today?  Support your views. ​

Question 63

What is formed when youths develop a full sense of the self, combining how they see themselves and how they fit in with others? ​

Question 64

When did the family structure and the role of children begin to change? ​

Question 65

Summarize the four areas identified in the text as problems in cyberspace.  What are these areas, how are they defined, and why are they problematic?  What are your views on these areas?  Should government enact more social controls, and if so, what types of controls, or do you consider these areas rights of passage?  Support your position. ​

Question 66

By the beginning of the nineteenth century, what system replaced the apprenticeship programs? ​

Question 67

In colonial America what laws were passed that required children to obey their parents? ​

Question 68

Rather than use coercion and violence, with whom are Internet predators more likely to meet and develop relationships? ​

Question 69

Which children are significantly more likely to live in poverty? ​

Question 70

What designation became popular at the onset of the twentieth century when the first separate juvenile courts were instituted? ​

Question 71

Who are at-risk youth?  How do substandard living conditions contribute to this problem.  Would you add other factors to those addressed in the text as putting youth at risk?  Provide a rationale for your view. ​

Question 72

What is meant by the term status offense?  Summarize the history of status offenses.  What are your views on status offenses?  Do you believe status offenses should be abolished or do you view these offenses as a gateway to delinquency?  Support your position. ​

Question 73

Explain parental responsibility laws.  What is the criticism of these laws?  Do you agree or disagree with such laws? Provide a rationale for your view. ​

Question 74

Discuss childhood in American colonies.  How was childhood in the colonies similar to childhood in England?  What reasons does the text offer to explain why there were so few cases of reported child abuse during this time?  Would you consider any of the reasons that were offered similar to those offered today?  Support your view. ​

Question 75

Now referred to as status offenders, what was the early legal designation of youths who violated the law because of their minority status? ​

Question 76

What living conditions put children at risk of becoming substance abusers as well as contracting sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS? ​

Question 77

Nationwide during the past decade, teenage birthrates have declined substantially with the sharpest decline found among what group? ​

Question 78

Explain ego identity and role diffusion.  Why would you consider these concepts important to understand?  Do you believe these concepts to be related to delinquency and/or problems faced by youth today?  Support your views. ​

Question 79

Explain how recent social improvements positively impact American youth.  What, in your view, is the single most important social improvement?  Support your view. ​

Question 80

Summarize the system of chancery courts and the concept of parens patriae : their development, relationship, and connection to best interests of the child.  Do you believe the concept of parens patriae is viable today?  Support your view. ​