Deck 7: The Vitamins

Question 1

Water-soluble vitamins are readily stored in the liver.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Any disease that causes _____ malabsorption can bring about deficiencies of vitamins A, D, E, and K.

A)calcium
B)protein
C)carbohydrate
D)fat
E)fiber

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_____ is the active form of vitamin A that is stored in specialized cells of the liver.

A)Keratin
B)Ascorbic acid
C)Rhodopsin
D)Retinol
E)Beta-carotene

Answer 3

D

Question 4

People who are lactose intolerant require calcium supplements.

Question 5

Vitamin D deficiency in children causes rickets, which manifests as bowed legs.

Question 6

Water-soluble vitamins:

A)are stored in body tissues to a large extent
B)often result in toxicities
C)are soluble in body fluids but insoluble in cooking water
D)are easily excreted in the urine
E)are not damaged by heat or oxygen exposure

Question 7

The most familiar function of vitamin A is to sustain normal eyesight.

Question 8

Vitamin K is a water-soluble vitamin.

Question 9

All of the following are fat-soluble vitamins except :

A)K
B)C
C)A
D)D
E)E

Question 10

Which of the following is a vitamin A precursor made by plants and stored in human fat tissue?

A)Thiamin
B)Beta-carotene
C)Pantothenic acid
D)Riboflavin
E)Ascorbic acid

Question 11

Which of the following is true of carotenoids?

A)They are artificially synthesized vitamins that are required by the body in large doses.
B)They are enzymes involved in the formation and maintenance of the protein collagen.
C)They are a group of highly unstable molecules that damage polyunsaturated lipids in cell membranes.
D)They are members of a group of pigments in foods that range from light yellow to reddish orange in color.
E)They are molecules with one or more unpaired electrons that make the molecule highly unstable.

Question 12

Compounds that prevent oxidation are called prooxidants.

Question 13

All of the following foods contain vitamin A except :

A)fortified cereal
B)milk
C)liver
D)fish oils
E)French fries

Question 14

By definition, a vitamin is all of the following except :

A)indispensable to body function
B)required to prevent deficiency diseases
C)a caloric nutrient
D)an organic compound
E)required in minute quantities

Question 15

Vitamin A plays an important role in:

A)blood clotting
B)regulating calcium
C)promoting keratinization
D)maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
E)maintaining body linings and skin

Question 16

People whose diets lack foods rich in beta-carotene have a higher incidence of developing:

A)macular degeneration
B)rickets
C)anemia
D)hemolytic anemia
E)osteomalacia

Question 17

Symptoms of vitamin A deficiency include:

A)joint pain
B)frequent urination
C)loosened teeth
D)night blindness
E)facial tics

Question 18

A compound that can be converted into an active vitamin inside the body is known as a(n):

A)coenzyme
B)predecessor
C)antivitamin
D)provitamin
E)enzyme

Question 19

Healthy individuals can consume vitamin A-rich foods in large quantities, but excessive consumption of _____ causes vitamin A toxicity.

A)carrots
B)liver
C)cheese
D)yogurt
E)eggs

Question 20

Infants are born with adequate vitamin K in their intestinal tracts.

Question 21

Which of the following is not a food source of vitamin K?

A)Antibiotics
B)Sunlight
C)Intestinal bacteria
D)Copper utensils
E)Tap water

Question 22

A deficiency in _____ causes Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

A)niacin
B)riboflavin
C)ascorbic acid
D)thiamin
E)folate

Question 23

Which of the following is a symptom of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?

A)Mental confusion
B)Advancing paralysis
C)Bleeding gums
D)Yellowing of the skin
E)Anemia

Question 24

Which of the following statements is true of vitamin A?

A)Excessive intake of vitamin A causes scurvy.
B)Vitamin A is easily absorbed in the body and does not cause toxicity.
C)Excessive intake of vitamin A is helpful in treating acne.
D)Excessive intake of vitamin A during pregnancy can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.
E)Excessive intake of vitamin A causes night blindness.

Question 25

Which of the following is a symptom of beta-carotene toxicity?

A)Xerophthalmia
B)Night blindness
C)Bright yellow skin
D)Cracks in teeth
E)Diarrhea

Question 26

The vitamin D deficiency disease that develops in adults is known as:

A)osteomalacia
B)rickets
C)macular degeneration
D)pellagra
E)scurvy

Question 27

Which of the following foods is rich in beta-carotene?

A)Beets
B)Eggplant
C)Cauliflower
D)Sweet potato
E)Whole grains

Question 28

Vitamin E serves as:

A)a provitamin
B)an antioxidant
C)an antivitamin
D)a free radical
E)a precursor

Question 29

The main function of vitamin K is:

A)to quench free radicals
B)to regulate blood calcium levels
C)to influence body functions through its regulation of the genes
D)to help activate proteins that help clot the blood
E)to act as an antioxidant in cell membranes

Question 30

Who among the following should avoid taking vitamin C supplements because of an increased risk of negative effects?

A)People who are lactose intolerant
B)People with high cholesterol in their blood
C)People suffering from common cold
D)People suffering from kidney disorders
E)People suffering from burn injuries

Question 31

As people increase the consumption of polyunsaturated oil, their need for vitamin _____ increases.

A)D
B)E
C)A
D)K
E)B ₆

Question 32

The majority of vitamin E that people consume comes from:

A)cooked vegetables
B)meats, fish, poultry, and eggs
C)vegetable oils and products made from them
D)mineral salts
E)fruits and vegetables

Question 33

Which of the following is true of the disease caused by vitamin D deficiency in children?

A)It is characterized by the loss of sensation in the hands and feet, muscular weakness, and abnormal heart action.
B)It is characterized by yellowing of the skin due to spillover of the bile pigment from the liver into the general circulation.
C)It is characterized by the rupture of the red blood cells.
D)It is characterized by abnormal growth of bone and manifested in bowed legs or knock-knees.
E)It is characterized by an overabundance of mineralized bone protein.

Question 34

Jaundice is caused by:

A)vitamin K toxicity
B)vitamin D toxicity
C)vitamin A deficiency
D)vitamin K deficiency
E)vitamin E deficiency

Question 35

Which of the following is caused by vitamin K deficiency?

A)Beriberi
B)Scurvy
C)Uncontrolled bleeding
D)Pellagra
E)Pernicious anemia

Question 36

The important roles of vitamin D include all of the following except :

A)maintaining bone health
B)regulating cell growth and specialization
C)exerting its effect on cells of the reproductive system
D)maintaining the health of the retina
E)exerting its effect on hair follicles

Question 37

Which of the following is a symptom of osteomalacia?

A)Hemolytic anemia
B)Bending of the spine
C)Jaundice
D)Breakdown of collagen
E)Night blindness

Question 38

Which of the following is a fortified food source of vitamin D available in the United States?

A)Salmon
B)Sardines
C)Margarine
D)Eggs
E)Liver

Question 39

Which of the following is not a characteristic of vitamins B and C?

A)They seldom reach toxic levels.
B)They are easily absorbed and excreted.
C)They dissolve in water.
D)They are stored extensively in tissues.
E)Some are destroyed on exposure to light, heat, or oxygen during processing.

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true of vitamin C?

A)A lack of the vitamin causes beriberi.
B)It inhibits iron absorption.
C)It prevents common cold.
D)It helps maintain connective tissues.
E)An excess of the vitamin can result in gallstones.

Question 41

Which vitamin aids in the conversion of tryptophan to niacin?

A)Vitamin B ₆
B)Vitamin C
C)Folate
D)Vitamin B ₁₂
E)Thiamin

Question 42

You advise your grandmother against using mineral oil as a laxative because:

A)it can be absorbed by the body
B)it may result in the loss of fat-soluble vitamins through excretion
C)it may lead to toxic levels of fat-soluble vitamins
D)it is not an effective laxative
E)it interferes with the digestion and absorption of water-soluble vitamins

Question 43

Pellagra is a disease caused by the deficiency of:

A)vitamin C
B)niacin
C)thiamin
D)vitamin B ₁₂
E)folate

Question 44

Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin D toxicity?

A)Uncontrolled bleeding
B)Irregular heartbeat
C)Jaundice
D)Scurvy
E)Edema

Question 45

Which of the following is a major role of vitamin A in sustaining eyesight?

A)It prevents the differentiation of immature cells.
B)It aids in the accumulation of protein in the cornea.
C)It helps maintain a healthy, crystal clear cornea.
D)It helps prevent excessive lubrication of the eyes.
E)It slows the recovery of vision after exposure to bright light.

Question 46

Use the breakfast cereal table below to answer the following question.

A)This could guarantee that you will never suffer from any vitamin deficiency.
B)The cereal would be a good source of these vitamins.
C)This could lead to a toxicity from excessive intake of vitamins.
D)This could result in your body developing an increased need for these vitamins.
E)This could cause excessive excretion of other water-soluble nutrients in addition to the vitamins.

Question 47

The main reason for fortifying grain products with folic acid is to:

A)reduce the incidence of birth defects called neural tube defects in infants
B)lower serum folate concentrations during pregnancy
C)make up for the lack of prenatal care
D)prevent the development of osteomalacia in older adults
E)prevent cardiovascular diseases

Question 48

The best way to select foods that are rich in vitamins is to:

A)read the food labels on processed foods to see the listed vitamins
B)memorize the recommended values of the vitamins to be eaten daily
C)select a wide variety of whole foods to get a balance of vitamins
D)make sure that each food selected is the richest source of a particular vitamin you need
E)eat a calorie-dense diet

Question 49

Thiamin is also known as:

A)vitamin B₁₂
B)vitamin C
C)vitamin B₁
D)vitamin D
E)vitamin B₂

Question 50

Vitamin C is also known as:

A)tocopherol
B)ascorbic acid
C)phylloquinone
D)cholecalciferol
E)folic acid

Question 51

Which of the following is a disease caused by thiamin deficiency?

A)Pellagra
B)Osteomalacia
C)Scurvy
D)Beriberi
E)Anemia

Question 52

Which of the following foods is not a source of vitamin C?

A)Citrus fruits
B)Strawberries
C)Milk
D)Broccoli
E)Green peppers

Question 53

Which of the following diseases includes symptoms such as diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death?

A)Beriberi
B)Pellagra
C)Scurvy
D)Hemolytic anemia
E)Jaundice

Question 54

. An uninformed strict vegetarian is at a special risk of developing a _____ deficiency.

A)vitamin B ₁₂
B)folate
C)vitamin B ₆
D)niacin
E)thiamin

Question 55

The B vitamins act as parts of:

A)anticoagulants
B)antibodies
C)coenzymes
D)intrinsic factors
E)the bone matrix

Question 56

A woman has vitamin A deficiency. Which of the following diseases is she likely to suffer from?

A)Xerophthalmia
B)Anemia
C)Pellagra
D)Rickets
E)Scurvy

Question 57

The consumption of _____ is especially important for women of childbearing age to prevent neural tube defects in infants.

A)vitamin B ₆
B)biotin
C)folate
D)vitamin B ₁₂
E)thiamin

Question 58

Use the breakfast cereal tabel below to answer the following question.

A)it has not been fortified with thiamin, riboflavin, or niacin
B)all the B vitamins will be absorbed into the body
C)it will require less fortification than refined wheat cereal to reach the required DV
D)the absorption of its B vitamins will be blocked because of the fiber content
E)it contains all the fat-soluble vitamins because it includes the germ layer

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of riboflavin?

A)Insufficient intake of riboflavin in pregnant women causes neural tube defects in the fetus.
B)Riboflavin toxicity causes a disease known as beriberi.
C)Riboflavin deficiency does not cause any adverse effects on the body.
D)Riboflavin is a precursor of vitamin A.
E)Ultraviolet light and irradiation destroy riboflavin.

Question 60

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)Water-soluble vitamins can build to toxic levels because they circulate in the bloodstream.
B)Fat-soluble vitamins are stored in the liver and fatty tissues until the body requires them.
C)The body can survive for weeks without replacing water-soluble vitamins.
D)Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed directly into the bloodstream.
E)Fat-soluble vitamins are required in large, frequent doses.

Question 61

Who among the following has a valid reason for taking vitamin supplements?

A)A person addicted to drugs and alcohol
B)A person who wishes to build muscles without physical activity
C)A person who wants to cure a self-diagnosed illness
D)A person who needs help coping with stress
E)A person who believes that food grown on today's soil lacks the necessary nutrients

Question 62

The USP symbol on the label of a vitamin supplement means that:

A)it has been tested for safety
B)it has been tested for effectiveness
C)it has been scientifically proven to prevent chronic disease
D)it provides 100% of the Daily Value for most vitamins and minerals
E)it contains the ingredients listed on the label

Question 63

Antioxidant nutrients that actively scavenge and quench free radicals in the body include:

A)chromium
B)riboflavin
C)vitamin B ₁₂
D)potassium
E)vitamin E

Question 64

Research regarding the benefits or risks of taking vitamin supplements to reduce the risk of chronic diseases has shown that:

A)vitamin C supplements are associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases
B)people who take vitamin E supplements have lower rates of heart disease
C)use of the beta-carotene supplement increases the risk of lung cancer in smokers
D)all supplements sold in this country are safe and effective
E)supplements can fix nutrient deficiencies so a diet that lacks many nutrients is not dangerous

Question 65

Identify a problem associated with vitamin K deficiency. Who is at an increased risk of vitamin K deficiency? How can it be prevented?

Question 66

Use the breakfast cereal tabel below to answer the following question.

A)The main source of vitamin C is the whole-grain wheat in the cereal.
B)Vitamin C has been added to the cereal because whole grains are low in vitamin C.
C)A natural form of vitamin C has been added to the cereal.
D)The source of vitamin C is the added milk.
E)The vitamin C content in the cereal exceeds the daily recommended dosage and can lead to vitamin C toxicity.

Question 67

Use the breakfast cereal tabel below to answer the following question.

A)This cereal is an excellent natural source of vitamin D.
B)You should limit the intake of this cereal to avoid vitamin D toxicity.
C)When combined with milk, this cereal is an excellent source of vitamin D.
D)Supplemental forms of vitamin D are not readily absorbed into the body.
E)Vitamin D is not added to cereals because it is not required on a daily basis.

Question 68

Compare the characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins with those of water-soluble vitamins.

Question 69

Why are dark-skinned children who live in smoggy northern cities likely to develop rickets?

Question 70

Use the dietary supplement label below to answer the following question.

A)No real benefit as nutrients are incorporated into the cells where they are needed whenever they arrive
B)Reduced risk of an overdose or toxicity of individual vitamins
C)Sustained, steady blood concentration of vitamins, which is more effective
D)Better absorption in the stomach
E)A larger dose of the vitamins over a longer time

Question 71

Use the breakfast cereal tabel below to answer the following question.

A)The vitamin A will be poorly absorbed because it is the precursor form.
B)This is an excellent source of vitamin A because of the large amount that is added.
C)Pregnant women should avoid this cereal because the vitamin A content is low.
D)Milk added to the cereal contributes a moderate amount of vitamin A in addition to what is present in the cereal.
E)Vitamin A has been added as an antioxidant preservative.

Question 72

Differentiate between beta-carotene and retinol, and explain the role of retinol activity equivalents.

Question 73

Use the dietary supplement label below to answer the following question.  

A)Evidence does not support a role for antioxidant supplements against chronic diseases.
B)Most men over the age of 50 have inadequate nutrient intakes and would benefit from this product.
C)This supplement would be more helpful for smokers than for nonsmokers.
D)The antioxidants in this supplement have all been shown to be extremely effective in free radical protection.
E)This target product is beneficial because men over 50 need a unique proportion of nutrients.

Question 74

Identify the reasons for the development of vitamin B₁₂ deficiency in adults who consume an adequate, balanced diet. How is this deficiency treated?
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Question 75

A woman following a vegan diet has become pregnant. She most likely requires _____ supplements.

A)vitamin C and vitamin A
B)vitamin D and vitamin B ₁₂
C)vitamin E and vitamin K
D)vitamin D and niacin
E)vitamin A and vitamin K

Question 76

You recommend that your friend not take "Stress Formula Vitamin C" supplements because:

A)vitamin C is not involved in the release of the stress hormones from the adrenal gland
B)"Stress Formula" supplements are more expensive than other types of vitamin C supplements
C)they contain an excess amount of vitamin C, which is above the recommended intake
D)the amount of vitamin C required by the body to recover from stress is easily obtained from whole fruits and vegetables
E)they prevent the absorption of vitamin C acquired from foods

Question 77

Describe the importance of folate intake in women of childbearing age. Describe the action undertaken by the FDA to increase folate contents in foods and the effect of this action.

Question 78

A manufacturer's website claims that its heart health supplement is an alternative to prescription lipid-lowering drugs. This dietary supplement:

A)may be contaminated with steroid hormones, toxic plant material, toxic heavy metals, or bacteria
B)has been proven to be a safe and effective alternative to the prescription drugs
C)cannot be removed from store shelves even if adverse effects are reported
D)has been tested and shown to contain the ingredients in the exact amounts listed on its label
E)provides an effective low-cost alternative for people with heart disease who lack health insurance

Question 79

Use the dietary supplement label below to answer the following question.  

A)The vitamin D in this product has been proven to improve one's red blood cell count.
B)Because the manufacturer is not required to provide scientific evidence to the FDA, this statement may not be accurate.
C)The product includes the amount of vitamin D recommended for daily consumption.
D)The amount of vitamin D in this product is low enough to allow for additional intake from foods.
E)The manufacturer has voluntarily paid an independent laboratory to test the product.

Question 80

Who may need a nutrient supplement and why? List examples of valid reasons for taking supplements.