Deck 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Semantics refers to the rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Mirror neurons are connected with gender differences in behavior, primarily.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Infant memory can be improved if infants receive a reminder after their memory is tested.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Mirror neurons in humans are not connected with emotions.

Question 5

In the context of infant development, extinction is the decrease in frequency of a response due to absence of reinforcement.

Question 6

Memory improves dramatically between five to ten years of age and then again by the age of 18.

Question 7

Cooing decreases when parents fail to respond positively to cooing.

Question 8

The Bayley scales is one of a number of tests that have been developed to screen infants for sensory or neurological problems.

Question 9

Piaget's sensorimotor stage refers to the first two years of cognitive development in children.

Question 10

The standard deviation of utterance is the average number of morphemes that communicators use in their sentences.

Question 11

Screening infants does not help detect early signs of sensory or neurological problems.

Question 12

By about eight months of age, cooing decreases markedly.

Question 13

Cognitive development proceeds in different ways across infants.

Question 14

In secondary circular reactions, the focus shifts to objects and environmental events.

Question 15

Children learn many vocabulary words, especially nouns and verbs, by imitation.

Question 16

Infants' first sentences are typically one-word utterances.

Question 17

True words are symbols of morality and emotions.

Question 18

Primary circular reactions focus on an infant's own body rather than on the external environment.

Question 19

The angular gyrus "translates" visual information, such as spoken words, into visual information.

Question 20

Mirror neurons are found only in humans.

Question 21

According to the first substage of the sensorimotor stage, reflexes at birth tend to be _____.

A) stereotypical
B) premeditated
C) changeable
D) nuanced

Question 22

Latifa knows that kittens are animals. Her mother tells her that puppies are also animals. Latifa then modifies her existing scheme of animals to include puppies. This is an example of _____.

A) assimilation
B) conditioning
C) differentiation
D) accommodation

Question 23

Which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage serves as a transition between sensorimotor development and the development of symbolic thought?

A) The fifth substage
B) The fourth substage
C) The sixth substage
D) The second substage

Question 24

The development of object permanence is tied into the development of infants' _____.

A) locomotive ability
B) reflex action
C) reasoning ability
D) motor ability

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of a simple reflex?

A) Reaching for an object
B) Crawling toward a bright object
C) Searching for an object behind an obstacle
D) Turning toward the source of a noise

Question 26

Emma is a seven-month-old infant. She repeatedly shakes her rattle because she likes the noise it makes. This is an example of a _____.

A) simple reflex
B) secondary circular reaction
C) primary circular reaction
D) tertiary circular reaction

Question 27

Lauren learns what a fish looks like from a book. Her mother buys her a goldfish which she keeps in a fishbowl. She then learns that fish swim in water. Lauren tries to incorporate this new event into her scheme of fish. This is an example of _____.

A) divergence
B) assimilation
C) differentiation
D) conditioning

Question 28

Benjamin is a two-month-old baby who accidentally discovers his thumbs. He waves them around for a while and then sticks one of them in his mouth. He repeats this for a few times. Benjamin's behavior is an example of________.

A) a primary circular reaction.
B) a secondary circular reaction.
C) a tertiary circular reaction.
D) echolalia quaternary circular reaction.

Question 29

According to Piaget, children's cognitive processes:

A) develop only after the second year.
B) develop in an orderly sequence of stages.
C) develop only after the first year.
D) begin from the preoperational stage.

Question 30

Which substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from eight to twelve months of age?

A) The first substage
B) The second substage
C) The third substage
D) The fourth substage

Question 31

Which of the following are witnessed during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?

A) Tertiary circular reactions
B) Concrete identifications of objects
C) Naming conventions
D) Abstract information development

Question 32

Which of the following is an accurate statement about object permanence?

A) It is the recognition that an object or a person continues to exist even when out of sight.
B) It is the absorption of new events into existing schemes.
C) It is the modification of existing schemes to accommodate novel objects.
D) It is the imitation of people and events that occurred in the past.

Question 33

Chanel is a six-month-old baby. Her mother shows her a teddy bear and she giggles. However, when her mother hides the teddy bear behind her back, Chanel makes no attempt to search for it. From the given information, it can be concluded that Chanel has not yet developed_____.

A) deferred imitation.
B) object permanence.
C) the rooting reflex.
D) a simple reflex.

Question 34

Which of the following questions is the primary focus of cognitive development?

A) How children perceive and mentally represent the world?
B) How children enter puberty and undergo physical changes?
C) How children deal with infectious diseases?
D) How children with developmental disorders behave?

Question 35

Which substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from twelve to eighteen months of age?

A) The second substage
B) The third substage
C) The fourth substage
D) The fifth substage

Question 36

Which of the following represents a primary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touching her nose with her thumb and then repeating it
B) Jose turning toward the sound of his mother's voice
C) Lorenzo flinching when his brother pinches him
D) Megan reaching out for her teddy bear

Question 37

Paul is a six-month-old infant. He has a toy that makes a sound when pressed. He repeatedly presses the toy to hear the sound. This is an example of _____.

A) the Moro reflex
B) a secondary circular reaction
C) a primary circular reaction
D) the Babinski reflex

Question 38

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touches her nose with her thumb and feels ticklish. She then repeats the action.
B) Jose turns toward the phone when it starts ringing. He also turns and looks at his mom when she speaks.
C) Lorenzo's mother shakes an object to make it rattle and then gives the object to Lorenzo. He immediately shakes the object in a similar manner.
D) After many tries, Megan turns her toy sideways so she can pull it into her crib. Now, whenever she wants the toy, she turns it sideways to pull it through.

Question 39

In which of the following substages of the sensorimotor stage does an infant begin to show intentional, goal-directed behavior?

A) The first substage
B) The second substage
C) The third substage
D) The fourth substage

Question 40

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?

A) Primary circular reactions involve only reflexes, while secondary circular reactions involve only thoughts.
B) Primary circular reactions involve complex actions, while secondary circular reactions involve simple actions.
C) Primary circular reactions focus on an infant's own body, while secondary circular reactions focus on the environment.
D) Primary circular reactions involve voluntary actions, while secondary circular reactions involve involuntary actions.

Question 41

Which of the following is an accurate statement about neonates?

A) They continuously lose weight for almost one month.
B) They do not show a tendency to respond to objects that are not within their immediate sensory grasp.
C) They are capable of searching for hidden objects.
D) They cannot move their heads to the side but are capable of tracking things with their eyes.

Question 42

Jamie, an infant, sticks his tongue out when he sees his father do the same. While doing this, which of the following is most likely to have occurred?

A) Jamie's mirror neurons have been activated.
B) Jamie's body have stopped the production of dopamine for a while.
C) Jamie must have engaged in prelinguistic vocalizations.
D) Jamie must have engaged in deferred imitation.

Question 43

Research has found that neonates adjusted their rate of sucking to hear a recording of their mother reading a story she had read aloud during the last weeks of pregnancy. This provides evidence that________.

A) neonates demonstrate memory for stimuli to which they have been exposed previously.
B) a neonate's mind is a blank slate.
C) neonates develop object permanence long before they are born.
D) a neonate's cognitive development is tied to discrete stages.

Question 44

Which of the following is an accurate statement on the evaluation of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A) Piaget emphasized the role of maturation, almost to the point of excluding adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B) Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C) The pattern and sequence of events described in Piaget's theory were restricted only to American infants.
D) Piaget's theory overestimated infants' competence.

Question 45

The motor scale in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses _____.

A) attention span
B) goal directedness
C) standing skills
D) emotional development

Question 46

Infant memory improves dramatically between _____.

A) one and two months of age
B) two and six months of age
C) one and eight months of age
D) six and eight months of age

Question 47

In the context of Piaget's theories of cognitive development, which of the following statements is true of the pattern and sequence of events related to the cognitive development of a child?

A) Most researchers now agree that cognitive development is tied to discrete stages as Piaget suggested.
B) Piaget believed that deferred imitation in babies appears as early as nine months.
C) The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described were noticed more clearly in boys than girls.
D) The pattern and sequence of events Piaget described have been observed in children cross-culturally.

Question 48

Infants who receive reminders before their memory is tested ________.

A) experience improvements in their memory
B) experience deficits in their memory
C) fail to react to novel stimuli
D) overreact to novel stimuli

Question 49

Which of the following is true of infant memory?

A) Infants demonstrate memory of experiences they had while still in the womb.
B) Infants demonstrate memory for stimuli to which they have been exposed previously only after four months of age.
C) Memory does not improve much between two and six months of age.
D) Memory improves dramatically between two and six months of age and the development slows down at 12 months of age.

Question 50

Desmond is playing with his seven-month-old son. He places a large bowl in front of his son and hides his cell phone under the bowl. His son manages to retrieve the cell phone and laughs in delight. He repeats this over a few days. One day, he keeps the bowl in front of his son but holds the cell phone behind his back. Although his son sees him hide the phone behind his back, he still lifts up the bowl to look for the cell phone. Desmond's son is displaying _____.

A) a lack of mental representation
B) a primary circular reaction
C) the A-not-B error
D) deferred imitation

Question 51

Which of the following represents the A-not-B error that infants make?

A) Some infants do not search for hidden objects unless given an incentive.
B) Infants often randomly search for hidden objects but quickly become frustrated and give up.
C) Infants often search for a hidden object in a familiar hiding place even after seeing the object being hidden in a new place.
D) Some infants do not search for a hidden object for more than five to ten seconds and quickly become distracted by other, more interesting objects.

Question 52

Which of the following terms refers to the imitation of an action that may have occurred hours, days, or even weeks earlier?

A) Priming
B) Proximal imitation
C) Mirroring
D) Deferred imitation

Question 53

A researcher who contradicts Piaget's theory on cognitive development is most likely to state that_______.

A) infants show deferred imitation as early as nine months of age.
B) deferred imitation appears at about 18 months after birth.
C) the sensorimotor stage is the first stage of cognitive development.
D) the second substage of the sensorimotor stage lasts from about one to four months of age.

Question 54

Which of the following is true of mirror neurons?

A) They are activated when people experience biological cycles, such as hunger.
B) They are connected with human sleep-wake rhythms and heartbeat.
C) They are activated when people perform a motor act.
D) They are present in all mammals except primates.

Question 55

At how many months of age did Piaget believe that deferred imitation tends to appear?

A) 8
B) 14
C) 18
D) 12

Question 56

Julia was working on her laptop one day and her 18-month-old daughter was sitting on her lap. A week later, when she was working on her laptop again, her daughter reached out from her lap and started pressing the keys of the laptop. In this scenario, Julia's daughter is displaying________.

A) echolalia.
B) deferred imitation.
C) a primary circular reaction.
D) object permanence.

Question 57

During a study, researchers tied one end of a ribbon to a brightly colored mobile and the other end to an infant's ankle. Which of the following did this study measure?

A) Object permanence
B) Habituation
C) Memory in infants
D) Primary circular reactions in infants

Question 58

Apart from being activated when an individual performs a motor act or observes another individual engaging in the same act, mirror neurons in humans are also connected with _____.

A) hunger pangs that one experiences while on a diet
B) physical growth
C) problem solving
D) emotions such as disgust

Question 59

Which of the following is a criticism of Piaget's theory on cognitive development?

A) It did not focus on adult and peer influences on cognitive development.
B) It focused almost exclusively on learning processes.
C) It did not explain the cognitive development of infants aged 12 months and above.
D) It did not estimate the abilities of infants.

Question 60

The Bayley scales primarily measure _______.

A) mental and motor abilities of infants.
B) environmental influences on intelligence.
C) genetic influences on intelligence.
D) the development of a fetus.

Question 61

Paul is a six-month-old baby who loves playing with his toy truck. Every time he picks his truck up, he says "ooh," and every time he drops it back on the floor he says "aah." In this scenario, Paul is ________.

A) cooing.
B) babbling.
C) murmuring.
D) humming.

Question 62

It has been demonstrated that, from age to age, individual differences in capacity for visual recognition memory _______.

A) are stable.
B) increase dramatically.
C) increase gradually.
D) decrease dramatically.

Question 63

One-month-old babies, as parents are well aware, have an unlearned but highly effective form of verbal expression that is _____.

A) crying
B) babbling
C) cooing
D) humming

Question 64

When infants babble, they tend to produce _________.

A) incomplete sentences.
B) only vowel sounds.
C) complete sentences of five to six words.
D) combinations of consonants and vowels.

Question 65

Higher visual recognition scores in infancy are related to ______.

A) attention deficit disorder in later childhood.
B) poorer memory skills in later childhood.
C) higher emotional quotient scores in later childhood.
D) higher IQ scores in later childhood.

Question 66

Which of the following is used in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A) A scale measuring the environmental influences on an infant
B) A behavior rating scale
C) A scale measuring the cultural influences on an infant
D) A maternal behavior scale

Question 67

Cooing and babbling do not represent objects or actions, but are rather ______.

A) primitive language
B) postverbal cues
C) prelinguistic vocalizations
D) abstract vocalizations

Question 68

Which of the following infants is illustrating the presence of visual recognition memory?

A) Janet laughs loudly when her mother tickles her.
B) Percy wriggles his toes when he wants his mother to pick him up and often cries if he is not picked.
C) Pierce spends more time looking at the picture of a new person rather than the familiar picture of his mother.
D) Angelica stacks blocks on top of each other to make a tower.

Question 69

Jim tells his son, "Wear your shoes when you go outside to play." Jim's son cannot produce a sentence like this, but he completely understands his dad and goes to put his shoes on before going outside to play. The fact that Jim's son understands this statement suggests that the words in the sentence fall into his _____.

A) receptive vocabulary
B) expressive vocabulary
C) advanced vocabulary
D) active vocabulary

Question 70

Infants use their tongues most often when they _______.

A) coo
B) babble
C) cry
D) whimper

Question 71

A child is shown two objects for 20 seconds. After this, one of the objects is replaced and the infant spends more time looking at the new object. Which of the following processes does this represent?

A) Visual recognition memory
B) Canalization
C) Centration
D) Deferred imitation

Question 72

Which of the following refers to patterns of rising and falling vocalizations that infants use to resemble the sounds of adult speech?

A) intonation
B) telegraphic speech
C) semantics
D) echolalia

Question 73

In a continuing effort to find aspects of intelligence and cognition that might remain consistent from infancy through later childhood, a number of researchers have recently focused on _____.

A) visual recognition memory
B) genetic behavioral patterns
C) canalization
D) deferred imitation

Question 74

Infants begin cooing _______.

A) at birth.
B) during the second month.
C) at one week of age.
D) during the fourth month.

Question 75

Which of the following rating scales in the Bayley Scales of Infant Development assesses attention span?

A) The behavior rating scale
B) The mental scale
C) The motor scale
D) The emotion scale

Question 76

Larry is talking to his ten-month-old son. He wants his son to call him "daddy" and he keeps repeating the word "daddy" to his son. He is delighted when his son responds with "dada." In this scenario, Larry's son is ________.

A) cooing.
B) babbling.
C) humming.
D) murmuring.

Question 77

Which of the following sentences is true about receptive vocabulary and expressive vocabulary?

A) Children's receptive vocabulary development outpaces their expressive vocabulary development.
B) Children's receptive vocabulary develops only after their expressive vocabulary is completely developed.
C) Children's receptive vocabulary is equal to their expressive vocabulary at any given time.
D) Children's receptive vocabulary is lost if proper reinforcement is not provided, whereas expressive vocabulary is permanent.

Question 78

Infants coo when they are _____.

A) hungry
B) tired
C) hurt
D) happy

Question 79

Which of the following is a similarity between cooing and babbling?

A) Both do not represent objects or actions.
B) Both sound like human speech.
C) Both are related to experiences of pain.
D) Both are used to express meaning.

Question 80

Jay is a 12-month-old infant. He often starts making sounds like "ha-ba-ba-ba-ba-ha." This is an example of _____.

A) intonation
B) echolalia
C) deferred imitation
D) cooing