Deck 2: Research Methods

Question 1

Cause is to effect as _____ variable is to _____ variable.

A) extraneous; dependent
B) dependent; extraneous
C) dependent; independent
D) independent; dependent

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Suppose you are experimenting with the effects of sleep deprivation on memory. In this case, sleep deprivation is a(n):

A) extraneous variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) independent variable.
D) mediating variable.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Every time Randy watches a horror movie, he has a nightmare that same evening. If he never has a nightmare except when he watches a horror movie, it would indicate a(n) _____ between watching horror movies and having nightmares.

A) spurious relationship
B) functional relationship
C) establishing operation
D) operational relationship

Answer 3

B

Question 4

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, food deprivation is the _____ variable.

A) dependent
B) confounding
C) independent
D) extraneous

Question 5

If a certain diet affects the extent to which one is likely to acquire a certain disease, then there is a(n) _____ relationship between the diet and the disease.

A) operational
B) mechanistic
C) functional
D) independent

Question 6

Temperature, height, and hair color are all

A) behaviors.
B) operations.
C) variables.
D) Both a and b are correct.

Question 7

A flashing light, a loud bang, and a bad smell are all

A) extraneous variables.
B) stimuli.
C) confounding variables.
D) responses.

Question 8

The _____ variable is the factor that varies across the different conditions in an experiment.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) extraneous
D) nondependent

Question 9

The relationship between changes in an independent variable and changes in a dependent variable is known as a(n) _____ relationship.

A) operational
B) variable
C) mechanistic
D) functional

Question 10

In the experiment with the rats and the goal box, the _____ is the independent variable.

A) level of activity
B) food
C) goal box
D) rat

Question 11

The outcome or effect in an experiment is the _____variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) extraneous
D) confounding

Question 12

The sound of a door slam causes your cat to jump off the couch. The sound of the door slamming is a(n)

A) confounding variable.
B) stimulus.
C) extraneous variable.
D) reaction.

Question 13

Mosquito repellents that contain the chemical agent DEET are significantly more effective than those that do not contain DEET. In other words, there is a _____ relationship between the presence of DEET and the number of mosquito bites.

A) formational
B) nonformational
C) functional
D) nonfunctional

Question 14

A cause-and-effect relationship could also be called a(n) _____ relationship.

A) independent
B) functional
C) derivative
D) mechanistic

Question 15

A stimulus is any event that can

A) potentially influence behavior.
B) be transformed into a behavior.
C) be measured.
D) be detected.

Question 16

In the experiment with the rats and the goal box, the _____ is the dependent variable.

A) rat
B) goal box
C) level of activity
D) food

Question 17

A(n) _____ is any characteristic of a person, place, or thing that can change over time or across situations.

A) stimulus
B) response
C) operation
D) variable

Question 18

The _____ variable is the outcome that is measured in an experiment.

A) dependent
B) independent
C) extraneous
D) confounding

Question 19

In the experiment with the rats and the goal box, the number of food pellets given when the rats reach the goal box is the

A) extraneous variable.
B) confounding variable.
C) dependent variable.
D) independent variable.

Question 20

In an experiment concerning the effect of food deprivation on activity level, activity level is the _____ variable.

A) dependent
B) confounding
C) independent
D) extraneous

Question 21

A(n) _____ stimulus is one that an animal will move away from.

A) functional
B) aversive
C) appetitive
D) imperative

Question 22

The push-ups that I did this morning are best described as an example of a(n):

A) extraneous behavior.
B) impulsive behavior.
C) covert behavior.
D) overt behavior.

Question 23

Jan says "Boo!" to Tyler on Halloween. Tyler jumps up in fright. The jump is an example of a(n) _____ by Jan and a _____ for Tyler.

A) response; stimulus
B) stimulus; response
C) operation; dependent variable
D) response; response

Question 24

Pleasant is to _____ as unpleasant is to _____.

A) functional; imperative
B) imperative; aversive
C) adversive; appetitive
D) appetitive; aversive

Question 25

Too much is to very little as _____ is to _____.

A) divestiture; deprivation
B) deprivation; divestiture
C) satiation; deprivation
D) deprivation; satiation

Question 26

For most children, a bee sting is to _____ as candy is to _____.

A) adversive; imperative
B) appetitive; aversive
C) aversive; appetitive
D) adversive; appetitive

Question 27

With respect to a rat's behavior of pressing a lever for food, a single lever press is an example of a(n):

A) operation.
B) stimulus.
C) independent variable.
D) response.

Question 28

The dream I had last night is best described as an example of a(n)

A) extraneous behavior.
B) establishing operation.
C) covert behavior.
D) overt behavior.

Question 29

Depriving an animal of food is an example of a(n)

A) functional operation.
B) establishing operation.
C) establishing response.
D) stimulus operation.

Question 30

A _____ is a specific instance of behavior.

A) stimulus
B) releaser
C) response
D) operation

Question 31

Overt behavior is to _____ as covert behavior is to _____.

A) talking; daydreaming
B) thinking; acting
C) establishing; reacting
D) dreaming; thinking

Question 32

Jared got sick after eating too much cake. From then onward, he could no longer eat cake. The act of eating too much cake functioned as a(n) _____ with respect to the subsequent likelihood of again eating cake.

A) establishing response
B) dependent variable
C) extraneous operation
D) establishing operation

Question 33

Joanna does not feed her dog during the day to ensure that he eats all of his dinner that evening. This is an example of

A) shaping.
B) negative punishment.
C) extinction.
D) an establishing operation.

Question 34

A(n) _____ stimulus is one that an organism will move toward.

A) functional
B) adversive
C) appetitive
D) aversive

Question 35

If someone goes "looking for a fight," then fighting must be a(n) _____ stimulus for that individual.

A) aversive
B) appositive
C) appetitive
D) nonfunctional

Question 36

A procedure that increases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of a stimulus is called a(n)

A) establishing procedure.
B) establishing operation.
C) consequence strengthening procedure.
D) consequence strengthening operation.

Question 37

Whenever Mehmed listens to a lecture by Dr. Dull, he begins to daydream. From Mehmed's perspective, the daydreaming is a(n) _____, while the lecture by Dr. Dull is a _____.

A) overt response; covert response
B) stimulus; covert response
C) overt response; stimulus
D) covert response; stimulus

Question 38

The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that has the potential for being directly observed by another individual.

A) covert
B) dependent
C) overt
D) independent

Question 39

A(n) _____ is a procedure that decreases the appetitiveness or aversiveness of an event.

A) deprivation procedure
B) establishing operation
C) abolishing operation
D) extinction procedure

Question 40

The term _____ behavior refers to any behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior.

A) covert
B) extraneous
C) overt
D) implosive

Question 41

A(n) _____ measure of behavior is the frequency with which a behavior occurs in a set period of time.

A) duration
B) interval
C) latency
D) rate

Question 42

The term _____ refers to a predictive relationship between two events.

A) covariance
B) contiguity
C) contingency
D) correlation

Question 43

In a large university housing area, students are often most likely to date those who live in units that are relatively near to their own. In other words, _____ seems to be an important factor in the formation of relationships.

A) spatial contiguity
B) temporal contiguity
C) temporal contingency
D) spatial contingency

Question 44

The term _____ refers to the extent to which events occur in close physical proximity to each other.

A) temporal contiguity
B) spatial contiguity
C) temporal contingency
D) spatial contingency

Question 45

The term _____ refers to the extent to which events occur close together in time.

A) temporal contiguity
B) spatial contiguity
C) temporal contingency
D) spatial contingency

Question 46

Prediction is to nearness as

A) contingent is to noncontingent.
B) noncontingent is to contingent.
C) contiguous is to contingent.
D) contingent is to contiguous.

Question 47

After eating a dozen hot dogs in one sitting, chances are that you would feel quite

A) deprived.
B) famished.
C) satiated.
D) deviated.

Question 48

If there exists a causal relationship between event A and outcome B, then:

A) A is contingent on B.
B) B is contingent on A.
C) A is spatially contiguous with B.
D) B is spatially contiguous with A.

Question 49

A chair and a table are side by side. This means that they are:

A) temporally contingent.
B) temporally contiguous.
C) spatially contingent.
D) spatially contiguous.

Question 50

At the sound of the starter's pistol, the sprinters quickly start running. Thus, the sound of the pistol and the start of running are:

A) temporally conjunctive.
B) spatially contiguous.
C) temporally contiguous.
D) spatially contingent.

Question 51

If I wish to measure the effect of slight changes in caffeine level on a rat's behavior, I would need a sensitive measure of behavior. I should consider using a(n) _____ measure of response.

A) interval
B) latency
C) rate
D) topography

Question 52

A good behavioral definition should be

A) objective and ambiguous.
B) subjective and abstract.
C) objective and unambiguous.
D) unambiguous and abstract.

Question 53

Rate of response is a favorite measure of behavior for some researchers because it is

A) a very salient measure of behavior.
B) a very sensitive measure of behavior.
C) a very robust measure of behavior.
D) a very subjective measure of behavior.

Question 54

Satiation usually _____ the _____ of an event.

A) decreases; appetitiveness
B) decreases; aversiveness
C) decreases; imperativeness
D) increases; appetitiveness

Question 55

A good behavioral definition should refer to some _____ aspect of the behavior.

A) subjective
B) covert
C) abstract
D) observable

Question 56

Debbie suffers from insomnia whenever she drinks coffee in the evening. In other words, her insomnia is _____ upon coffee drinking.

A) spatially contiguous
B) contingent
C) covariable
D) functionally contiguous

Question 57

Closeness is to _____ as prediction is to _____.

A) functionality; contiguity
B) contingency; functionality
C) contingency; contiguity
D) contiguity; contingency

Question 58

A useful device for measuring the _____ of a behavior is a cumulative recorder.

A) topography
B) rate
C) latency
D) intensity

Question 59

Which of the following would constitute the most important aspect of a good behavioral definition of shyness?

A) Avoidance of groups of individuals
B) Feelings of shyness
C) Thoughts of shyness
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 60

Deprivation usually _____ the _____ of an event.

A) decreases; appetitiveness
B) increases; appetitiveness
C) decreases; adversiveness
D) increases; imperativeness

Question 61

In assessing a person's sleep patterns, you include a measure of how long it takes before the person falls asleep after he or she goes to bed. This would be regarded as a(n) _____ measure of his or her sleep behavior.

A) speed
B) intensity
C) topography
D) latency

Question 62

The number of incidents of swearing occurring in each of ten 5-minute intervals is 2, 4, 0, 1, 1, 3, 2, 2, 5, 0. Using an interval recording procedure, the overall level of swearing calculated is:

A) 2%.
B) 20%.
C) 8%.
D) 80%.

Question 63

As I watch television for a four-hour stretch one evening, I record the number of aggressive incidents that occur during each one-hour period. I am taking a(n) _____ measure of the behavior.

A) time-sample
B) interval
C) rate
D) duration

Question 64

At the end of every 30-minute period, Sarah records whether her baby had cried at least once during that 30 minute period. She is using the method of _____ to assess the baby's tendency to cry.

A) duration recording
B) interval recording
C) time-sample recording
D) latency recording

Question 65

The loudness of my voice when I am in a stressful situation would be a(n) _____ measure of my stress level.

A) topography
B) latency
C) duration
D) intensity

Question 66

Laura is concerned that her little daughter is watching too much television and would, therefore, like to measure the occurrence of this behavior. Given that Laura has a lot of other things to do each evening, her best bet would be to use

A) a rate measure.
B) interval recording.
C) time-sample recording.
D) a topographical procedure.

Question 67

The amount of time it takes before I get out of bed in the morning is an example of _____; the amount of time it takes me to finish shaving is an example of _____.

A) latency; speed
B) duration; latency
C) speed; duration
D) latency; duration

Question 68

The amount of time that I spend driving my car each week is an example of a _____ measure of behavior.

A) speed
B) duration
C) latency
D) rate

Question 69

If I wish to test the effects of minor sleep deprivation on a rat's behavior, it would probably be wise to use a _____ measure of behavior because it is very sensitive.

A) duration
B) rate
C) speed
D) topographical

Question 70

The length of time it takes me to finish cleaning my apartment, from start to finish, is a _____ measure of behavior.

A) duration
B) latency
C) speed
D) interval

Question 71

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a _____ of response.

A) flat line; high rate
B) steep line; high rate
C) shallow line; low rate
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 72

As I watch television for four hours one evening, I make a record of whether there occurred at least one example of sexual humor during each half-hour segment. This is an example of a(n) _____ method of recording.

A) time-sample
B) duration
C) interval
D) rate

Question 73

The _____ of a behavior is its force or magnitude.

A) topography
B) latency
C) intensity
D) rate

Question 74

In an interval recording procedure, instances of noncompliant behavior are recorded within 4 of the 12 intervals, and no instances of noncompliant behavior are recorded within the other 8 of the 12 intervals. As a result, the level of noncompliant behavior calculated is

A) 33.3%.
B) 50%.
C) 66.7%.
D) This cannot be calculated without knowing the number of noncompliant behaviors within each interval.

Question 75

On a cumulative record, a _____ line indicates a period of _____ response.

A) vertical; no
B) shallow; rapid
C) steep; slow
D) horizontal; no

Question 76

The number of hours that I clean house each week is a _____ measure of behavior while the length of time that I procrastinate before starting to clean house on a particular evening is a _____ measure of behavior.

A) latency; speed
B) duration; latency
C) speed; latency
D) duration; speed

Question 77

Jonah's piano teacher is trying to get him to shorten the time it takes for him to learn to play a Beethoven sonata. The appropriate behavioral measure is therefore

A) duration.
B) latency.
C) topography.
D) speed.

Question 78

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a _____ of response.

A) flat line; lack of
B) steep line; low rate
C) shallow line: high rate
D) All of these are correct.

Question 79

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a _____ of response.

A) flat line; high rate
B) steep line; lack of
C) shallow line; low rate
D) Both b and c are correct.

Question 80

On a cumulative record, a _____ indicates a _____ of response.

A) flat line; high rate
B) steep line; low rate
C) shallow line; high rate
D) None of these are correct.